Synthesis of new 3-acetyl-1,3,4-oxadiazolines combined with pyrimidines as antileishmanial and antiviral agents

Abstract

A new series of 3-acetyl-1,3,4-oxadiazoline hybrid molecules was designed and synthesized using a condensation between acyclonucleosides and substituted phenylhydrazone. All intermediates and final products were screened against Leishmania donovani, a Protozoan parasite and against three viruses SARS-CoV-2, HCMV and VZV. While no significant activity was observed against the viruses, the intermediate with 6-azatymine as thymine and 5-azathymine-3-acetyl-1,3,4-oxadiazoline hybrid exhibited a significant antileishmanial activity. The later compound was the most promising, exhibiting an IC₅₀ value at 8.98 µM on L. donovani intramacrophage amastigotes and a moderate selectivity index value at 2.4.

Graphical Abstract

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11030-022-10548-9.

Introduction

Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) are widespread in several countries in Africa, Europe, America, and Asia. Every year, NTDs contaminate millions of people in 149 countries, which cause wasting billions of dollars and claiming thousands of lives [1]. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), leishmaniases are a class of illnesses prompted by the Protozoan parasite Leishmania, showing four crucial clinical syndromes: post kala azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL), cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), visceral leishmaniasis/kala azar (VL), and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (MCL) [2].

On the other hand, the immune system response to the illnesses is altered by co-infection with the human immunodeficiency virus, HIV [3]. Furthermore, leishmaniases have an increased medical value in infected people with HIV-1 (human immunodeficiency virus type 1) because of the spread of both pathogens in several regions of the world (e.g., South America, India, the Mediterranean Basin, and many African countries). There is absolutely no doubt that the exact number of reported cases of co-infection is undercounted due to various issues with HIV-1 infection, leishmaniasis, or both in the setting of developing countries [4]. Ellen Heirwegh et al., reported that Leishmania major with phleboviral infection was more infectious than L. major alone. A better understanding of the possible role of viral co-infection might lead to more effective treatment regimens [5]. One of the key challenges in the management of leishmaniasis and viral disease co-infection is the invention of a clinically effective treatment that not only treats leishmaniasis but also prevents viral disease. However, there is a lack of knowledge on the correlation between leishmaniasis and viral disease co-infection. Moreover, Antonis Pikoulas et al., presented a case of co-infection with COVID-19 and visceral leishmaniasis, and discuss recent reports on co-existence of leishmania and SARS-CoV2 spp. to date [6].

Current treatments for visceral leishmaniasis including antimonials, liposomal amphotericin B, miltefosine, and paromomycin, have some issues related to toxicity, emerging resistance, high cost and relatively long treatment regimens. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the development of new and better medicines [7, 8].

1,3,4-Oxadiazoles are a very important series in chemistry as they have several biological activities. The 1,3,4-oxadiazole scaffold is present in numerous drugs: Nesapidil® (anti-hypertensive) [9], Furamizol® (antibiotic) [10], Raltegravir® (anti-retroviral) [11], and Zibotentan® (anticancer) [12, 13]. We also notice that the N-acetyl-1,3,4-oxadiazoline is among the derivatives of 1,3,4-oxadiazoles that showed different antileishmanial activities. For instance, Taha et al. have synthesized phenyl-linked oxadiazoline–phenylhydrazone hybrids I as the most potential antileishmanial candidate, with an IC₅₀ value of 0.95 ± 0.01 µM [14]. Moreover, another series of quinolinyl–oxadiazole hybrids had promising antileishmanial activities, and compound II emerged as the most potent agent with an IC₅₀ value of 0.10 ± 0.001 µM [15]. Meanwhile, some N-acetyl-1,3,4-oxadiazoline derivatives have been reported as antiviral agents. For instance, Ali et al. prepared a series of monosaccharide 1-acetylhydrazinouracils that was evaluated for antiviral activity against hepatitis B virus and showed moderate activities III [16]. Moreover, they showed activities as antibacterial [17, 18], antimicrobial [19, 20], antifungal [21], and anti-inflammatory [22] (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1.

Structures of some bioactive 1,3,4-oxadiazoline based hybrids

Substituted pyrimidines are widely available in living organisms and are one of the most important compounds studied by chemists. Pyrimidines, including thymine, uracil, and derivatives, are among the most abundant heterocyclic diazines. According to the literature, pyrimidine derivatives exhibit a wide range of pharmacological properties, including antifungal activity [23, 24], antibacterial [25, 26], antileishmanial [27], antiviral [28, 29], and anticancer [30, 31]. A rational discovery of novel antiparasitic drugs should be based on parasite-specific metabolisms [32]. The biosynthesis of pyrimidine is a biologically important process that occurs via both de novo production and pyrimidine salvage routes. The enzymes of this pathway are considered potential drug targets. Meanwhile, several studies have shown that pyrimidines have widely antileishmanial activities. For instance, the synthesis of pyrimidine derivatives led to the discovery of the potent compound P1 (Fig. 2) with an EC₅₀ value of 0.65 μM against intracellular Leishmania donovani amastigotes [33]. Moreover, pyrimidines P2 have been demonstrated to be efficacious in vivo, with each compound leading to 78% parasite inhibition when dosed in L. donovani infected hamsters for five days (50 mg kg⁻¹, i.p.) [34]. Finally, Chauhan and coworkers have described that aza-pyrimidine–pentamidine hybrids P3 have promising activity on intracellular L. donovani amastigotes (EC₅₀ values of < 1 μM) [35].

Fig. 2.

Structures of some bioactive pyrimidine-based hybrids

Prompted with these literature reports, we designed some novel hybrid molecules which combined the pyrimidine and 3-acetyl-1,3,4-oxadiazoline scaffolds in order to investigate firstly their in vitro antileishmanial activity against the axenic amastigotes and intramacrophage amastigotes forms of L. donovani, and second, their antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2, HCMV, and VZV (Fig. 3).

Fig. 3.

Design of new N-acetyl 1,3,4-oxadiazoline–pyrimidine hybrids

Results and discussion

Chemistry

The synthetic strategy to achieve compounds (14–23) is shown in Schemes 1, 2, and 3. The crucial step for synthesizing acyclonucleosides derivatives (7–10) (Scheme 1) known as modified Hilbert-Johnson reaction [36] corresponded to the condensation between silylated nucleobases (3′–6′) and alkylating agent 2 [37]. The desired products were obtained in synthetically good yields between 53 and 84%. Thereafter, the methyl benzoate derivatives (11″–13″) were subjected to a hydrazinolysis reaction after treatment with 80% aqueous hydrazine hydrate in ethanol under reflux to afford the corresponding hydrazides (11–13) in good yield (Scheme 2). The latter were reacted with the aldehyde derivatives (7–10) to give the imine derivatives (14′–23′) which were treated with acetic anhydride under heating (155 °C) to promote cyclization and furnished the N3-acetyl-1,3,4-oxadiazoline derivatives (14–23) in yield ranging from 40 to 71%. All the oxadiazoles were completely characterized using NMR (¹³C and ¹H), IR, and high-resolution mass spectrometry. In the ¹H NMR spectra, the signal for the hydrogen present in the oxadiazole ring (H-2) was observed within the 7.20–7.67 ppm range. The hydrogen atoms of methylene group attached to nitrogen (nucleobases) were noticed as singlet in the ¹H NMR spectra. The carbon chemical shifts are compatible with the structures of the compounds. In the IR spectra, expected bands for functional groups were noticed. The exact mass of the hybrid molecules (14–23) was confirmed by high-resolution mass spectrometry analyses.

Scheme 1.

Synthesis of compound 2 and N1-alkylated pyrimidines 7–10

Scheme 2.

Synthesis of hydrazide derivatives 11–13

Scheme 3.

Preparation of 3-acetyl-1,3,4-oxadiazoline–pyrimidine hybrids 14–23

Biological evaluation

Antileishmanial activity

The novel series of nucleosides analogs of 3-acetyl-1,3,4-oxadiazoline 14–23 and alkylated pyrimidines (uracil, thymine, 5-fluorouracil, and 5-azathymine) 7–10 were tested for their biological activity. This series was not highly cytotoxic on the RAW 264.7 macrophage model since eleven compounds exhibited CC₅₀ values superior to 100 µM. However, the most cytotoxic (compounds 10, 20, 23) with CC₅₀ values in a range from 19 to 56 µM, were the single ones having a significant antileishmanial activity against the axenic amastigotes and intramacrophage amastigotes forms of L. donovani.

The IC₅₀ and CC₅₀ values of the compounds were compared to those of miltefosine as the reference drug. The results, presented in Table 1, clearly showed that the starting material compound 10 presented a moderate activity (CC₅₀ = 56.15 µM, IC₅₀ = 29.02 µM (Axenic amastigotes), IC₅₀ = 29.96 µM (intramacrophage amastigotes), and SI = 1.87). It is worth to note that when thymine as a nucleobase 8 was changed to 6-azathymine 10, the IC₅₀ decrease from 100 to 29.02 µM. Furthermore, when the oxadiazole group is introduced in the hybrid molecule 20, the IC₅₀ decrease from 29.02 to 6.05 µM. The most active derivatives 20 showed a significant activity: IC₅₀ = 6.05 µM (Axenic amastigotes) and IC₅₀ = 8.98 µM (Intramacrophage amastigotes) CC₅₀ = 21.66 µM and very moderate selectivity index value of up to 2.41 comparatively to miltefosine (Table 1).

Table 1.

Cytotoxicity, antileishmanial activities of compounds 7–10 and 14–23 on axenic and intramacrophage forms of Leishmania donovani and selectivity index

Product	Cytotoxicity CC50	Axenic amastigotes IC50	Intramacrophage amastigotes IC50	SI (CC50/IC50)	ClogP
7	> 100	> 100	> 100	–	0.239
8	> 100	> 100	> 100	–	0.734
9	> 100	> 100	> 100	–	0.719
10	56.15 ± 16.75	29.02 ± 2.84	29.96 ± 2.18	1.87	1.791
14	> 100	> 100	> 100	–	1.015
15	> 100	> 100	> 100	–	1.514
16	> 100	> 100	> 100	–	1.494
17	> 100	> 100	> 100	–	1.728
18	> 100	> 100	> 100	–	2.227
19	> 100	> 100	> 100	–	2.207
20	21.66 ± 3.11	6.05 ± 3.84	8.98 ± 3.53	2.41	3.28
21	> 100	> 100	> 100	–	1.728
22	> 100	> 100	> 100	–	2.227
23	19.16 ± 1.39	56.29 ± 3.20	> 19.16	< 1	2.207
Miltefosine	52.24 ± 11.08	0.51 ± 0.29	11.82 ± 2.43	> 4.41	–

The structure–activity relationship showed that oxadiazole derivatives 14–23 had better activity than the acyclonucleosides 7–10. As a result, it was concluded that the creation of a stereoisomer center C₂ on the oxadiazole ring may influence the antileishmanial activity, this was supported by the fact that the oxadiazole derivative 20 was 5 times more potent than the acyclonucleoside derivative 10. From the biological data collected with derivatives 19 and 23 having 5-fluorouracil as a nucleobase, SARs showed that, at the para position of the phenyl moiety, the chlorine substituent was favorable while the meta-chlorine was not suitable for providing antileishmanial activity.

Moreover, a comparison of the activity profiles of compounds 10 and 20 draws speculation that the oxadiazole group may be serving as a chromophore group. Thus, additional modifications will be pursued in subsequent studies, as this approach has been shown to greatly enhance antileishmanial activity of oxadiazole analogs.

Determination of compound lipophilicity

There are physical differences between the test systems on promastigote and amastigote forms of L. donovani, which could explain the obtained results. The promastigote test employs an extracellular axenic parasite, which is more accessible than the intracellular amastigotes. Indeed, the parasite starts the creation of a membrane (parasitophorous vacuole membrane, which surrounds the intracellular parasite) during the invasion process. Permeation of the two membranes (plasmatic and vacuole) is a critical criterion for activity and varies depending on the hydrophobicity of the compound [38, 39].

The octanol/water partition coefficients (ClogP) reflect the hydrophobicity, and products that have higher ClogP are more lipophilic. Chemdraw was used to predict partition coefficients in this study. As shown in Table 1, we notice that the incorporation of 1,3,4-oxadiazoline increases the hydrophobic character. For instance, when we compare compound 10 and 20, ClogP is enhanced by about two times, which explain that oxadiazoline 20 is more active than 10. Similarly, by comparing all nucleobases, 6-azathymine is the most hydrophobic, which follows the results of biological activities.

Antiviral activity

All the synthesized compounds (7–10, 14–23) were evaluated for their antiviral activities against human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and human varicella-zoster virus (VZV), both thymidine kinase-deficient TK and wild type. The pyrimidine–1,3,4-oxadiazole hybrids were unable to substantially inhibit the replication of these two DNA viruses at non-toxic concentrations, in contrast to the compounds used as reference (Ganciclovir, and Cidofovir against for HCMV, and Acyclovir for VZV) (Tables 2, 3).

Table 2.

Anti-VZV activities of compounds 7–10 and 14–23

Product	Antiviral activity EC50 (µM)a		Cytotoxicity (µM)
	TK+ VZV strain	TK− VZV strain	Cell morphology	Cell growth
	OKA	07-1	(MCC)b	(CC50)c
7	> 100	> 100	> 100	ND
8	> 100	> 100	> 100	ND
9	> 100	> 100	> 100	ND
10	46.95	> 20	≥ 20	ND
14	> 100	> 100	≥ 100	ND
15	> 100	> 100	≥ 20	ND
16	> 100	> 100	> 100	ND
17	43.02	> 20	100	ND
18	> 20	> 20	100	ND
19	34.38	> 20	≥ 100	ND
20	> 20	> 20	100	ND
21	> 20	> 20	100	ND
22	> 20	> 20	100	ND
23	> 20	> 20	100	ND
Acyclovir (ACV)	6.26	46.80	> 444	> 444

^aEffective concentration required to reduce virus plaque formation by 50%. Virus input was 20 plaque forming units (PFU)

^bMinimum cytotoxic concentration that causes a microscopically detectable alteration of cell morphology

^cCytostatic concentration required to reduce cell growth by 50%

Table 3.

Anti-HCMV activities of compounds 7–10 and 14–23

Product	Antiviral activity EC50 (µM)a		Cytotoxicity (µM)
	AD-169 strain	Davis strain	Cell morphology (MCC)b	Cell growth (CC50)c
7	> 100	> 100	≥ 100	ND
8	> 20	> 100	≥ 100	ND
9	> 100	> 100	100	ND
10	63.14	44.72	≥ 100	ND
14	> 100	> 100	100	ND
15	> 100	> 100	≥ 100	ND
16	> 100	> 100	100	ND
17	> 100	> 100	100	ND
18	> 20	> 20	100	ND
19	> 20	> 20	100	ND
20	> 20	> 20	≥ 20	ND
21	> 20	> 20	100	ND
22	> 20	> 20	≥ 20	ND
23	> 20	> 20	100	ND
Ganciclovir (GCV)	6.5 ± 1.77	1.64 ± 0.22	> 394	> 394
Cidofovir (CDV)	0.84 ± 0.21	0.12 ± 0.03	317	> 317

^aEffective concentration required to reduce virus-induced cytopathic effect by 50%. Virus input was 100 plaque forming units (PFU)

^bMinimum cytotoxic concentration that causes a microscopically detectable alteration of cell morphology

^cCytostatic concentration required to reduce cell growth by 50%

Only three compounds 10, 17, and 19 showed moderate activity against VZV with EC₅₀ = 46.95 µM, 43.02 µM, and 34.38 µM, respectively. We notice that when the fluorine atom is present in the acyclonucleoside, the value of EC₅₀ decreases from 43.02 µM for uracil acyclonucleoside 17 to 34.38 µM for 5-fluorouracil acyclonucleoside 19 (Table 2). Whereas only compound 10 is moderately active against HCMV with EC₅₀ = 63.14 µM (AD-169 strain) and 44.72 µM (Davis strain) (Table 3).

The rapidly developing pandemic, known as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The rapid global emergence of SARS-CoV-2 has advanced research efforts toward the development of therapeutic intervention and finding viral drug to control the pandemic. The functional importance of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) in the viral life cycle, makes it an attractive target for designing antiviral drugs. Moreover, SARS-CoV-2 is an RNA virus like HCV, HIV, and other flaviviruses that share a similar replication mechanism requiring an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). In addition, the most promising broad-spectrum class of viral RdRp inhibitors are nucleos(t)ide analogs [40, 41]. Elfiky used a molecular docking study to predict that Ribavirin, Remdesivir, Sofosbuvir, Galidesivir, and Tenofovir may have inhibitory activity against SARS-CoV-2 RdRp [42]. Significant efforts have been made to discover novel or repurposed therapeutics to select the best candidates for the management of COVID-19 disease. To date, the US Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) has proved eleven agents emergency for the treatment of COVID patients, including two nucleosides analogs: remdesivir and Beta-d-N4-hydroxycytidine (NHC, molnupiravir) [43]. In this context, all synthesized hybrid molecule analogs (7–10, 14–23) were evaluated for their anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity against Beta-Cov/Belgium/GHB-03021/2020. All tested compounds showed no anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity, with EC₅₀ > 100 µM.

Experimental section

Chemistry

General

Melting points have been measured without correction using a Büchi B-545 electronic capillary melting temperature apparatus. TLC was employed to check reactions utilizing aluminum sheets coated with Merck's silica gel 60 F254. FTIR spectra were taken on a Perkin-Elmer VERTEX 70 FTIR spectroscopy covering the frequency 400–4000 cm⁻¹. The spectrums of ¹ H and ¹³C NMR were recorded in DMSO-d₆ or CDCl₃ solution on a Bruker Advance 300 spectrometer at 300 and 75 MHz, respectively. Using DMSO-d₆ as an internal reference, the chemical shifts are displayed in parts per million (ppm). The next abbreviations represent the signal multiplicities: s = singlet, d = doublet, m = multiplet, t = triplet, q = quadruplet, and as well as the coupling constants J, are documented in Hertz. The used chemicals in the synthesis were purchased from Fluka and Sigma Aldrich.

HPLC/MS conditions

HPLC/MS was performed on a Thermo Scientific Dionex Ultimate 3000 consisted of a quaternary (HPG-3400RS) pump, a WPS-3000 (TSL) analytical auto-sampler, a TCC-3000 column oven, and a TSQ Endura (Thermo Fisher Scientific) triple quadrupole equipped with heated-electrospray ionization (H-ESI). The separation was performed on a Eurospher II 100-5 C₁₈ vertex plus column (250 4.6 mm, 5m) at 25 °C. The mobile phases were composed of acetonitrile (A) and water/0.1% formic acid (B) with an elution program as follows: 20% of (A) for 8.6 min and 85% of (A) for 5.4 min. The solvent system flow rate was set to 1.0 mL min⁻¹, and the sample injection volume was 20 L. UV–Vis detection was monitored at 260 nm, while DAD acquisition was done between 200 and 600 nm.

General procedure for the preparation of the 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde homonucleosides

The mixture of the pyrimidine base (1 mmol) (3–6) and ammonium sulfate (0.10 mmol, 10 mg) in hexamethyldisilazane (1 mL) was refluxed (3 h) at 120 °C to give a clear solution (silylation step). Then the benzyl derivative (2.5 mmol, 425 mg), KI (0.50 mmol, 84 mg) and the solvent (acetonitrile) (5 mL) were added. The mixture was heated at 85 ^◦C for 12 h, diluted with dichloromethane/methanol, and evaporated to dryness. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (solvent CH₂Cl₂/MeOH 99/1).

5-((2,4-Dioxo-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-1(2H)-yl) methyl)-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde (7)

R_f = 0.26 [CH₂Cl₂/MeOH (97/3)]. Yield = 84%, m = 207 mg. Mp = (218–220) °C. UV (methanol) λ_max = 259 nm. IR υ (cm⁻¹): 3020 (= CH); 1689 (C=O aldehyde); 1350 (CH₂). ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO d-6) δ (ppm): 4.80 (s, 2H, CH₂); 5.57 (d, ³J_H–H = 7.8 Hz, 1H, H-5); 6.97 (d, ³J_H–H = 8.4 Hz, 1H, H_Ph); 7.47 (d, ³J_H–H = 8.4 Hz, 1H, H_Ph); 7.60 (s, 1H, H_Ph); 7.76 (d, ³J_H–H = 7.8 Hz, 1H, H-6); 10.25 (s, 1H, H-aldehyde); 10.77 (s, 1H, OH); 11.30 (s, 1H, H-3). ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ (ppm): 49.63 (CH₂); 101.22 (C-5); 117.63 (C_Ph); 122.20 (C_Ph); 127.84 (C_Ph); 127.93 (C_Ph); 135.94 (C_Ph); 145.40 (C-6); 150.95 (C-2); 160.40 (C_Ph); 163.59 (C-4); 190.80 (C-aldehyde). HPLC/MS (m/z) 247.07 (M+H)⁺, HRMS for C₁₂H₁₁N₂O₄: Calc 247.0713, Found 247.0716.

2-Hydroxy-5-((5-methyl-2,4-dioxo-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-1(2H)-yl) methyl) benzaldehyde (8)

R_f = 0.38 [CH₂Cl₂/MeOH (97/3)]. Yield = 76%, m = 198 mg. Mp = (218–220) °C. UV (methanol) λ_max = 259 nm. IR υ (cm⁻¹): 3053 (=CH); 1696 (C=O aldehyde); 1364 (CH₂). ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO d-6) δ (ppm): 1.74 (s, 3H, CH₃); 4.76 (s, 2H, CH₂); 6.97 (d, ³J_H–H = 8.4 Hz, 1H, H_Ph); 7.47 (d, ³J_H–H = 8.4 Hz, 1H, H_Ph); 7.59 (s, 1H, H-6); 7.63 (s, 1H, H_Ph); 10.24 (s, 1H, H-aldehyde); 10.76 (s, 1H, OH); 11.29 (s, 1H, H-3). ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, DMSO d-6) δ (ppm): 11.88 (CH₃); 48.90 (CH₂); 109.00 (C-5); 117.62 (C_Ph); 122.09 (C_Ph); 127.95 (C_Ph); 128.02 (C_Ph); 135.92 (C_Ph); 141.07 (C-6); 150.95 (C-2); 160.30 (C_Ph); 164.17 (C-4); 190.99 (C-aldehyde). HPLC/MS (m/z) 261.08 (M+H)⁺, HRMS for C₁₃H₁₃N₂O₄: Calc 261.0870, Found 261.0877.

5-((5-Fluoro-2,4-dioxo-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-1(2H)-yl) methyl)-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde (9)

R_f = 0.37 [CH₂Cl₂/MeOH (97/3)]. Yield = 72%, m = 190 mg. Mp = (236–238) °C. UV (methanol) λ_max = 258 nm. IR υ (cm⁻¹): 3026 (=CH); 1691 (C=O aldehyde); 1348 (CH₂). ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO d-6) δ (ppm): 4.75 (s, 2H, CH₂); 6.97 (d, ³J_H–H = 8.4 Hz, 1H, H_Ph); 7.49 (d, ³J_H–H = 8.4 Hz, 1H, H_Ph); 7.63 (s, 1H, H_Ph); 8.21 (d, ³J_H–F = 6.9 Hz, 1H, H-6); 10.24 (s, 1H, H-aldehyde); 10.78 (s, 1H, OH); 11.82 (s, 1H, H-3). ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, DMSO d-6) δ (ppm): 48.61 (CH₂); 117.59 (C_Ph); 122.10 (C_Ph); 127.37 (C_Ph); 128.27 (C_Ph); 129.60 (d, ²J_C–F = 32.7 Hz, C-6); 136.03 (C_Ph); 138.21 (d, ¹J_C–F = 230.85, C-5); 149.58 (C-2); 160.30 (C_Ph); 157.16 (d, ²J_C–F = 25.75 Hz, C-4); 190.82 (C-aldehyde). HPLC/MS (m/z) 265.06 (M+H)⁺, HRMS for C₁₂H₁₀FN₂O₄: Calc 265.0619, Found 265.0623.

2-Hydroxy-5-((6-methyl-3,5-dioxo-4,5-dihydro-1,2,4-triazin-2(3H)-yl) methyl) benzaldehyde (10)

R_f = 0.47 [CH₂Cl₂/MeOH (97/3)]. Yield = 53%, m = 138 mg. Mp = (198–200) °C. UV (methanol) λ_max = 258 nm. IR υ (cm⁻¹): 3018(=CH); 1664 (C=O aldehyde); 1379 (CH₂). ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO d-6) δ (ppm): 2.05 (s, 3H, CH₃); 4.92 (s, 2H, CH₂); 6.95 (d, ³J_H–H = 8.7 Hz, 1H, H_Ph); 7.45 (d, ³J_H–H = 8.4 Hz, 1H, H_Ph); 7.59 (s, 1H, H_Ph); 10.23 (s, 1H, H-aldehyde); 10.75 (s, 1H, OH); 12.11 (s, 1H, H-3). ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, DMSO d-6) δ (ppm): 15.85 (CH₃); 51.84 (CH₂); 117.46 (C_Ph); 122.00 (C_Ph); 127.77 (C_Ph); 128.27 (C_Ph); 135.94 (C_Ph); 143.44 (C-5); 148.69 (C-2); 157.02 (C-4); 160.21 (C_ph); 191.12 (C-aldehyde). HPLC/MS (m/z) 262.08 (M+H)⁺, HRMS for C₁₂H₁₂N₃O₄: Calc 262.0822, Found 262.0823.

General procedure for the preparation of the N-acetyl 1,3,4 oxadiazol homonucleosides

A mixture of 2-hydroxy benzaldehyde homonucleosides (0.3 mmol) (7–10) and benzoic hydrazide acid (0.36 mmol) (11–13) was refluxed in ethanol (4 mL) for 3 h in the presence of catalytic amount of acetic acid (3 drops). The reaction mixture was evaporated to dryness, 3 mL of acetic anhydride added, and agitated at 155 °C for 90 min. The solution was poured into ice and neutralized with NaHCO₃. The obtained solid was filtered and purified by flash chromatography (CH₂Cl₂/MeOH 98/2).

2-(3-Acetyl-5-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)-4-((2,4-dioxo-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-1(2H)-yl) methyl) phenyl acetate (14)

R_f = 0.26 [CH₂Cl₂/MeOH (97/3)]. Yield = 50%, m = 67 mg. Mp = (214–216) °C. UV (methanol) λ_max = 271 nm. IR υ (cm⁻¹): 3459 (NH); 1765 (C=O); 1690 (C=C); 691 (OH phenol). ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO d-6) δ (ppm): 2.11 (s, 3H, CH₃); 2.19 (s, 3H, CH₃); 4.90 (s, 2H, CH₂); 5.62 (d, ³J_H–H = 7.8 Hz, 1H, H-5); 7.17 (s, 1H, H-oxadiazoline); 7.38 (d, 1H, ³J_H–H = 7.8 Hz, H-6); 7.49–7.80 (m, 8H, H-aromatic); 11.36 (s, 1H, H-3). ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, DMSO d-6) δ (ppm): 20.44 (CH₃); 20.96 (CH₃); 49.56 (CH₂); 90.07 (C-oxadiazoline); 101.37 (C-5); 123.81 (C_ph); 124.35 (C_ph); 126.42 (C_ph); 128.19 (C_ph); 128.65 (C_ph); 129.10 (C_ph); 129.93 (C_ph); 131.90 (C_ph); 134.72 (C_ph); 145.44 (C-6); 148.22 (C_ph); 151.03 (C-2); 154.58 (C-oxadiazoline); 163.56 (C-4); 166.19 (CO acetyl); 168.55 (CO acetyl). HPLC/MS (m/z) 449.15 (M+H)⁺, HRMS for C₂₃H₂₁N₄O₆: Calc 449.1456, Found 449.1453.

2-(3-Acetyl-5-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)-4-((5-methyl-2,4-dioxo-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-1(2H)-yl) methyl) phenyl acetate (15)

R_f = 0.31 [CH₂Cl₂/MeOH (97/3)]. Yield = 71%, m = 98 mg. Mp = (231–233) °C. UV (methanol) λ_max = 277 nm. IR υ (cm⁻¹): 3463 (NH); 1767 (C=O); 1662 (C=C); 1196 (C–N); 693 (OH phenol). ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO d-6) δ (ppm): 1.75 (CH₃); 2.11 (s, 3H, CH₃); 2.19 (s, 3H, CH₃); 4.87 (s, 2H, CH₂); 7.18 (s, 1H, H-oxadiazoline); 7.48 (s, 1H, H-6); 7.38–7.80 (m, 6H, H-aromatic); 11.35 (s, 1H, H-3). ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, DMSO d-6) δ (ppm): 11.89 (CH₃); 20.55 (CH₃); 20.96 (CH₃); 49.31 (CH₂); 90.04 (C-oxadiazoline); 109.13 (C-5); 123.82 (C_ph); 124.32 (C_ph); 126.41 (C_ph); 128.12 (C_ph);128.59 (C_ph); 129.02 (C_ph); 129.91 (C_ph); 131.89 (C_ph); 134.89 (C_ph); 141.17 (C-6); 148.23 (C_ph); 150.97 (C-2); 154.64 (C-oxadiazoline); 164.18 (C-4); 166.30 (CO acetyl); 168.55 (CO acetyl). HPLC/MS (m/z) 463.16 (M+H)⁺, HRMS for C₂₄H₂₃N₄O₆: Calc 463.1612, Found 463.1611.

2-(3-Acetyl-5-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)-4-((5-fluoro-2,4-dioxo-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-1(2H)-yl) methyl) phenyl acetate (16)

R_f = 0.31 [CH₂Cl₂/MeOH (97/3)]. Yield = 47%, m = 66 mg. Mp = (153–155) °C. UV (methanol) λ_max = 278 nm. IR υ (cm⁻¹): 3480 (NH); 1760 (C=O); 1707 (C=C); 1196 (C–N); 699 (OH phenol). ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO d-6) δ (ppm): 2.10 (s, 3H, CH₃); 2.19 (s, 3H, CH₃); 4.86 (s, 2H, CH₂); 5.62 (s, 1H, H-aromatic); 7.18 (s, 1H, H-oxadiazoline); 7.42–7.81 (m, 8H, H-aromatic); 8.24 (d, 1H, ³J_H–F = 6.9 Hz, H-6); 11.87 (s, 1H, H-3). ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, DMSO d-6) δ (ppm): 20.47 (CH₃); 20.96 (CH₃); 49.82 (CH₂); 90.11 (C-oxadiazoline); 123.81(C_ph); 124.32 (C_ph); 126.41 (C_ph); 128.11 (C_ph); 128.74 (C_ph); 129.10 (C_ph); 129.71 (C_ph); 130.01 (d, ²J_C–F = 10.95 Hz, C-6); 131.90 (C_ph); 134.31 (C_ph); 148.33 (C-2); 151.03 (C_ph); 154.63 (C-oxadiazoline); 141.36 (d, ¹J_C–F = 228.45 Hz, C-5); 157.02 (d, ²J_C–F = 28.72 Hz, C-4); 166.31 (CO acetyl); 168.55 (CO acetyl). HPLC/MS (m/z) 467.14 (M+H)⁺, HRMS for C₂₃H₂₀FN₄O₆: Calc 467.1361, Found 467.1364.

2-(3-Acetyl-5-(3-chlorophenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)-4-((2,4-dioxo-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-1(2H)-yl) methyl) phenyl acetate (17)

R_f = 0.23 [CH₂Cl₂/MeOH (97/3)]. Yield = 60%, m = 89 mg. Mp = (229–231) °C. UV (methanol) λ_max = 271 nm. IR υ (cm⁻¹): 3436 (NH); 1763 (C=O); 1689 (C=C); 689 (OH phenol). ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO d-6) δ (ppm): 2.12 (s, 3H, CH₃); 2.19 (s, 3H, CH₃); 4.90 (s, 2H, CH₂); 5.60 (d, ³J_H–H = 9 Hz, 1H, H-5); 7.19 (s, 1H, H-oxadiazoline); 7.39–7.80 (m, 8H, H-aromatic, H-6); 11.36 (s, 1H, H-3). ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, DMSO d-6) δ (ppm): 20.57 (CH₃); 20.94 (CH₃); 49.49 (CH₂); 90.44 (C-oxadiazoline); 101.49 (C-5); 124.35 (C_ph); 125.02 (C_ph); 125.75 (C_ph); 125.84 (C_ph); 127.99 (C_ph);128.68 (C_ph); 130.05 (C_ph); 131.22 (C_ph); 131.75 (C_ph); 133.80 (C_ph); 134.77 (C_ph); 145.51 (C-6); 148.28 (C_ph); 150.98 (C-2); 153.36 (C-oxadiazoline); 163.54 (C-4); 166.49 (CO acetyl); 168.57 (CO acetyl). HPLC/MS (m/z) 483.11(M+H)⁺, HRMS for C₂₃H₂₀ClN₄O₆: Calc 483.1066, Found 483.1064.

2-(3-Acetyl-5-(3-chlorophenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)-4-((5-methyl-2,4-dioxo-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-1(2H)-yl) methyl) phenyl acetate (18)

R_f = 0.33 [CH₂Cl₂/MeOH (97/3)]. Yield = 71%, m = 106 mg. Mp = (231–233) °C. UV (methanol) λ_max = 277 nm. IR υ (cm⁻¹): 3486 (NH); 1769 (C=O); 1678 (C=C); 1204 (C–N); 694 (OH phenol). ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO d-6) δ (ppm): 1.74 (s, 3H, CH₃); 2.12 (s, 3H, CH₃); 2.19 (s, 3H, CH₃); 4.87 (s, 2H, CH₂); 7.19 (s, 1H, H-oxadiazoline); 7.66 (s, 1H, H-6); 7.39–7.76 (m, 7H, H-aromatic); 11.34 (s, 1H, H-3). ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, DMSO d-6) δ (ppm): 11.97 (CH₃); 20.57 (CH₃); 20.94 (CH₃); 49.30 (CH₂); 90.41 (C-oxadiazoline); 109.07 (C-5); 124.33 (C_ph); 125.06 (C_ph); 125.74 (C_ph); 125.85 (C_ph); 127.99 (C_ph); 128.60 (C_ph); 130.03 (C_ph); 131.22 (C_ph); 131.75 (C_ph); 133.80 (C_ph); 134.95 (C_ph); 141.17 (C-6); 148.23 (C_ph); 150.97 (C-2); 153.42 (C-oxadiazoline aromatic); 164.18 (C-4); 166.41 (CO acetyl); 168.51 (CO acetyl). HPLC/MS (m/z) 497.12 (M+H)⁺, HRMS for C₂₄H₂₂ClN₄O₆: Calc 497.1222, Found 497.1221.

2-(3-Acetyl-5-(3-chlorophenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)-4-((5-fluoro-2,4-dioxo-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-1(2H)-yl) methyl) phenyl acetate (19)

R_f = 0.33 [CH₂Cl₂/MeOH (97/3)]. Yield = 54%, m = 81 mg. Mp = (198–200) °C. UV (methanol) λ_max = 279 nm. IR υ (cm⁻¹): 3450 (NH); 1769 (C=O); 1705 (C=C); 1191 (C–N); 695 (OH phenol). ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO d-6) δ (ppm): 2.12 (s, 3H, CH₃); 2.19 (s, 3H, CH₃); 4.86 (s, 2H, CH₂); 7.19 (s, 1H, H-oxadiazoline); 7.43–7.76 (m, 7H, H-aromatic); 8.24 (d, 1H, ³J_H–F = 6 Hz, H-6); 11.88 (s, 1H, H-3). NMR ¹³C (75 MHz, DMSO d-6) δ (ppm): 20.48 (CH₃); 20.95 (CH₃); 49.89 (CH₂); 90.49 (C-oxadiazoline); 124.33 (C_ph); 125.06 (C_ph); 125.86 (C_ph); 128.00 (C_ph); 128.76 (C_ph); 129.70 (C_ph); 130.13 (d, ²J_C–F = 1.2 Hz, C-6); 131.23 (C_ph); 131.75 (C_ph); 133.80 (C_ph); 134.37 (C_ph); 148.33 (C-2); 149.63 (C_ph); 153.38 (C-oxadiazoline); 141.37(d, ¹J_C–F = 228.37 Hz, C-5); 157.52 (d, ²J_C–F = 21.82 Hz, C-4); 166.47 (CO acetyl); 168.56 (CO acetyl). HPLC/MS (m/z) 501.10 (M+H)⁺, HRMS for C₂₃H₁₉ClFN₄O₆: Calc 501.0972, Found 501.0970.

2-(3-Acetyl-5-(3-chlorophenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)-4-((6-methyl-3,5-dioxo-4,5-dihydro-1,2,4-triazin-2(3H)-yl) methyl) phenyl acetate (20)

R_f = 0.38 [CH₂Cl₂/MeOH (97/3)]. Yield = 60%, m = 89 mg. Mp = (157–158) °C. UV (methanol) λ_max = 284 nm. IR υ (cm⁻¹): 3449 (NH); 1769 (C=O); 1705 (C=C); 1191 (C–N); 695 (OH phenol). ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO d-6) δ (ppm): 2.05 (s, 3H, CH₃); 2.12 (s, 3H, CH₃); 2.20 (s, 3H, CH₃); 5.02 (s, 2H, CH₂); 7.20 (s, 1H, H-oxadiazoline); 7.41–7.76 (m, 7H, H-aromatic); 12.16 (s, 1H, H-3). ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, DMSO d-6) δ (ppm): 15.97 (CH₃); 20.45 (CH₃); 20.88 (CH₃); 51.79 (CH₂); 90.43 (C-oxadiazoline); 124.20 (C_ph); 125.06 (C_ph); 125.62 (C_ph); 125.94 (C_ph); 127.89 (C_ph); 128.80 (C_ph); 130.20 (C_ph); 131.23 (C_ph); 131.65 (C_ph); 133.80 (C_ph); 134.72 (C_ph); 143.66 (C-5); 148.17 (Cph); 148.88 (C-2); 153.43 (C-oxadiazoline); 157.05 (C-4); 166.47 (CO acetyl); 168.60 (CO acetyl). HPLC/MS (m/z) 498.12 (M+H)⁺, HRMS for C₂₃H₂₁ClN₅O₆: Calc 498.1175, Found 498.1176.

2-(3-Acetyl-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)-4-((2,4-dioxo-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-1(2H)-yl) methyl) phenyl acetate (21)

R_f = 0.28 [CH₂Cl₂/MeOH (97/3)]. Yield = 59%, m = 85 g. Mp = (215–217) °C. UV (methanol) λ_max = 273 nm. IR υ (cm⁻¹): 3456 (NH); 1765 (C=O); 1667 (C=C); 1208 (C–N); 726 (OH phenol). ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO d-6) δ (ppm): 2.11 (s, 3H, CH₃); 2.18 (s, 3H, CH₃); 4.90 (s, 2H, CH₂); 5.60 (d, ³J_H–H = 7.8 Hz, 1H, H-5); 7.18 (s, 1H, H-oxadiazoline); 7.38–7.81 (m, 7H, H-aromatic, H-6); 11.36 (s, 1H, H-3). NMR ¹³C (75 MHz, DMSO d-6) δ (ppm): 20.57 (CH₃); 20.94 (CH₃); 49.66 (CH₂); 90.18 (C-oxadiazoline); 101.48 (C-5); 122.70 (C_ph); 124.34 (C_ph); 128.06 (C_ph); 128.19 (C_ph); 128.65 (C_ph); 129.32 (C_ph); 130.00 (C_ph); 134.76 (C_ph); 136.57 (C_ph); 145.51 (C-6); 148.19 (C_ph); 150.97 (C-2); 153.85 (C-oxadiazoline); 163.51 (C-4); 166.30 (CO acetyl); 168.54 (CO acetyl). HPLC/MS (m/z) 483.11 (M+H)⁺, HRMS for C₂₃H₂₀ClN₄O₆: Calc 483.1066, Found 483.1063.

2-(3-Acetyl-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)-4-((5-methyl-2,4-dioxo-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-1(2H)-yl) methyl) phenyl acetate (22)

R_f = 0.34 [CH₂Cl₂/MeOH (97/3)]. Yield = 49%, m = 73 mg. Mp = (219–221) °C. UV (methanol) λ_max = 278 nm. IR υ (cm⁻¹): 3446 (NH); 1762 (C=O); 1702 (C=C); 1203 (C–N); 698 (OH phenol). ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO d-6) δ (ppm): 1.74 (s, 3H, CH₃); 2.12 (s, 3H, CH₃); 2.18 (s, 3H, CH₃); 4.87 (s, 2H, CH₂); 7.19 (s, 1H, H-oxadiazoline); 7.38–7.81 (m, 7H, H-aromatic, H-6); 11.34 (s, 1H, H-3). ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, DMSO d-6) δ (ppm): 11.80 (CH₃); 20.49 (CH₃); 20.94 (CH₃); 49.31 (CH₂); 90.31 (C-oxadiazoline); 109.13 (C-5); 122.70 (C_ph); 124.32 (C_ph); 127.99 (C_ph); 128.18 (C_ph); 128.59 (C_ph); 129.33 (C_ph); 129.99 (C_ph); 134.93 (C_ph); 136.58 (C_ph); 145.17 (C_ph); 148.22 (C-6); 150.97 (C-2); 153.85 (C-oxadiazoline); 164.18 (C-4); 166.36 (CO acetyl); 168.55 (CO acetyl). HPLC/MS (m/z) 497.12 (M+H)⁺, HRMS for C₂₄H₂₂ClN₄O₆: Calc 497.1222, Found 497.1215.

2-(3-Acetyl-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)-4-((5-fluoro-2,4-dioxo-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-1(2H)-yl) methyl) phenyl acetate (23)

R_f = 0.31 [CH₂Cl₂/MeOH (97/3)]. Yield = 40%, m = 60 mg. Mp = (218–220) °C. UV (methanol) λ_max = 281 nm. IR υ (cm⁻¹): 3434 (NH); 1769 (C=O); 1709 (C=C); 1195 (C–N); 658 (OH phenol). ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO d-6) δ (ppm): 2.11 (s, 3H, CH₃); 2.18 (s, 3H, CH₃); 4.85 (s, 2H, CH₂); 7.18 (s, 1H, H-oxadiazoline); 7.42–7.81 (m, 7H, H-aromatic); 8.23 (d, 1H, ³J_H–H = 6 Hz, H-6); 11.88 (s, 1H, H-3). ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, DMSO d-6) δ (ppm): 20.51 (CH₃); 20.94 (CH₃); 49.96 (CH₂); 90.38 (C-oxadiazoline); 122.70 (C_ph); 124.32 (C_ph); 128.06 (C_ph); 128.18 (C_ph); 128.75 (C_ph); 129.33 (C_ph); 129.71 (C_ph); 134.35 (C_ph); 136.58 (C_ph); 130.15 (d, ²J_C–F = 4.57 Hz, C-6); 145.51 (C_ph); 148.32 (C-2); 153.85 (C-oxadiazoline); 141.23 (d, ¹J_C–F = 222.07 Hz, C-5); 157.58 (d, ²J_C–F = 22.8 Hz, C-4); 166.31 (CO acetyl); 168.46 (CO acetyl). HPLC/MS (m/z) 501.10 (M+H)⁺, HRMS for C₂₃H₁₉ClFN₄O₆: Calc 501.0972, Found 501.0970.

Materials and methods in biology

SARS-CoV-2

The used SARS-CoV-2 was derived from the Beta-Cov/Belgium/GHB-03021/2020 (EPI ISL407976|2020-02-03), which has been isolated in February 2020 from a Belgian patient having returned from Wuhan. The isolate was passed through VeroE6 cells seven times, producing two series of amino acid deletions in the spike protein [44]. Titration on Vero E6 cells was used to determine the infectious material of the viral stock.

The antiviral assay for SARS-CoV-2 is established on the previous used SARS-CoV assay [45]. After infection, the fluorescence of VeroE6-GFP cell cultures declines because of the cytopathogenic influence of the replicating virus. The cytopathogenicity is inhibited, and the fluorescent signal is maintained in the presence of an antiviral agent. To this end, VeroE6-GFP cells (kindly provided by Marnix Van Loock, Janssen Pharmaceutica, Beerse, Belgium) have been used as described previously [46, 47]. Because VeroE6 cells exhibit high chemotype efflux, the antiviral assays were carried out in the presence of the P-glycoprotein (Pgp) efflux inhibitor CP-100356 (0.5 M) [48].

VZV and HCMV

The synthetized compounds were tested against two human herpesviruses {cytomegalovirus (HCMV) strains AD-169 and Davis varicella-zoster virus strains [Oka (wild type) and 07-1 (thymidine kinase-deficient strain)]} in human embryonic lung (HEL) fibroblasts as reported previously [49].

Antileishmanial evaluation

Cell lines

The mouse monocyte/macrophage cell lines RAW 264.7 and L. donovani (MHOM/ET/67/HU3, also called LV9) promastigotes and axenic amastigotes were kept in accordance with the procedures presented by Pomel et al. [50]

Cytotoxicity evaluation of the compounds on RAW 264.7 macrophages

The resazurin technique, described in Pomel et al., was used to assess cytotoxicity in RAW 264.7 macrophages [50].

In vitro antileishmanial evaluation on L. donovani axenic amastigotes

This evaluation was performed using the SYBR Green method as previously described [50]. IC₅₀ values were calculated using the IC Estimator version 1.2 software [50]. Miltefosine was used as the reference drug.

Evaluation of in vitro antileishmanial on intramacrophage amastigotes

Cytotoxicity determination, as described above, was employed to choose the highest concentrations of drug that could be investigated on the L. donovani intramacrophage amastigote model using RAW 264.7 cells. Macrophages were contaminated with L. donovani axenic amastigotes at a 10 parasites per macrophage ratio. The rate of infected macrophages was about 80% in these conditions, as well as the mean number of amastigotes for each infected macrophage was 4 to 5 in the untreated controls. The in vitro treatment was applied 24 h post-infection during 48 h. The results of the product’s effect are given as rate reduction of parasite growth, measured using the SYBR Green incorporation method. The activity of the compounds is expressed as IC₅₀, calculated using the IC Estimator version 1.2 software [50]. Miltefosine was used as the reference drug.

Conclusion

In conclusion, a novel series of homonucleosides analogs of N-acetyl-1,3,4-oxadiazoline was synthesized and evaluated for their antileishmanial and antiviral activities against HCM, VZV, and SARS-CoV-2. Furthermore, the synthetic strategy to synthetize hybrid compounds was proved to be simple and efficient. Compound 20 was the most active with IC₅₀ value less than 10 µM against the axenic and intramacrophage amastigotes forms of L. donovani. The absence of significant antiviral activity of this series prompts us to focus further studies on its antileishmanial potential but trying to enhance its antiviral effect. Consequently, additional chemistry work is under progress to synthesize new derivatives, to strengthen their development on a rational base, and to optimize the antileishmanial activity and antiviral activity of the 6-azathymine as a pharmacophore.

Supplementary Information

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Funding

None.

Data availability

Spectroscopic data are available in the Supporting Material.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Statement involving human and animal rights

No animals/humans were used for studies that are the basis of this research.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Informed consent

Not applicable.