Table 1.
Baseline characteristics according to pathologic diagnosis.
| Discovery Cohort | Validation Cohort | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ABMR | BKVN | TCMR | NOMOA | DONOR | p | ABMR | TCMR | NOMOA | Control | p | |
| (N = 12) | (N = 5) | (N = 8) | (N = 10) | (N = 24) | (N = 25) | (N = 10) | (N = 19) | (N = 25) | |||
| Age (years) | 52.2 ± 13.6 | 47.2 ± 8.6 | 53.8 ± 12.7 | 48.4 ± 10.2 | 38.5 ± 7.9 | 0.002 | 46.0 ± 10.8 | 51.0 ± 10.9 | 51.0 ± 12.6 | 50.6 ± 9.7 | 0.37 |
| Female sex | 5 (41.7) | 1 (20.0) | 1 (12.5) | 4 (40.0) | 13 (54.2) | 0.326 | 7 (28.0) | 3 (30.0) | 4 (21.1) | 13 (52.0) | 0.011 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 22.2 ± 2.6 | 23.7 ± 2.2 | 25.4 ± 4.3 | 21.6 ± 3.4 | 25.9 ± 3.8 | 0.011 | 22.0 ± 2.7 | 24.7 ± 2.7 | 22.7 ± 2.8 | 21.9 ± 3.0 | 0.351 |
| Hypertension | 1 (8.3) | 0 | 2 (25.0) | 0 | 2 (8.0) | 0 | 1 (5.3) | 4 (16.0) | |||
| Diabetes | 1 (8.3) | 1 (20.0) | 2 (25.0) | 4 (40.0) | 4 (16.0) | 5 (50.0) | 6 (31.6) | 3 (12.0) | |||
| Glomerulonephritis | 1 (8.3) | 0 | 0 | 1 (10.0) | 5 (20.0) | 0 | 3 (15.8) | 6 (24.0) | |||
| IgA nephropathy | 0 | 1 (20.0) | 1 (12.5) | 1 (10.0) | 3 (12.0) | 2 (20.0) | 1 (5.3) | 2 (8.0) | |||
| FSGS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 (10.0) | 0 | 0 | 1 (5.3) | 0 | |||
| PCKD | 0 | 0 | 1 (12.5) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 (10.5) | 1 (4.0) | |||
| Unknown | 6 (50.0) | 3 (60.0) | 1 (12.5) | 3 (30.0) | 9 (36.0) | 2 (20.0) | 5 (26.3) | 8 (32.0) | |||
| Others | 3 (25.0) | 1 (20.0) | 0 | 2 (20.0) | 2 (8.0) | 1 (10.0) | 0 | 1 (4.0) | |||
| Serum creatinine (mg/dL) | 3.25 ± 1.41 | 4.37 ± 2.80 | 1.61 ± 0.38 | 2.33 ± 1.12 | 0.005 | 2.01 ± 1.08 | 2.45 ± 1.31 | 1.979 ± 0.75 | 0.508 | ||
| Albumin: creatinine ratio | 1597 ± 1548 | 426.3 ± 643.3 | 290.7 ± 329.4 | 2816 ± 2170 | 0.059 | 1635 ± 1436 | 1422 ± 1737 | 732.6 ± 1027 | 0.236 | ||
| Pre-emptive KT | 2 (16.7) | 1 (20.0) | 0 | 2 (20.0) | 0.594 | 2 (8.0) | 1 (10.0) | 1 (5.3) | 7 (28.0) | 0.05 | |
| Pre-transplant dialysis (month) | 33.1 ± 40.2 | 30.0 ± 20.3 | 62.8 ± 71.6 | 48.4 ± 52.8 | 0.972 | 38.2 ± 54.0 | 49.4 ± 44.7 | 37.3 ± 44.3 | 36.2 ± 55.5 | 0.559 | |
| KT to biopsy (month) | 182.8 ± 45.2 | 37.4 ± 62.1 | 64.3 ± 80.5 | 76.2 ± 67.9 | 0.003 | 105.3 ± 60.9 | 51.5 ± 59.1 | 68.9 ± 77.0 | 42.0 ± 36.5 | 0.002 | |
| Induction | 0.025 | 0.046 | |||||||||
| None | 10 (83.3) | 0 | 2 (25.0) | 3 (30.0) | 6 (24.0) | 2 (20.0) | 3 (15.8) | 1 (4.0) | |||
| ATG | 1 (8.3) | 0 | 1 (12.5) | 2 (20.0) | 3 (12.0) | 1 (10.0) | 0 | 1 (4.0) | |||
| Simulect | 1 (8.3) | 5 (100.0) | 5 (62.5) | 5 (50.0) | 13 (52.0) | 7 (70.0) | 15 (78.9) | 23 (92.0) | |||
| Calcineurin inhibitor | 0.318 | 0.112 | |||||||||
| Tacrolimus | 2 (16.7) | 5 (100.0) | 2 (25.0) | 5 (50.0) | 17 (68.0) | 4 (40.0) | 13 (68.4) | 19 (76.0) | |||
| Cyclosporine | 10 (83.3) | 0 | 6 (75.0) | 5 (50.0) | 8 (32.0) | 6 (60.0) | 6 (31.6) | 6 (24.0) | |||
| Steroid maintenance | 12 (100.0) | 5 (100.0) | 7 (87.5) | 8 (80.0) | 0.078 | 25 (100.0) | 10 (100.0) | 19 (100.0) | 24 (96.0) | 0.08 | |
| A/B/DR HLA mismatch | 3.3 ± 1.5 | 3.2 ± 1.9 | 2.9 ± 2.0 | 3.1 ± 1.5 | 0.903 | 3.0 ± 1.5 | 3.7 ± 2.0 | 2.9 ± 1.6 | 3.0 ± 1.8 | 0.912 | |
| ABO-incompatible KT | 1 (8.3) | 1 (20.0) | 0 | 0 | 0.241 | 3 (12.0) | 3 (30.0) | 5 (26.3) | 0 | 0.009 | |
| DDKT | 2 (16.7) | 2 (40.0) | 3 (37.5) | 3 (30.0) | 0.077 | 8 (32.0) | 3 (30.0) | 6 (31.6) | 3 (12.0) | 0.41 | |
| DSA detection | 6 (50) | 1 (20) | 3 (37.5) | 2 (25%) | 15 (60) | 4 (40) | 4 (21.05) | ||||
| PRAI | 18.67 ± 29.68 | 1.800 ± 2.68 | 11.00 ± 13.85 | 7.625 ± 8.93 | 0.557 | 30.32 ± 31.49 | 30.60 ± 36.98 | 7.84 ± 20.06 | 0.063 | ||
| PRAII | 43.42 ± 35.70 | 26.00 ± 35.80 | 41.63 ± 37.95 | 5.875 ± 15.82 | 0.144 | 65.32 ± 32.99 | 54.20 ± 39.77 | 25.16 ± 31.54 | 0.557 | ||
Values are mean ± standard deviation or n (%). ABMR, antibody−mediated rejection; BKVN, BK virus nephropathy; TCMR, T cell−mediated rejection; NOMOA, no major abnormality; BMI, body mass index; ESRD, end-stage renal disease; FSGS, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis; PCKD, polycystic kidney disease; KT, kidney transplantation; ATG, anti−thymocyte globulin; HLA, human leukocyte antigen; DDKT, deceased donor kidney transplantation; DSA, donor−specific antibodies; PRA, panel reactive antibody.