Table 1.

Radiation Dose Reduction Techniques.

Computed Tomography Radiation Reduction Methodologies
Image Acquisition Techniques	-optimization of scan length, voltage -tube current modulation
Image Reconstruction Techniques	-iterative reconstruction -electrocardiogram-controlled tube current modulation
Artificial Intelligence	-deep learning reconstructive techniques -dynamic tube voltage modulation -patient positioning
Dual-source CT	-faster acquisition
Dual-energy CT	-superior tissue characterization -thresholding for noise reduction -reduced contrast volume required -virtual monoenergetic images -perfusion mapping
Non-Ionizing Radiation Imaging Modalities
Magnetic Resonance Angiography	-alternative to CTA -high-resolution -iodinated contrast sparing -capable of functional/dynamic imaging
Cardiac MR/MRA	-avoids rib spaces -resistant to image degradation of high coronary calcium burden -iodinated contrast sparing -functional/dynamic imaging
Low-field MRI	-decreased cost (relative to standard MRI) -decreased susceptibility -more suitable for claustrophobic/pediatric population
Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound	-low cost -dynamic imaging -real-time feedback -unlimited imaging orientations
Other Methods of Radiation Reduction
Alternating Imaging Modalities	-reduces radiation exposure by ½ -cost advantageous over MRA alone -increased availability over MRA alone
Protocol Driven Radiation Dose Reduction	-hiring of medical physicists proven to be associated with lower patient exposure -systemwide radiation reduction via protocols
Low Frame Rate Fluoroscopy	-radiation reduction method in high-exposure modality -may be compatible with existing equipment