Immunogenicity and reactogenicity of a third dose of BNT162b2 vaccine for COVID-19 after a primary regimen with BBIBP-CorV or BNT162b2 vaccines in Lima, Peru

Natalia Vargas-Herrera; Manuel Fernández-Navarro; Nestor E Cabezudo; Percy Soto-Becerra; Gilmer Solís-Sánchez; Stefan Escobar-Agreda; Javier Silva-Valencia; Luis Pampa-Espinoza; Ricardo Bado-Pérez; Lely Solari; Roger V Araujo-Castillo

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0268419

. 2022 Oct 17;17(10):e0268419. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268419

Immunogenicity and reactogenicity of a third dose of BNT162b2 vaccine for COVID-19 after a primary regimen with BBIBP-CorV or BNT162b2 vaccines in Lima, Peru

Natalia Vargas-Herrera ^1,^*, Manuel Fernández-Navarro ¹, Nestor E Cabezudo ², Percy Soto-Becerra ³, Gilmer Solís-Sánchez ⁴, Stefan Escobar-Agreda ¹, Javier Silva-Valencia ¹, Luis Pampa-Espinoza ¹, Ricardo Bado-Pérez ⁵, Lely Solari ¹, Roger V Araujo-Castillo ¹

Editor: Daniela Flavia Hozbor⁶

PMCID: PMC9576087 PMID: 36251630

Abstract

Background

The administration of a third (booster) dose of COVID-19 vaccines in Peru initially employed the BNT162b2 (Pfizer) mRNA vaccine. The national vaccination program started with healthcare workers (HCW) who received BBIBP-CorV (Sinopharm) vaccine as primary regimen and elderly people previously immunized with BNT162b2. This study evaluated the reactogenicity and immunogenicity of the “booster” dose in these two groups in Lima, Peru.

Methods

We conducted a prospective cohort study, recruiting participants from November to December of 2021 in Lima, Peru. We evaluated immunogenicity and reactogenicity in HCW and elderly patients previously vaccinated with either two doses of BBIBP-CorV (heterologous regimen) or BTN162b2 (homologous regimen). Immunogenicity was measured by anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody levels immediately before boosting dose and 14 days later. IgG geometric means (GM) and medians were obtained, and modeled using ANCOVA and quantile regressions.

Results

The GM of IgG levels increased significantly after boosting: from 28.5±5.0 AU/mL up to 486.6±1.2 AU/mL (p<0.001) which corresponds to a 17-fold increase. The heterologous vaccine regimen produced higher GM of post-booster anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG levels, eliciting a 13% increase in the geometric mean ratio (95%CI: 1.02–1.27) and a median difference of 92.3 AU/ml (95%CI: 24.9–159.7). Both vaccine regimens were safe and well tolerated. Previous COVID-19 infection was also associated with higher pre and post-booster IgG GM levels.

Conclusion

Although both boosting regimens were highly immunogenic, two doses of BBIBP-CorV boosted with BTN162b2 produced a stronger IgG antibody response than the homologous BNT162b2 regimen in the Peruvian population. Additionally, both regimens were mildly reactogenic and well-tolerated.

Introduction

The first case of COVID-19 was confirmed in Peru on March 6^th, 2020 [1]. Since then, almost 3,5 million COVID-19 cases and more than 200,000 deaths have been reported [2], making Peru one of the countries with the highest death toll due to COVID-19 in the world [3]. In February 2021, in the midst of a very intense second wave of COVID-19, the healthcare workers (HCW), police and military personnel received the BBIBP-CorV (Sinopharm) inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine [4]. In May 2021, vaccination started on people 60 years and older with the BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) mRNA vaccine, and subsequently the vaccination program was extended to the younger population [5] according to vaccine availability, using mainly BBIBP-CorV and ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (Oxford-AstraZeneca) in under 40s. All regimens consisted of two doses of vaccines, at least 21 days apart.

In October 2021, the Peruvian Ministry of Health (MINSA) approved the administration of third vaccine “booster” doses [6] with BNT162b2. HCWs and people 60 years and older were again prioritized to be vaccinated. With the arrival of the Omicron variant in December 2021, all adults and children above 12 with comorbidities were eligible for the booster dose. Strategies for vaccination against COVID-19 in Peru are permanently being reviewed and updated according to the results of their evaluation. It is important to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of all the vaccination regimens mandated by the MINSA. The aim of our study is to evaluate the reactogenicity and immunogenicity of the third “booster” dose with BNT162b2 in people primarily vaccinated with BBIBP-CorV or BNT16b2 in Lima, Peru.

Materials and methods

Design, setting and population

We performed a prospective cohort study in individuals who were administered a BNT162b2 booster dose according to Peruvian COVID-19 vaccination guidelines. The study population included participants aged 18 years and older who had previously received two doses of COVID-19 vaccines 5 to 12 months before. The population comprised two groups: People initially vaccinated with 2 doses of BNT162b2 (Pfizer-Biotech), mainly individuals aged 60 years and older; and people vaccinated with 2 doses of BBIBP-CorV (Sinopharm), mostly HCWs of any profession.

Participants were excluded if, at the time of enrollment, they had active COVID-19 symptoms, allergy to the BNT162b2 vaccine, or reported pregnancy. Participants who had received more than two doses of any COVID-19 vaccine, or received the initial doses abroad were also excluded, as well as participants who did not receive the booster dose within 24 hours after enrollment. Sampling was carried out in a consecutive non-probabilistic manner in four vaccination centers in Lima that were specifically authorized to administer the booster dose. Sample size was calculated to estimate the geometric mean of the difference between IgG levels before and after the vaccine booster. Considering a difference of IgG levels of 1.09 AU/ml ±1.00 [7], a precision of one tenth of the mean, and a 95% confidence interval, the sample size was 387 subjects. Half that sample size yielded >99% power to test if IgG ratios after boosting were different from 1, including a Bonferroni correction for ten simultaneous comparisons.

Study procedures

Subjects meeting selection criteria were invited to participate in the study and signed an informed consent form. Clinical and demographic data were registered in a written form, and a 5 ml blood sample was drawn from each participant before receiving the booster dose. Participants were invited for a second visit 14 days after the booster dose and the procedures were repeated.

The main outcome was immunogenicity, assessed through SARS-CoV-2 anti-spike and anti-nucleoprotein IgG antibodies levels. These were measured using the iFlash-SARS-CoV IgG assay (Shenzen YHLO Biotech Co., Ltd, China), a paramagnetic particle chemiluminescent immunoassay (CLIA) using the Immunoassay Analyzer [8]. No lower or upper top values were specified for this assay, although a 10 AU/ml cut-off for positivity point was provided. Test details are provided in S1 Appendix. Sample analysis was performed at the Measles and Rubella National Reference Laboratory of the Instituto Nacional de Salud–Peru.

Other variables analyzed were gender, age group (according to the World Health Organization classification), presence and number of comorbidities (high blood pressure, diabetes mellitus, obesity, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, others), prior COVID-19 infection (defined as having a prior positive antigenic or molecular test), time in months between the second vaccine dose and the booster dose, time in days between first and second blood sample, and type of primary vaccine regimen (BNT162b2 or BBIBP-CorV).

Safety assessment included self-report of local and systemic adverse reactions (AR) including pain in the injection site, malaise, headache, drowsiness, fever and other events after the BNT162b2 booster dose in both groups. Those were inquired during the two-week follow-up visit. Depending on AR intensity, these were classified as mild or severe according to the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) [9]. Hospitalizations or deaths until second visit were also recorded.

Statistical analysis

Categorical variables were described using absolute and relative frequencies, while numerical variables were reported using medians and interquartile ranges (IQR). IgG levels were additionally characterized by geometric means (GM) and geometric standard deviations (GSD). Study variables were compared according to follow-up status, primary vaccine regimen, and adverse reaction presence, using chi-squared and Fisher´s exact test for categorical variables, and Mann-Whitney U test for numerical variables. Only participants that returned for the second visit were included in the reactogenicity and immunogenicity analysis. Crude and Adjusted Poisson regression models with robust standard errors were constructed in order to estimate relative risks (RR) for developing adverse reactions.

For the immunogenicity analysis, comparison between IgG levels before and after vaccine boosting was performed using Wilcoxon Sign Rank test and paired T test for GMs with unequal variances. Bivariate association between the study variables and IgG levels before/after boosting was evaluated two ways: IgG medians were contrasted using Mann-Whitney or Kruskall Wallis tests, while GMs were compared using Student T or F test for geometric means. In order to model IgG values after vaccine booster, two methods were employed: quantile regression to the median in order to evaluate changes in absolute IgG values; and an ANCOVA approach using IgG geometric means and exponentiated coefficients to evaluate changes in terms of mean fold increase. Robust standard errors were used in both to handle heteroskedasticity of residuals.

All multivariable models were adjusted per age, sex, comorbidity presence, prior COVID-19 infection, time between second and booster dose, vaccine booster regimen, time between first and second serum sample, and IgG levels before booster. The natural logarithm form of the latter was used in an attempt to normalize its distribution. Only in the immunogenicity analysis after booster, continuous numerical variables were modeled using restricted cubic splines in order to handle non-linearity. Spline knots were set according to Harrell’s criteria [10]. We demonstrated the adequacy of knots selection through the inspection of partial residual plots and comparing AIC between different spline’s parameterizations. All confidence intervals were calculated at 95%, and significant p-values were set at 0.05. All the statistical analyses were performed using Stata v.16 (College Station, TX: StataCorp LLC. 2019).

Ethical considerations

The study protocol was approved by the National Institute of Health’s Institutional ethics committee (approval code: OI-35-21) and all participants signed a voluntary Informed Consent Form.

Results

Baseline characteristics

Between November 4 and December 17, 2021, 462 individuals were enrolled. Two participants were excluded for having received their initial vaccine doses abroad (Moderna, mRNA-1273), one for having severe immunosuppression, one who received the initial two doses more than 12 months ago, and one who did not receive the booster dose at all. Of the 457 participants who fulfilled the selection criteria, 285 (62.4%) returned for the second blood sample collection and were eligible for the immunogenicity/reactogenicity analysis (Fig 1). Baseline and demographics characteristics were similar between the group that completed two blood samples and the group lost to follow up (S1 Table).

Patients included had a median age of 46 years (IQR: 36–60) and 190 (66.7%) were female; 214 (75.1%) reported at least one comorbidity and 84 (29.5%) had prior COVID-19 infection. The time between the first two doses ranged between 20 and 71 days, with a median of 21 days. Regarding boosting, time between second and third dose ranged from 5 to 8 full months with a median of 220 days. Median time between first and second blood draw was 15 days (IQR: 14–15). Patients were grouped according to primary vaccine regimen, 56 (19.6%) were primed with BNT162b2 and therefore received a homologous boosting, while 229 (80.4%) were primed with BBIBP-CorV, resulting in a heterologous booster (Table 1). There were some statistically significant differences between both groups. The group primed with BNT162b2 has a median age of 67 compared with 43 in the BBIBP-CorV group (p<0.001); this is the result of the national vaccination program that provided BNT162b2 to elderly population, while BBIBP-CorV was destined to healthcare workers. The time between the first two doses had a median time of 21 days (range:20–33) for the group primed with BNT162b2 and 21 days (range 20–71) for the BBIBP-CorV group. Other differences that arose from this vaccination strategy were differences in sex, since there are more female healthcare workers; comorbidities, since they are more prevalent in elders; and time between the second dose and booster, since national vaccination started with BBIBP-CorV in healthcare workers, before expanding to people age 60 and older. On the other hand, there were no statistically significant differences by prior COVID-19 infection, or time between blood samples (Table 1).

Table 1. Participant characteristics according to primary vaccine regimen (N = 285).

	Total	(BNT162b2 x 2) + BNT162b2	(BBIBP-CorV x 2) + BNT162b2	p-value^*
	N = 285	N = 56	N = 229
	n (%) \| Median [IQR]	n (%) \| Median [IQR]	n (%) \| Median [IQR]
Age (years)	46 [36; 60]	67 [62; 73]	43 [34; 53]	<0.001^‡
Age Group
18–29 years old	23 (8.1)	0 (0.0)	23 (10.0)	<0.001^††
30–59 years old	189 (66.3)	6 (10.7)	183 (79.9)
60 plus years old	73 (25.6)	50 (89.3)	23 (10.0)
Gender
Female	190 (66.7)	28 (50.0)	162 (70.7)	0.003^†
Male	95 (33.3)	28 (50.0)	67 (29.3)
Comorbidity
No Comorbidities	214 (75.1)	28 (50.0)	186 (81.2)	<0.001^†
Presence of Comorbidities	71 (24.9)	28 (50.0)	43 (18.8)
Number of Comorbidities
No Comorbidities	214 (75.1)	28 (50.0)	186 (81.2)	<0.001^†
One Comorbidity	61 (21.4)	22 (39.3)	39 (17.0)
Two or more Comorbidities	10 (3.5)	6 (10.7)	4 (1.8)
List of Comorbidities
High Blood pressure	29 (10.2)	15 (26.8)	14 (6.1)	<0.001^†
Diabetes Mellitus	17 (6.0)	8 (14.3)	9 (3.9)	0.003^†
Obesity	7 (2.5)	0 (0.0)	7 (3.1)	0.352^††
Asthma/COPD	12 (4.2)	2 (3.6)	10 (4.4)	1.000^††
Cancer (any type)	5 (1.8)	3 (5.4)	2 (0.9)	0.054^††
Cardiovascular Disease	2 (0.7)	0 (0.0)	2 (0.9)	1.000^††
Others	12 (4.2)	7 (12.5)	5 (2.2)	0.001^†
Prior COVID-19 Infection
No	201 (70.5)	45 (80.4)	156 (68.1)	0.072^†
Yes	84 (29.5)	11 (19.6)	73 (31.9)
Time until booster dose (months)
5	33 (11.6)	33 (58.9)	0 (0.0)	<0.001^††
6	78 (27.4)	20 (35.7)	58 (25.3)
7	159 (55.8)	3 (5.4)	156 (68.1)
8	15 (5.3)	0 (0.0)	15 (6.6)
Adverse Reactions after booster
No	34 (11.9)	13 (23.2)	21 (9.2)	0.004^†
Yes	251 (88.1)	43 (76.8)	208 (90.8)
Number of Adverse Reactions
None	34 (11.9)	13 (23.2)	21 (9.2)	<0.001^†
One	104 (36.5)	26 (46.4)	78 (34.1)
Two or more	147 (51.6)	17 (30.4)	130 (56.8)
Adverse Reaction occurred
Local pain	242 (84.9)	43 (76.8)	199 (86.9)	0.058^†
Malaise	93 (32.6)	11 (19.6)	82 (35.8)	0.021^†
Headache	79 (27.7)	6 (10.7)	73 (31.9)	0.002^†
Drowsiness	43 (15.1)	3 (5.4)	40 (17.5)	0.022^††
Fever	41 (14.4)	6 (10.7)	35 (15.3)	0.382^†
Others	54 (19.0)	1 (1.8)	53 (23.1)	<0.001^††
Time between 1st and 2nd sample (days)	15 [14; 15]	14 [14; 17]	15 [14; 15]	0.686^‡

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IQR: Interquartile range. IgG: Immunoglobulin G. AU/ml: Arbitrary units per ml.

^†Chi Square test.

^††Fisher´s Exact test.

^‡Mann-Whitney U test.

*Comparison between BNT162b2 x 2 + BNT162b2 vs BBIBP-CorV x 2 + BNT162b2.

Reactogenicity

Among the 285 participants, 251 (88.1%) reported an adverse reaction after booster administration, all of them mild: 244 (85.3%) reported local pain at the injection site, 94 (32.9%) malaise, 79 (27.6%) headache, 43 (15%) drowsiness, 41 (14.3%) fever, and 54 (18.9%) reported other adverse reactions including diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, palpitations, neck/back pain, and one participant reported menstrual cycle changes. In the bivariate analysis, younger age, being female, and having received a heterologous booster were associated with a higher proportion of adverse reactions (S2 Table). In the adjusted regression model, the only characteristic that remained associated was sex: female participants were 13% more likely to develop adverse reactions than male participants (RR 1.12; 95%CI 1.01–1.25) (Table 2).

Table 2. Regression models using presence of adverse reactions to the vaccine booster as outcome (N = 285).

	Crude Models		Adjusted Model
	RR (95% CI)	p-value^*	RR (95% CI)	p-value^**
Age Group
18–29 years old	1.26 (1.12; 1.41)	<0.001	1.16 (0.97; 1.38)	0.102
30–59 years old	1.13 (1.00; 1.28)	0.054	1.04 (0.88; 1.23)	0.662
60 plus years old	Reference		Reference
Gender
Female	1.15 (1.03; 1.28)	0.011	1.12 (1.01; 1.25)	0.036
Male	Reference		Reference
Comorbidity
No Comorbidities	Reference		Reference
Presence of Comorbidities	0.93 (0.83; 1.04)	0.189	0.97 (0.85; 1.11)	0.654
Prior COVID-19 Infection
No	Reference		Reference
Yes	1.08 (0.99; 1.17)	0.068	1.03 (0.94; 1.13)	0.541
Time until booster dose (months)
For each month	1.03 (0.97; 1.08)	0.338	0.92 (0.85; 1.00)	0.059
IgG Titers before booster
For each natural logarithm	1.01 (0.95; 1.08)	0.684	1.05 (0.97; 1.13)	0.203
Vaccine Booster Regimen
(BNT162b2 x 2) + BNT162b2	Reference		Reference
(BBIBP-CorV x 2) + BNT162b2	1.18 (1.02; 1.37)	0.028	1.26 (0.97; 1.63)	0.079

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RR: Risk ratio. 95%CI: 95% Confidence Interval. IgG: Immunoglobulin G.

* Poisson regression with robust variance, crude models.

** Poisson regression with robust variance, adjusted per all listed variables.

Baseline and post-booster immunogenicity

When comparing IgG levels pre versus post booster in the whole group, a marked difference was observed (Fig 2). The GM of IgG levels increased significantly after boosting: from 28.5±5.0 AU/mL up to 486.6±1.2 AU/mL (paired T test: p<0.001) which corresponds to a 17-fold increase. This was also observed for the median: from 29.1 AU/mL (8.4; 93.1) up to 501.9 AU/mL (446.8; 545.4) (Wilcoxon signed rank test: p<0.001).

Regarding COVID-19 baseline humoral status, people aged 60 and older had a higher GM (64.0+/-4.9 AU/ml) than people 18–29 years old (22.9+/-5.4 AU/ml) and 30–59 years old (21.5+/-4.5 AU/ml). A possible explanation was that elderly were immunized with the BNT162b2 vaccine which has demonstrated to be more immunogenic than BBIBP-CorV according to some studies [11]. However, this trend was reversed for IgG levels after boosting: people 18–29 years old, and 30–59 years old had the higher GMs (518.9+/-1.1 AU/mL and 505.3+/-1.1 AU/mL respectively) compared with people aged 60 years and older (432.3+/-1.2 AU/mL). This trend was also observed when aged was analyzed as a continuous variable (Table 3, Fig 3).

Table 3. IgG geometric mean titers (AU/ml) before (baseline) and after receiving the COVID-19 vaccine booster dose (N = 285).

	Baseline Geometric Mean (GSD)	p-value^*	After the booster Geometric Mean (GSD)	p-value^*
Age Group
18–29 years old	22.9 (5.4)	<0.001	518.9 (1.1)	<0.001
30–59 years old	21.5 (4.5)		505.3 (1.1)
60 plus years old	64.0 (4.9)		432.3 (1.2)
Gender
Female	26.1 (4.8)	0.200	488.8 (1.2)	0.511
Male	34.1 (5.3)		482.2 (1.2)
Comorbidity
No Comorbidities	27.7 (4.8)	0.629	497.9 (1.1)	<0.001
Presence of Comorbidities	31.1 (5.9)		453.8 (1.2)
Number of Comorbidities
No comorbidities	27.7 (4.8)	0.455	497.9 (1.1)	<0.001
One comorbidity	28.5 (5.6)		456.7 (1.2)
Two or more comorbidities	53.5 (8.2)		436.2 (1.2)
Prior COVID-19 infection
No Infection	20.1 (4.9)	<0.001	473.5 (1.2)	<0.001
Prior Infection	66.0 (3.9)		519.2 (1.1)
Time until booster dose (months)
5	112.6 (2.9)	<0.001	424.3 (1.2)
6	29.7 (4.7)		463.4 (1.2)
7	19.8 (4.7)		511.4 (1.1)	<0.001
8	55.2 (6.5)		499.7 (1.1)
Vaccine Booster Regimen
(BNT162b2 x 2) + BNT162b2	99.5 (3.1)	<0.001	416.0 (1.2)	<0.001
(BBIBP-CorV x 2) + BNT162b2	21.0 (4.8)		505.6 (1.1)

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IgG: Immunoglobulin G. AU/ml: Arbitrary units per ml. GSD: geometric standard deviation.

* Student T or F test for geometric means.

Fig 3 — IgG levels (AU/ml) after vaccine booster (logarithm scale) are shown on the y-axis of all graphics. Numeric variables in the x-axis are displayed using restricted cubic B-splines functions with the spline knots set according to Harrell’s criteria. The x-axis displays: IgG levels before booster in a logarithm scale (A), age in years (B), time between second the third vaccine dose in months (C), and time between first and second blood sample in days (D).

Baseline levels were not different by presence of comorbidities, but after booster levels were lower in people presenting them: 453.8 ±1.2 AU/mL versus 497.9±1.1 AU/mL (p<0.001). A prior COVID-19 infection was associated with a higher GM of baseline levels: 66.0±3.9 AU/mL versus 20.1±4.9 AU/mL (p<0.001), and also with higher post-booster levels: 519.2±1.1 AU/mL versus 473.5±1.2 AU/mL (p<0.001). There were no differences in pre o post booster IgG levels by gender (Table 3, Fig 2). Baseline IgG levels showed a trend towards higher values at shorter periods of time between the second dose and boosting. On the contrary, post-booster IgG levels tend to increase with longer periods of time, except for the 8^th month, when IgG levels started to decrease. Regarding time between first and second blood sample, post-booster IgG antibody levels increased sharply until day 15^th, then progressively decreased until reaching a steady state (p = 0.003) (Table 3, Fig 3).

The homologous vaccine group had the highest GM of IgG baseline antibody levels when compared to the heterologous vaccine group: 99.5±3.1 AU/mL versus 21.0±4.8 AU/mL (p<0.001). However, this relationship was reversed for post-booster IgG levels: the heterologous vaccine group presented the highest GM when compared to the homologous vaccine group: 505.6±1.1 AU/mL versus 416.0±1.2 AU/mL (p<0.001) (Table 3, Fig 2). Similar associations were observed when comparisons were stratified by booster regimen (S3 Table), or when performed using medians and IQRs (S4 Table).

Based on these results, two multivariable models were constructed. Both, the ANCOVA and the quantile regression models showed that prior COVID-19 infection was associated with higher post booster levels with a 6% increase in the geometric mean ratio (95%CI: 1.02–1.10) and a median difference of 29.1 AU/ml (95%CI: 11.5–46.7). BBIBP-CorV priming was also associated with higher post booster IgG levels, eliciting a 13% increase in the geometric mean ratio (95%CI: 1.02–1.27) and a median difference of 92.3 AU/ml (95%CI: 24.9–159.7) (Table 4). Regarding the non-linear terms of both regression models, the only significant correlation was between higher IgG levels before booster with higher levels post-booster, as seen in Fig 4. Associations with age, gender, comorbidities, time until booster, and time until second sample disappeared after adjustment. Individual coefficients for each spline of the non-linear terms are shown in the S5 Table for the quantile regression model, and in the S6 Table for the linear regression model.

Table 4. Adjusted regression models using IgG levels (AU/ml) after vaccine booster as outcome (N = 285).

	Multivariable Linear Regression		Multivariable Quantile Regression
	GMR (95% CI)	p-value^a	MD (95% CI)	p-value^a
Age (years)
(Non-linear term)^b	^*	0.585^c	^*	0.080
Gender
Female	Reference		Reference
Male	1.01 (0.97; 1.04)	0.650	5.39 (-7.68; 18.46)	0.417
Comorbidity
No Comorbidities	Reference		Reference
Presence of Comorbidities	0.98 (0.94; 1.03)	0.460	1.88 (-14.24; 17.99)	0.819
Prior COVID-19 Infection
No	Reference		Reference
Yes	1.06 (1.02; 1.10)	0.004	29.11 (11.49; 46.73)	0.001
Time until booster dose (days)
(Non-linear term)^b	^*	0.084^c	^*	0.281
Vaccine Booster Regimen
(BNT162b2 x 2) + BNT162b2	Reference		Reference
(BBIBP-CorV x 2) + BNT162b2	1.13 (1.01; 1.27)	0.041	92.3 (24.90; 159.7)	0.007
Time between 1st and 2nd sample
(Non-linear term)^b	^*	0.055^c	^*	0.305
Natural Log of IgG titers before Booster
(Non-linear term)^b	^*	<0.001^c	^*	0.003

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IgG: Immunoglobulin G. AU/ml: Arbitrary units per ml. GMR: Adjusted Geometric Mean Ratio. MD: Adjusted Median Difference. 95%CI: 95% Confidence Interval.

^a) All p-values were obtained using a robust standard error estimator to address heteroskedasticity.

^b) The non-linear effect of age, time until booster dose, time between 1st and 2nd sample and natural log of IgG titers before booster in multivariable linear regression are shown in Fig 4.

^c) p-values for multiple coefficients of B-splines basis functions were tested using a heteroskedasticity version of F-Statistic for a joint hypothesis testing.

* Details about coefficients for B-splines are show in S2 and S3 Tables.

Fig 4 — Numeric variables in the x-axis were treated as restricted cubic B-splines functions with the spline knots set according to Harrell’s criteria. The x-axis displays IgG levels before booster in a logarithm scale (A), age in years (B), time between second the third vaccine dose in months (C), and time between first and second blood sample in days (D).

Discussion

In this prospective cohort study, we report the humoral immunogenicity of a BNT162b2 vaccine booster in persons having been primarily vaccinated with either two doses of BBIBP-CorV or BNT162b, as well as the reactogenicity produced. To our knowledge, this is the first study comparing immunogenicity of these regimens in Latin America. Noteworthy, baseline antibody levels were not uniformly distributed, and participants with prior COVID-19 had significantly higher levels before boosting. Interestingly, baseline levels were higher for people primed with the BNT162b2 vaccine, although people who received BBIBP-CorV as primary regimen have been vaccinated for a longer period of time, and it was expected that their IgG levels will be lower at the moment of boosting. In addition, the lower antibody levels could also be expected because of the overall lower antibody immunogenicity of the BBIBP-CorV vaccine compared to BNT162b2 [11].

Our results show that the administration of a BNT162b2 booster significantly elicited robust humoral responses measured by IgG titers in all the different groups studied, regardless of their baseline levels or primary regimen received. This phenomenon has been well-described, even for people primed with inactivated vaccines such as BBIBP-CorV. For instance, a Peruvian one-arm study reported a strong humoral response after a heterologous BNT162b2 booster in HCWs primed with the inactivated BBIBP-CorV vaccine [12], even higher than the 17-fold increase found in our study. In Lebanon, a prospective cohort study comparing a BNT162b2 booster versus no booster in BBIBP-CorV vaccinated people, found that boosting elicited higher anti-spike IgG geometric mean titers: 8040 BAU/mL (95%CI: 4612–14016) versus 1384 BAU/mL (95%CI: 1063–1801) p<0.001 [13]. However, none of these studies included more than one vaccine regime.

In our study, we found that the heterologous combination was more immunogenic than the homologous one, after adjustment by age, gender, comorbidities, prior COVID-19 infection, time until booster, time between samples, and baseline IgG levels. The phenomenon of higher humoral response after a heterologous booster has been described in previous studies assessing different COVID-19 vaccines [14–17]. It has also been reported in combinations containing other inactivated virus vaccines. In Chile, Vargas et al. found that, in people primed with CoronaVac (Sinovac), a heterologous booster with BNT162b2 or ChAdOx1 increased anti-spike IgG antibody titers more strongly than the corresponding homologous booster [14].

The use of heterologous vaccine regimens for the second dose or as booster has been investigated before the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic for infectious diseases such as HIV, HPV, influenza, malaria and Ebola [18, 19]. In the COVID-19 pandemic context, both animal and human studies that mixed adenovirus and mRNA vaccines, in general showed higher antibody and T-cell responses when compared to 2 doses of the same vaccine platform [20–22]. The possible mechanism for the higher immune responses when using different vaccine platforms could be explained by evoking different immune pathways which produces stronger and longer-lasting T-cell and B-cell (both IgG and neutralizing antibodies) responses [18]. In the particular case of inactivated COVID-19 vaccines such as BBIBP-CorV, as these contain additional SARS-CoV-2 proteins such as the nucleoprotein, could produce a wider immunological response than produced by the spike protein. This mechanism could also reduce the immune escape of SARS-CoV-2 variants [15]. This potential advantage could be potentiated by combining an inactivated virus vaccine with an mRNA vaccine, since this last one was the most immunogenic in the COV-BOOST clinical trial when used as part of a heterologous booster regimen [23].

Due to the expected waning effectiveness over time of COVID-19 vaccines, a third dose has demonstrated to increase protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection, severe disease and death [24] which is extremely important in a context of very transmissible variants such as Omicron (B.1.1.529) and its descendant lineages BA.1 and BA.2.

We also observed that participants with prior COVID-19 infection had higher IgG antibody titers post booster, a finding that has been described in studies assessing immunogenicity in vaccinated people with and without previous COVID-19 infection [11]. This is explained by hybrid immunity to SARS-CoV-2 (when vaccine-generated immunity is combined with natural immunity), which induces a potent immune response that can result in 25 to 100 times higher antibody levels due to CD4⁺T and memory B cells [25].

Regarding reactogenicity, our findings showed that despite most participants reporting at least one adverse event, all of these were mild, and without significant differences between the homologous and heterologous vaccine regimens. In addition, we found that more female participants developed adverse reactions than males, which has been previously described and may be explained by the fact that women are known to elicit stronger innate and adaptive immune responses to foreign antigens than men [26].

Some limitations in our study ought to be acknowledged. In the first place, all the participants were enrolled in vaccination centers from Lima through a non-probabilistic sampling, which could affect the representativeness of the general boosted population in Peru. Secondly, there was an important percentage of loss of follow-up, with almost a third of the enrolled participants not returning on time for their second blood sample. However, the sample size was still enough for a multivariate comparison of IgG levels pre/post booster, and there were no statistically significant differences between the people who completed the second visit and those who did not. An additional problem was the varying time between first and second IgG measurements; although the indication was to return 14 days +/-48 hours after boosting, a significant number came later, up to 28 days after boosting. A further limitation is the under-reporting of prior SARS-CoV-2 due to presence of asymptomatic infections with no testing. Another limitation is the use of a dual-reactive assay (reactivity against the spike and the nucleoprotein) to measure IgG levels in our study, given that the BBIBP-CorV inactivated whole virus vaccine could have induced antibodies against both proteins while BNT162b2, while mRNA vaccines exclusively induce antibodies against the spike. Another important limitation is that due to the vaccine program rolled up in Peru, there were pronounced differences between participants characteristics vaccinated with the homologous and the heterologous regimen, particularly the median age, however, we used robust adjustment strategies for observational studies. Finally, although we measured humoral response by the overall binding reactivity, we did not include neutralizing antibodies or cellular immunity response, although binding antibody titers have been found to correlate with protective efficacy [27].

On the other hand, one of the main strengths of our study is that we included a relatively large number of participants with different ages that were closely followed over time and thus the data obtained regarding immunogenicity and reactogenicity is reliable. We also had a relatable form of measuring prior COVID-19 infection and time of initial vaccines using the Peruvian Ministry of health datasets. Finally, we were extremely careful modeling the IgG levels after boosting using geometric means ratios for the outcome, and applying restricted splines for non-linear numeric exposures. The relevance of this study is mainly related to the information it offers about the BBIBP-CorV vaccine and combinations of it, for which there is scarcity of evaluation studies. For Peru, the availability of this vaccine for prioritized population such as HCW was very important in moments when other platforms, such as mRNA vaccines, were only available in few countries. Confirming that people receiving it as a primary regime are probably very well protected against subsequent infections with subsequent vaccine doses of other vaccines, now widely available, is reassuring.

In conclusion, two doses of BBIBP-CorV boosted with one BNT162b2 dose elicited very high IgG antibody responses, and three BNT162b2 doses induced a similar response. Both regimens were safe and well tolerated. In addition, the antibody titers rising trend after the third vaccine dose in our study indicates that subsequent boosters could be spaced and prioritized in certain populations such as elderly and immunosuppressed. This reaffirms the importance of mix-and-match strategies that also include inactivated vaccines in order to overcome vaccine availability obstacles.

Supporting information

S1 Appendix. IgG COVID-19 antibody assay description.

(DOCX)

Click here for additional data file.^{(14.8KB, docx)}

S1 Table. Participants characteristics according to follow-up status (N = 457).

(DOCX)

Click here for additional data file.^{(19.9KB, docx)}

S2 Table. Characteristics of participant with complete follow-up according to presence of adverse reactions to the vaccine booster (N = 285).

(DOCX)

Click here for additional data file.^{(16.9KB, docx)}

S3 Table. IgG geometric mean titers (AU/ml) before (baseline) and after receiving the COVID-19 vaccine booster dose stratified by booster regimen (N = 285).

(DOCX)

Click here for additional data file.^{(19.4KB, docx)}

S4 Table. IgG median titers (AU/ml) before (baseline) and after receiving the COVID-19 vaccine booster dose (N = 285).

(DOCX)

Click here for additional data file.^{(17KB, docx)}

S5 Table. Adjusted quantile regression model using IgG levels (AU/ml) after vaccine booster as outcome showing coefficients for each spline (N = 285).

(DOCX)

Click here for additional data file.^{(17.2KB, docx)}

S6 Table. Adjusted linear regression model using IgG levels (AU/ml) after vaccine booster as outcome showing coefficients for each spline (N = 285).

(DOCX)

Click here for additional data file.^{(16.9KB, docx)}

S1 Data

(XLSX)

Click here for additional data file.^{(110.8KB, xlsx)}

Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful to all participating patients and their families, the field research team in charge of drawing the blood samples and the laboratory team in charge of processing the samples.

Data Availability

All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting information file.

Funding Statement

Yes, this study was funded by the Instituto Nacional de Salud del Peru, study protocol number OI-035-2021.

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PLoS One. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268419.r001

Decision Letter 0

Daniela Flavia Hozbor

28 Jun 2022

PONE-D-22-12508Immunogenicity and reactogenicity of a third dose of BNT162b2 vaccine for COVID-19 after a primary regimen with BBIBP-CorV or BNT162b2 vaccines in Lima, Peru.PLOS ONE

Dear Dr. Vargas Herrera,

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Reviewer #1: In this manuscript, Vargas-Herrera and colleagues investigate the response to a BNT162b2 booster vaccination in elderly individuals previously immunized with BNT162b2 as well as younger health care workers previously vaccinated with the inactivated BBIBP-CorV vaccine. To this end, reactogenicity was assessed and SARS-CoV-2-reactive IgG levels were determined on the day of and 14 days after the booster dose.

The authors demonstrate that an mRNA-based booster dose is generally well tolerated and that it induces a strong increase in SARS-CoV-2-reactive IgG levels. This effect is more pronounced in individuals that received a heterologous vaccination regimen.

The results of this study recapitulate the findings of numerous earlier studies, both on tolerability and humoral immunity, and extends them to cohorts from Peru. The results are overall plausible and in line with the results of previous studies. Most of the limitations of the study are acknowledged by the authors. Because the BBIBP-CorV vaccine is widely used but relatively little studied compared to other vaccines, analyzing the effects of booster vaccinations after a primary BBIBP-CorV dose is important.

There are several aspects that I would suggest the authors to address in a revised version of the manuscript.

Major comments:

IgG levels are determined using an assay that tests for reactivity against both the spike protein and the nucleoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 without differentiating this reactivity. Because the BBIBIP-CorV vaccine is an inactivated whole virus vaccine, it will induce antibodies against both proteins (spike and nucleoprotein). In contrast, the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine exclusively induces antibodies against the spike. This complicates comparisons of the IgG levels as the assay used will pick up two classes of antibodies after BBIBP-CorV vaccination but only class after BNT162b2 vaccination. Ideally, samples would be analyzed using an IgG assay that determines only spike reactivity. Alternatively, could the contribution of anti-N antibodies to the determined signal be analyzed for a representative subset of samples? At a minimum, the use of a dual-reactive assay should be discussed as a limitation for the interpretation of this study.

Immunogenicity results are provided as AU/ml (arbitrary units/ml). To facilitate comparison to results of other trials, it would be helpful if a conversion factor to the international standard BAU/ml using the WHO reference sample with this assay could be provided.

Lines 224-226: Numbers in the text (RR 1.13, 95% CI 1.02-1.26) do not match numbers in Table 2 (female gender, adjusted model; RR 1.12, 95% CI 1.01-1.25)

Lines 243-245/Table 3: The higher baseline titers in older individuals are not unexpected as the majority of elderly individuals had received primary immunizations with the much more immunogenic BNT162b2 vaccine. This should be pointed out here. Because the BNT162b2 is overall more immunogenic than the BBIBP-CorV vaccine, it would be helpful to have Table 3 (or an additional table) be split up into the different primary vaccines as well.

Lines 338-342: While protection induced by inactivated virions could potentially be wider, the statement in its current form is a bit misleading as the lower protection of inactivated virion vaccines compared to the highly immunogenic mRNA vaccines seems well established.

Lines 349-351: The authors state that antibody titers before the booster inversely correlated with the post-boost titers, suggesting that shorter boosting intervals may not be beneficial. In this study, this observation is very likely to be confounded by the fact that young individuals, which generally respond to the BNT162b2 vaccine with higher IgG titers than older individuals, had received the much less immunogenic BBIBP-CorV vaccine first. This results in the relatively strong increase in younger individuals (poorly immunogenic first vaccine, very strong response to booster). In contrast, older individuals had higher baseline titers due to the more immunogenic BNT162b2 vaccine compared to BBIBP-CorV (although titers in younger individuals receiving BNT162b2 would have been even higher), and then responded less strongly to the BNT162b2 booster dose than younger individuals.

Additional comments

Table 1: While i.) the elapsed time between the second vaccine dose and the booster dose as well as ii.) the time between the the booster dose and the follow-up visit are described, information of the time between the first and second dose is missing (line 86 says: at least 21 days apart). As prolonged vaccination intervals are known to affect the humoral vaccine response, it would be helpful for the interpretation of the results and comparison of the groups to also include this measure.

Table 1: Make clear within the table what groups the p values are comparing

Figure 2: Instead of the natural logarithm, it appears advisable to display the data in the much more commonly used log10 format, which will help with comparison to other results. In addition, the legend needs to define lines, boxes and whiskers.

10)

Figure 3: The 95% confidence intervals are a bit difficult to make out and it would be helpful to display them in a more prominent shade of grey.

11)

Line 65: “13% fold” does not make sense

12)

Line 67: Make clear what “both” is referring to

13)

Line 144: Typo, should be BNT162b2

14)

Line 144-145: Beyond “mild” and “severe”, CTCAE also has a “moderate” classification. Was it deliberately excluded?

15)

Line 201: Ranged would be a better word than oscillated

16)

Lines 212-213: Better to write that there were “no statistically significant” differences than just “no” differences.

17)

Line 221: Better: nausea than nauseas

18)

Line 309: The lower antibody levels could also be expected because of the overall lower immunogenicity of the BBIBP-CorV vaccine compared to BNT162b2.

19)

Line 331-332: Heterologous vaccines are common ‘practice’ for several of the diseases (e.g., HIV, HPV). ‘Has been investigated’ might therefore be a better choice of words than ‘has been practiced’.

20)

Line 376: While the authors rightfully acknowledge the lack of analyses on neutralizing serum titers as a limitation of the study, the term ‘broadly’ for the description of the extend of humoral response measurements seems to wide to me (it is a rather narrow measurement of the humoral response). One could rather write “overall binding reactivity” or something similar.

21)

Line 395: “In addition, the antibody titers rising trend after the second vaccine dose in our study indicates that subsequent boosters could be spaced and prioritized in certain populations such as elderly and immunosuppressed.” I am not entirely sure what this statement is referring to. Trends after the second vaccine dose (prior to the booster) were not investigated. Should this refer to the higher titers after the booster dose compared to after the second vaccine dose?

Reviewer #2: Thanks for the opportunity to review.

I have a few comments regarding the manuscript that should be addressed.

- Overall the manuscript is written with a reasonable standard of english but could do with a thorough grammar edit.

The study is interesting, but it is difficult to draw any major conclusions about the impact of booster vaccines for the following reasons:

- It is expected that there would be such an increase in antibody titres early after a booster dose, 2 weeks is too early to assess immunogenicity and durability of response and a later sample would be more meaningful in response interpretation.

- Only IgG was measured, not neutralising antibody which may be more accurate in interpreting immune response correlating with protection

- In view of this is is preferable to tone these findings down as unfortunately it may be misleading to say that these responses result in protection and to correlate them to protection. The findings are interesting, but need to be focussed on what can be derived, rather than making assumptions

- There are also substantial differences between the homologous and heterologous groups and a comparison is very difficult even with some parameters controlled for

In addition:

- How was fever assessed?

-Was any formal measurement of local reactogenicity conducted (measure size of swelling, erythema etc.) Was FDA guidance used to evaluate this?

- How was prior COVID-19 assessed, given that it is expected that by Dec 21 close to 80% of the global population had been infected with COVID-19 as evidenced by antibody testing. Even asymptomatic infection would give an Ab response and this is likely to confound baseline data.

- In line 225 heterologous has been duplicated- I'm assuming that homologous is the correct term

There are significant differences

**********

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Reviewer #2: No

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PLoS One. 2022 Oct 17;17(10):e0268419. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268419.r002

Author response to Decision Letter 0

23 Aug 2022

Manuscript reference number: PONE-D-22-12508

Title: Immunogenicity and reactogenicity of a third dose of BNT162b2 vaccine for COVID-19 after a primary regimen with BBIBP-CorV or BNT162b2 vaccines in Lima, Peru.

Dear Emily Chenette

Senior Editor,

Plos One

We thank the editor and the two reviewers for their comments on our manuscript, below is our response to each point. We are uploading a version of the manuscript with track changes, and a clean version with all the changes accepted. We hope that we satisfyingly addressed all the comments and that the manuscript will be now suited for publication

Best Regards,

On behalf of all authors

Natalia Vargas, MD

Instituto Nacional de Salud (INS)

Lima, Peru

August 16th 2022

AUTHOR´S RESPONSE TO COMMENTS:

Reviewer #1:

• IgG levels are determined using an assay that tests for reactivity against both the spike protein and the nucleoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 without differentiating this reactivity. Because the BBIBP-CorV vaccine is an inactivated whole virus vaccine, it will induce antibodies against both proteins (spike and nucleoprotein). In contrast, the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine exclusively induces antibodies against the spike. This complicates comparisons of the IgG levels as the assay used will pick up two classes of antibodies after BBIBP-CorV vaccination but only class after BNT162b2 vaccination. Ideally, samples would be analysed using an IgG assay that determines only spike reactivity. Alternatively, could the contribution of anti-N antibodies to the determined signal be analysed for a representative subset of samples? At a minimum, the use of a dual-reactive assay should be discussed as a limitation for the interpretation of this study.

RE: Thank you for your comment, we have added that limitation in lines 381-385 as suggested.

• Immunogenicity results are provided as AU/ml (arbitrary units/ml). To facilitate comparison to results of other trials, it would be helpful if a conversion factor to the international standard BAU/ml using the WHO reference sample with this assay could be provided.

RE: We truly appreciate your recommendation. Unfortunately, due to logistical restrictions we were able to access this test which does not have yet a BAU conversion factor. Nevertheless, the ratios and relationships found in AU/ml with this test correlate with BAU/ml

• Lines 224-226: Numbers in the text (RR 1.13, 95% CI 1.02-1.26) do not match numbers in Table 2 (female gender, adjusted model; RR 1.12, 95% CI 1.01-1.25)

RE: Thank you for this observation, this was a typo. We have proceeded to correct the numbers in the text (lines 225-226) according to the information provided in Table 2.

• Lines 243-245/Table 3: The higher baseline titers in older individuals are not unexpected as the majority of elderly individuals had received primary immunizations with the much more immunogenic BNT162b2 vaccine. This should be pointed out here. Because the BNT162b2 is overall more immunogenic than the BBIBP-CorV vaccine, it would be helpful to have Table 3 (or an additional table) be split up into the different primary vaccines as well.

RE: Thank you for pointing this out. We have added this information in lines 244-246 as “A possible explanation was that elderly were immunized with the BNT162b2 vaccine which has demonstrated to be more immunogenic than BBIBP-CorV according to some studies”.

• Lines 338-342: While protection induced by inactivated virions could potentially be wider, the statement in its current form is a bit misleading as the lower protection of inactivated virion vaccines compared to the highly immunogenic mRNA vaccines seems well established.

RE: Thank you for your comment, we have proceeded to clarify this concept in line 345 as “In the particular case of inactivated COVID-19 vaccines such as BBIBP-CorV, as these contain additional SARS-CoV-2 proteins such as the nucleoprotein, could produce a wider immunological response than produced by the spike protein”. We were referring to the immune response and not to the protection of the BBIBP-CorV vaccine; we have also specified that it is a theoretical possibility rather than an established fact.

• Lines 349-351: The authors state that antibody titers before the booster inversely correlated with the post-boost titers, suggesting that shorter boosting intervals may not be beneficial. In this study, this observation is very likely to be confounded by the fact that young individuals, which generally respond to the BNT162b2 vaccine with higher IgG titers than older individuals, had received the much less immunogenic BBIBP-CorV vaccine first. This results in the relatively strong increase in younger individuals (poorly immunogenic first vaccine, very strong response to booster). In contrast, older individuals had higher baseline titers due to the more immunogenic BNT162b2 vaccine compared to BBIBP-CorV (although titers in younger individuals receiving BNT162b2 would have been even higher), and then responded less strongly to the BNT162b2 booster dose than younger individuals.

RE: Thank you for your comment, we have deleted the sentence about short interval boosting, in line 354. We left the statement just as an observation that antibody titers before the booster inversely correlated with the titters after booster with an mRNA vaccine, as stated by Goel et al.

• Table 1: While i.) the elapsed time between the second vaccine dose and the booster dose as well as ii.) the time between the booster dose and the follow-up visit are described, information of the time between the first and second dose is missing (line 86 says: at least 21 days apart). As prolonged vaccination intervals are known to affect the humoral vaccine response, it would be helpful for the interpretation of the results and comparison of the groups to also include this measure.

RE: Thank you for your comment. We calculated the median time between the first and second dose, but we left those results out of the manuscript to keep the text length under the number of words required. The time between first and second doses ranged between 20 and 68 days. The median time between first and second doses was 21 days (IQR: 21 - 21). We are including this information in lines 86 and 87.

• Table 1: Make clear within the table what groups the p values are comparing.

RE: P values are result of comparing the (BNT162b2 x 3) group versus (BBIBP-CorV x 2 + BNT162b2) group. We have edited Table 1 to clarify the interpretation of the p values.

RE: Thank you for this suggestion. There is a big change in the use of log10 or ln, for example references(1)(2)use log10, while(3) use ln. There seems to be no consensus or pre-established guideline on which one should be used over the other; however, from a statistical point of view, the results should not differ beyond what is explained by numerical accuracy. We have performed this checking on the data, for instance we have considered to use the natural logarithm.

• Figure 3: The 95% confidence intervals are a bit difficult to make out and it would be helpful to display them in a more prominent shade of grey.

RE: Thank you for your comment. We have proceeded to increase the intensity of the grey shading to improve visibility.

• Line 65: “13% fold” does not make sense

RE: Thank you for the comment, we have proceeded to delete the word “fold” in lines 65 and 285.

• Line 67: Make clear what “both” is referring to.

RE: Thank you for the comment and we have clarified in line 67 that “both” refers to the two vaccine regimens (heterologous and homologous) assessed along this study.

• Line 144: Typo, should be BNT162b2.

RE: Thank you for the comment and we apologise for the typo. We have proceeded to correct to BNT162b2 in line 144.

• Line 201: Ranged would be a better word than oscillated.

RE: Thank you for the comment, we have proceeded to put “oscillated” instead of “ranged” in line 201.

• Lines 212-213: Better to write that there were “no statistically significant” differences than just “no” differences.

RE: Thank you for the comment and we have proceeded to add “no statistically significant” in line 212.

• Line 221: Better: nausea than nauseas.

RE: Thank you for the comment, we have proceeded to correct the word as suggested in line 221.

• Line 309: The lower antibody levels could also be expected because of the overall lower immunogenicity of the BBIBP-CorV vaccine compared to BNT162b2.

RE: Thank you for the comment, we have proceeded to add this sentence in lines 311 and 312, and a reference.

• Line 331-332: Heterologous vaccines are common ‘practice’ for several of the diseases (e.g., HIV, HPV). ‘Has been investigated’ might therefore be a better choice of words than ‘has been practiced’.

RE: Thank you for the comment, we have proceeded to replace the word “practiced” with “investigated” in line 335.

• Line 376: While the authors rightfully acknowledge the lack of analyses on neutralizing serum titers as a limitation of the study, the term ‘broadly’ for the description of the extend of humoral response measurements seems too wide to me (it is a rather narrow measurement of the humoral response). One could rather write “overall binding reactivity” or something similar.

RE: Thank you for the comment. We have proceeded to add the phrase “by the overall binding reactivity” in line 388.

• Line 395: “In addition, the antibody titers rising trend after the second vaccine dose in our study indicates that subsequent boosters could be spaced and prioritized in certain populations such as elderly and immunosuppressed.” I am not entirely sure what this statement is referring to. Trends after the second vaccine dose (prior to the booster) were not investigated. Should this refer to the higher titers after the booster dose compared to after the second vaccine dose?

RE: Thank you for the comment and we apologise for this typo. We meant to refer to the third dose, not the second dose. We have proceeded to make the correction in line 407.

Reviewer #2:

- Overall, the manuscript is written with a reasonable standard of English but could do with a thorough grammar edit.

The study is interesting, but it is difficult to draw any major conclusions about the impact of booster vaccines for the following reasons:

RE: Thank you for your comments, we have revised the English grammar along the manuscript.

RE: In this study we aimed to evaluate immediate immunogenicity and observed the antibody peak. However, we agree with your comment, that is the reason we are following these patients for the next six months in order to assess long term immunogenicity and durability of antibody response.

- Only IgG was measured, not neutralising antibody which may be more accurate in interpreting immune response correlating with protection

RE: Thank you for this comment, in the limitations section of the article in lines 388 and 389, we have mentioned that we did not include neutralizing antibodies response.

- In view of this, is preferable to tone these findings down as unfortunately it may be misleading to say that these responses result in protection and to correlate them to protection. The findings are interesting, but need to be focussed on what can be derived, rather than making assumptions

Re: We agree with you that the word “protection” is misleading, so we have proceeded to clarify this concept along the text. In the discussion, we tried to convene the idea that inactivated virions could theoretically produce a wider set of antibodies, not that they could produce a better response or protection. Therefore, we have modified several lines toning down phrases regarding protection and possible vaccine effectiveness, focusing just on immunogenicity. -There are also substantial differences between the homologous and heterologous groups and a comparison is very difficult even with some parameters controlled for

RE: Thank you for your comment. We are aware that the homologous and heterologous groups have pronounced differences, particularly the median age of participants, and the time between boosting and second dose. However, this is the best available data to observe immunogenic response to boosting between groups that were primed differently. Differences in age and time to boosting come from the way the vaccine program rolled up in Peru, and therefore it was almost impossible to have matching comparable groups. In order to control this, we used the best adjustment strategies for observational studies; however, we recognized that residual confounding is a real possibility. We have added this limitation in lines 385-388 as “another important limitation is that due to the vaccine program rolled up in Peru, there were pronounced differences between participants characteristics vaccinated with the homologous and the heterologous regimen, particularly the median age, however, we used the best adjustment strategies for observational studies”.

In addition, all observational studies have an inherent risk of confounding which can be reduced by regression adjustment strategies. Our study adjusted for known confounding variables such as age, gender, comorbidities, prior COVID-19 infection, time until booster, time between samples and baseline IgG levels, this is mentioned in lines 327 and 328. However, the risk of residual confounding will always be present in any observational study.

• In addition:

- How was fever assessed?

RE: Thank you for the comment. We assessed fever by asking participants if they had an oral temperature of 38°C or above. We have added to the manuscript (lines 143 and 144) that safety assessment was self-reported and adverse reactions were inquired during the two-week follow-up visit

-Was any formal measurement of local reactogenicity conducted (measure size of swelling, erythema etc.) Was FDA guidance used to evaluate this?

RE: Reactogenicity was self-reported, as mentioned in lines 143 and 144. We used the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) as guidance to evaluate reactogenicity.

RE: We assessed prior COVID-19 and/or documented SARS-CoV-2 infection using a composite definition based on self-reporting and having a prior positive antigenic or molecular test available in the Integrated COVID-19 Register of antigenic and molecular tests (SISCOVID) from the Ministry of health. Asymptomatic infections with no registry of diagnostic tests were not accounted in the study. We are adding this as a limitation: “A further limitation is the under-reporting of prior SARS-CoV-2 due to presence of asymptomatic infections with no testing” in lines 380 – 382.

- In line 225 heterologous has been duplicated- I'm assuming that homologous is the correct term.

RE: Thank you for the comment, “homologous” is the correct term, and it was edited accordingly in the line 277.

REFERENCES

1. Ligumsky H, Safadi E, Etan T, Vaknin N, Waller M, Croll A, et al. Immunogenicity and Safety of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine Among Actively Treated Cancer Patients. JNCI J Natl Cancer Inst. 1 de febrero de 2022;114(2):203-9.

2. Pollock KM, Cheeseman HM, Szubert AJ, Libri V, Boffito M, Owen D, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of a self-amplifying RNA vaccine against COVID-19: COVAC1, a phase I, dose-ranging trial. eClinicalMedicine. 1 de febrero de 2022;44:101262.

3. Haranaka M, Baber J, Ogama Y, Yamaji M, Aizawa M, Kogawara O, et al. A randomized study to evaluate safety and immunogenicity of the BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccine in healthy Japanese adults. Nat Commun. 14 de diciembre de 2021;12(1):7105.

Regarding Journal requirements:

Point 1. We have reviewed the style requirements as requested.

Point 2. We are including captions for suporting information at the end of the manuscript.

Point 3. We have included the Funder statement in the revised cover letter and an ethics committee contact number

Point 4. We have uploaded the data base as a Supplementary file

Point 5. We are including captions for suporting information at the end of the manuscript.

Attachment

Submitted filename: Response to Reviewers.docx

Click here for additional data file.^{(38.1KB, docx)}

PLoS One. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268419.r003

Decision Letter 1

Daniela Flavia Hozbor

15 Sep 2022

PONE-D-22-12508R1Immunogenicity and reactogenicity of a third dose of BNT162b2 vaccine for COVID-19 after a primary regimen with BBIBP-CorV or BNT162b2 vaccines in Lima, Peru.PLOS ONE

Dear Dr. Natalia Gladys Gladys Vargas Herrera,

Please submit your revised manuscript by Oct 30 2022 11:59PM. If you will need more time than this to complete your revisions, please reply to this message or contact the journal office at plosone@plos.org. When you're ready to submit your revision, log on to https://www.editorialmanager.com/pone/ and select the 'Submissions Needing Revision' folder to locate your manuscript file.

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We look forward to receiving your revised manuscript.

Kind regards,

Daniela Flavia Hozbor

Academic Editor

PLOS ONE

Journal Requirements:

Please review your reference list to ensure that it is complete and correct. If you have cited papers that have been retracted, please include the rationale for doing so in the manuscript text, or remove these references and replace them with relevant current references. Any changes to the reference list should be mentioned in the rebuttal letter that accompanies your revised manuscript. If you need to cite a retracted article, indicate the article’s retracted status in the References list and also include a citation and full reference for the retraction notice.

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Reviewers' comments:

Reviewer's Responses to Questions

Comments to the Author

1. If the authors have adequately addressed your comments raised in a previous round of review and you feel that this manuscript is now acceptable for publication, you may indicate that here to bypass the “Comments to the Author” section, enter your conflict of interest statement in the “Confidential to Editor” section, and submit your "Accept" recommendation.

Reviewer #1: (No Response)

Reviewer #2: All comments have been addressed

**********

2. Is the manuscript technically sound, and do the data support the conclusions?

Reviewer #1: No

Reviewer #2: Yes

**********

3. Has the statistical analysis been performed appropriately and rigorously?

Reviewer #1: Yes

Reviewer #2: Yes

**********

4. Have the authors made all data underlying the findings in their manuscript fully available?

Reviewer #1: Yes

Reviewer #2: Yes

**********

5. Is the manuscript presented in an intelligible fashion and written in standard English?

Reviewer #1: Yes

Reviewer #2: Yes

**********

6. Review Comments to the Author

Reviewer #1: In the revised version of their manuscript, Herrera and colleagues have adequately addressed most of my comments.

A few remaining aspects:

Figure 2 legend is still missing a definition of whiskers, bars, etc.

Given the differences in immunogenicity between the different vaccines, I would still consider a version of Table 3 separated by the primary vaccination regimen informative (see previous comment on “Lines 243-245/Table 3”). Such a table could go into the supplement.

Lines 351-351 (and previous comment on “Lines 349-351”): While the authors have modified their statement in response to my previous comment, I still consider it misleading. The cited work by Goel has determined that the post-boost “fold-change” in neutralization titer (but not the titer itself) inversely correlated with pre-boost titers. Because the comparison of pre- and post-boost titers in this study is strongly influence by the differences in the cohorts (in terms of baseline vaccine and their typical response to mRNA vaccines – see previous comment), I would suggest removing this paragraph.

Lines 84-85: The addition of the information on the time between doses is appreciated. However, it would be placed better in the results section when the two cohorts described. Moreover, differentiation by the primary vaccine type (BBIBP-CorV or BNT162b2) would be informative.

Line 365: This statement could be worded a bit more careful (“may be” or “can be” “explained” rather than “is” explained).

Line 385: Using the term “best” for the description of the used adjustment strategies should be avoided or explained (why are the methods used the ‘best’)?

Reviewer #2: (No Response)

**********

7. PLOS authors have the option to publish the peer review history of their article (what does this mean?). If published, this will include your full peer review and any attached files.

If you choose “no”, your identity will remain anonymous but your review may still be made public.

Do you want your identity to be public for this peer review? For information about this choice, including consent withdrawal, please see our Privacy Policy.

Reviewer #1: No

Reviewer #2: No

**********

PLoS One. 2022 Oct 17;17(10):e0268419. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268419.r004

Author response to Decision Letter 1

21 Sep 2022

AUTHOR´S RESPONSE TO COMMENTS:

Reviewer #1:

• Figure 2 legend is still missing a definition of whiskers, bars, etc.

RE: Thank you for your comment, we have added the definitions in the legend and we have enhanced the Figure 2 resolution.

• Given the differences in immunogenicity between the different vaccines, I would still consider a version of Table 3 separated by the primary vaccination regimen informative (see previous comment on “Lines 243-245/Table 3”). Such a table could go into the supplement.

RE: Thank you for your comment, we have added a separated table as suggested in the supplement section (Supplementary table 3).

• Lines 351-351 (and previous comment on “Lines 349-351”): While the authors have modified their statement in response to my previous comment, I still consider it misleading. The cited work by Goel has determined that the post-boost “fold-change” in neutralization titer (but not the titer itself) inversely correlated with pre-boost titers. Because the comparison of pre- and post-boost titers in this study is strongly influence by the differences in the cohorts (in terms of baseline vaccine and their typical response to mRNA vaccines – see previous comment), I would suggest removing this paragraph.

RE: Thank you for your comment, we have removed this sentence as suggested.

• Lines 84-85: The addition of the information on the time between doses is appreciated. However, it would be placed better in the results section when the two cohorts described. Moreover, differentiation by the primary vaccine type (BBIBP-CorV or BNT162b2) would be informative.

RE: Thank you for your comment, we have moved this information to the results section in lines 199 – 200 and also added the time between doses differentiated between the heterologous and homologous vaccine regimens in lines 206 - 208.

• Line 365: This statement could be worded a bit more careful (“may be” or “can be” “explained” rather than “is” explained).

RE: Thank you for your comment, we have modified the word “is” to “may be” in line 365 as suggested

• Line 385: Using the term “best” for the description of the used adjustment strategies should be avoided or explained (why are the methods used the ‘best’)?

RE: Thank you for your comment, we have replaced the term “best” by the term “robust” in line 385.

Attachment

Submitted filename: Response to Reviewers.docx

Click here for additional data file.^{(22.2KB, docx)}

PLoS One. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268419.r005

Decision Letter 2

Daniela Flavia Hozbor

26 Sep 2022

Immunogenicity and reactogenicity of a third dose of BNT162b2 vaccine for COVID-19 after a primary regimen with BBIBP-CorV or BNT162b2 vaccines in Lima, Peru.

PONE-D-22-12508R2

Dear Dr. Natalia Gladys Gladys Vargas Herrera,

We’re pleased to inform you that your manuscript has been judged scientifically suitable for publication and will be formally accepted for publication once it meets all outstanding technical requirements.

Within one week, you’ll receive an e-mail detailing the required amendments. When these have been addressed, you’ll receive a formal acceptance letter and your manuscript will be scheduled for publication.

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Kind regards,

Daniela Flavia Hozbor

Academic Editor

PLOS ONE

Additional Editor Comments (optional):

Reviewers' comments:

PLoS One. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268419.r006

Acceptance letter

Daniela Flavia Hozbor

6 Oct 2022

PONE-D-22-12508R2

Immunogenicity and reactogenicity of a third dose of BNT162b2 vaccine for COVID-19 after a primary regimen with BBIBP-CorV or BNT162b2 vaccines in Lima, Peru.

Dear Dr. Vargas Herrera:

I'm pleased to inform you that your manuscript has been deemed suitable for publication in PLOS ONE. Congratulations! Your manuscript is now with our production department.

If your institution or institutions have a press office, please let them know about your upcoming paper now to help maximize its impact. If they'll be preparing press materials, please inform our press team within the next 48 hours. Your manuscript will remain under strict press embargo until 2 pm Eastern Time on the date of publication. For more information please contact onepress@plos.org.

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on behalf of

Dr. Daniela Flavia Hozbor

Academic Editor

PLOS ONE

Associated Data

This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.

Supplementary Materials

S1 Appendix. IgG COVID-19 antibody assay description.

(DOCX)

Click here for additional data file.^{(14.8KB, docx)}

S1 Table. Participants characteristics according to follow-up status (N = 457).

(DOCX)

Click here for additional data file.^{(19.9KB, docx)}

S2 Table. Characteristics of participant with complete follow-up according to presence of adverse reactions to the vaccine booster (N = 285).

(DOCX)

Click here for additional data file.^{(16.9KB, docx)}

S3 Table. IgG geometric mean titers (AU/ml) before (baseline) and after receiving the COVID-19 vaccine booster dose stratified by booster regimen (N = 285).

(DOCX)

Click here for additional data file.^{(19.4KB, docx)}

S4 Table. IgG median titers (AU/ml) before (baseline) and after receiving the COVID-19 vaccine booster dose (N = 285).

(DOCX)

Click here for additional data file.^{(17KB, docx)}

S5 Table. Adjusted quantile regression model using IgG levels (AU/ml) after vaccine booster as outcome showing coefficients for each spline (N = 285).

(DOCX)

Click here for additional data file.^{(17.2KB, docx)}

S6 Table. Adjusted linear regression model using IgG levels (AU/ml) after vaccine booster as outcome showing coefficients for each spline (N = 285).

(DOCX)

Click here for additional data file.^{(16.9KB, docx)}

S1 Data

(XLSX)

Click here for additional data file.^{(110.8KB, xlsx)}

Attachment

Submitted filename: Response to Reviewers.docx

Click here for additional data file.^{(38.1KB, docx)}

Attachment

Submitted filename: Response to Reviewers.docx

Click here for additional data file.^{(22.2KB, docx)}

Data Availability Statement

All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting information file.

[pone.0268419.ref001] 1.WHO/PAHO—Respuesta a la emergencia por COVID-19 en Perú | Pan-American Health Organization [Internet]. [Cited January 25th 2022]. https://www.paho.org/es/respuesta-emergencia-por-covid-19-peru

[pone.0268419.ref002] 2.Johns Hopkins University of Medicine. Peru—COVID-19 Overview—Johns Hopkins [Internet]. Johns Hopkins Coronavirus Resource Center. [Cited March 22nd 2022]. https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/region/peru

[pone.0268419.ref003] 3.Herrera‐Añazco P, Uyen‐Cateriano A, Mezones‐Holguin E, Taype‐Rondan A, Mayta‐Tristan P, Malaga G, et al. Some lessons that Peru did not learn before the second wave of COVID‐19. Int J Health Plann Manage. February 2021; doi: 10.1002/hpm.3135 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

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PERMALINK

Immunogenicity and reactogenicity of a third dose of BNT162b2 vaccine for COVID-19 after a primary regimen with BBIBP-CorV or BNT162b2 vaccines in Lima, Peru

Natalia Vargas-Herrera

Manuel Fernández-Navarro

Nestor E Cabezudo

Percy Soto-Becerra

Gilmer Solís-Sánchez

Stefan Escobar-Agreda

Javier Silva-Valencia

Luis Pampa-Espinoza

Ricardo Bado-Pérez

Lely Solari

Roger V Araujo-Castillo

Roles

Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusion

Introduction

Materials and methods

Design, setting and population

Study procedures

Statistical analysis

Ethical considerations

Results

Baseline characteristics

Fig 1. Participation flowchart.

Table 1. Participant characteristics according to primary vaccine regimen (N = 285).

Reactogenicity

Table 2. Regression models using presence of adverse reactions to the vaccine booster as outcome (N = 285).

Baseline and post-booster immunogenicity

Fig 2.

Table 3. IgG geometric mean titers (AU/ml) before (baseline) and after receiving the COVID-19 vaccine booster dose (N = 285).

Fig 3. Bivariate scatter plots plus linear fit lines with 95% confidence intervals.

Table 4. Adjusted regression models using IgG levels (AU/ml) after vaccine booster as outcome (N = 285).

Fig 4. Predicted IgG levels (AU/ml) after vaccine booster (logarithm scale) with 95% confidence intervals obtained from a multivariate linear model using geometric means and robust standard errors (y-axis).

Discussion

Supporting information

Acknowledgments

Data Availability

Funding Statement

References

Decision Letter 0

Daniela Flavia Hozbor

Roles

Author response to Decision Letter 0

Decision Letter 1

Daniela Flavia Hozbor

Roles

Author response to Decision Letter 1

Decision Letter 2

Daniela Flavia Hozbor

Roles

Acceptance letter

Daniela Flavia Hozbor

Roles

Associated Data

Supplementary Materials

Data Availability Statement

ACTIONS

PERMALINK

RESOURCES

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