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. 2022 Oct 11;8(10):e10979. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10979

Table 5.

Bio-mordants for natural plant dyeing.

Source of Mordants Chemical Composition Fibers References
Memecylon scutellatum; Gallnut; Chicken gizzard leaves; Algal; Lemon Tannic Acid (C76H52O46) Cotton/Flax/Hemp/Jute (Chairat et al., 2011; Mansour and Heffernan, 2011; Hong et al., 2012; Chattopadhyay et al., 2015; Grifoni et al., 2014; Khan et al., 2014; Chattopadhyay et al., 2014; Lee et al., 2017; Adeel et al., 2017; Phan et al., 2020; Sinha et al., 2016; Mansour and Heffernan, 2011; Batool et al., 2013; Azeem et al., 2019; Mir et al., 2019; Jaffer et al., 2019; Manicketh and Francis, 2020)
Chestnut; Gallnut; Pomegranate
Acacia nilotica; Henna; Pomegranate; Turmeric; Rosemary; Thuja; Valex; Myrobolan Wool (Lee et al., 2017; Hong, 2018; Alebeid et al., 2020a, Alebeid et al., 2020b; Adeel et al., 2020; Erdem Işmal et al., 2014);
Turmeric; Pomegranate; Lemon Silk (Ajmal et al., 2014; Tayade and Adivarekar, 2016; Giacomini et al., 2017; Vinod et al., 2011; Vinod et al., 2010; Adeel et al., 2019; Adeel et al., 2020; Manicketh and Francis, 2020; Liu and Bai, 2012)
Lemon, Gallnut Polyester (Nakpathom et al., 2019; Manicketh and Francis, 2020)
Henna, Pomegranate, P. Fraxinifolia Nylon (Ebrahimi and Parvinzadeh Gashti, 2016)
Citric acid (C6H8O7) Wool (Deveoglu et al., 2012a, Deveoglu et al., 2012b; Zhang et al., 2020)
Nylon/Elastane (Erdem Ismal and Yıldırım, 2020)
Cotton (Deveoglu et al., 2012a, Deveoglu et al., 2012b)
Nylon (Erdem Ismal and Yıldırım, 2020)
Tartaric acid/Oxalic acid C4H6O6; H2C2O4) Nylon/Elastane (Erdem Ismal and Yıldırım, 2020)
Cream of tartar (C4H5KO6) Cotton/Viscose/Ramie/Wool/Bamboo (Fröse et al., 2019)
Whey protein bovine serum albumin & lactalbumin Cotton (Baseri, 2020)
Sodium alginate C6H9NaO7 Cotton (Phan et al., 2020)
Skimmed milk powder Protein, Lactose; Fat; Ash Rayon (Park and Park, 2020)
Sodium carbonate Na₂CO₃ Wool/cotton (Deveoglu et al., 2012a, Deveoglu et al., 2012b)
Mango bark and Aloe vera N/A Leather (Berhanu and Ratnapandian, 2017)