The content is available as a PDF (184.8 KB).
Contributor Information
Mrinalini Dey, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK; Department of Rheumatology, Countess of Chester Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Chester, CH2 1UL, UK.
R Naveen, Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India.
Elena Nikiphorou, Centre for Rheumatic Diseases, King’s College London, London, UK; Rheumatology Department, King's College Hospital, London, UK.
Parikshit Sen, Maulana Azad Medical College, 2-Bahadurshah Zafar Marg, New Delhi, Delhi-110002, India.
Sreoshy Saha, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh, Bangladesh.
James B Lilleker, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Neurology, Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK.
Vishwesh Agarwal, Mahatma Gandhi Mission Medical College, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
Sinan Kardes, Department of Medical Ecology and Hydroclimatology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Capa-Fatih, 34093, Istanbul, Turkey.
Jessica Day, Department of Rheumatology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, 3050, Australia; Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.
Marcin Milchert, Department of Internal Medicine, Rheumatology, Diabetology, Geriatrics and Clinical Immunology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, ul Unii Lubelskiej 1, 71-252, Szczecin, Poland.
Mrudula Joshi, Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College and Sassoon General Hospitals, Pune, India.
Tamer Gheita, Rheumatology Department, Kasr Al Ainy School of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
Babur Salim, Rheumatology Department, Fauji Foundation Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan.
Tsvetelina Velikova, Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital “Lozenetz”,Sofia University St. Kliment Ohridski, 1 Kozyak Str., 1407, Sofia, Bulgaria.
Abraham Edgar Gracia-Ramos, Department of Internal Medicine, General Hospital, National Medical Center “La Raza”, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Av. Jacaranda S/N, Col. La Raza, Del. Azcapotzalco, C.P. 02990, Mexico City, Mexico.
Ioannis Parodis, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.
Albert Selva O’Callaghan, Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Vall D'hebron General Hospital, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, 08035, Spain.
Minchul Kim, Center for Outcomes Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine Peoria, Illinois, USA.
Tulika Chatterjee, Center for Outcomes Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine Peoria, Illinois, USA.
Ai Lyn Tan, NIHR Leeds Biomedical Research Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals Trust, Leeds, UK; Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
Ashima Makol, Division of Rheumatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA, ORCID ID.
Arvind Nune, Southport and Ormskirk Hospital NHS Trust, Southport, PR8 6PN, UK, ORCID ID.
Lorenzo Cavagna, Department of Rheumatology, Fondazione I.R.C.C.S. Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy; Rheumatology Unit, Dipartimento di Medicine Interna e Terapia Medica, Università degli studi di Pavia, Pavia, Lombardy, Italy.
Miguel A Saavedra, Departamento de Reumatología Hospital de Especialidades Dr. Antonio Fraga Mouret, Centro Médico Nacional La Raza, IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico.
Samuel Katsuyuki Shinjo, Division of Rheumatology, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
Nelly Ziade, Rheumatology Department, Saint-Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon; Rheumatology Department, Hotel-Dieu de France Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon.
Johannes Knitza, Medizinische Klinik 3 - Rheumatologie und Immunologie, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Ulmenweg 18, Erlangen, 91054, Deutschland.
Masataka Kuwana, Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Nippon Medical School Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
Oliver Distler, Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Zürich, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
Bhupen Barman, Department of Medicine, North Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Institute of Health and Medical Sciences (NEIGRIHMS), Shillong, Meghalaya, 18, India.
Yogesh Preet Singh, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of General Medicine, Himalayan Institute of Medical sciences, Swami Rama University, Jolly Grant, Dehradun, - 248140, Uttarakhand, India.
Rajiv Ranjan, Clinical Immunology & Rheumatology at Columbia Asia, Palam Vihar, Gurgaon, Haryana, India.
Avinash Jain, Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, SMS Medical College and Hospital, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India.
Sapan C Pandya, Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Rheumatic Disease Clinic, Vedanta Institute of Medical Sciences, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, 380009, India, Gujarat.
Rakesh Kumar Pilania, Pediatric Allergy Immunology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
Aman Sharma, Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology Services, Department of Internal Medicine, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
Manesh Manoj M, Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, AKG Memorial Hospital and Dr Shenoy’s CARE (Centre for Arthritis and Rheumatism Excellence), Kannur, Kerala, India.
Vikas Gupta, Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab, 141001, India.
Chengappa G Kavadichanda, Department of Clinical Immunology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India.
Pradeepta Sekhar Patro, Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Sunshine Hospitals, Plot No 208, Cuttack Puri Road, Laxmisagar, Bhubaneshwar, India, Odisha.
Sajal Ajmani, Arthritis and Rheumatology clinic, New Delhi, Delhi, India.
Sanat Phatak, Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, KEM Hospital, Pune, Maharashtra, India.
Rudra Prosad Goswami, Department of Rheumatology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi, India.
Abhra Chandra Chowdhury, Dhakuria, AMRI Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
Ashish Jacob Mathew, Department of Clinical Immunology & Rheumatology, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632004, India.
Padnamabha Shenoy, Dr Shenoy’s CARE (Centre for Arthritis and Rheumatism Excellence), Kannur, Kerala, India.
Ajay Asranna, Department of Neurology, NIMHANS, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
Keerthi Talari Bommakanti, Yashoda hospital, Behind Hari Hara Kala Bhavan, Secunderabad, 500003, India, -, T.S. Hyderabad, Telangana.
Anuj Shukla, Niruj Rheumatology Clinic, 209 Rajvi Complex, Rambaug, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380008, India.
Arunkumar R Pande, LEDTC Clinic, Gomti Nagar, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Kunal Chandwar, Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
John D Pauling, Royal National Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases (at Royal United Hospitals), Upper Borough Walls, Bath, BA1 1RL, UK; Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, UK.
Chris Wincup, Department of Rheumatology, University College London, London, UK.
Döndü Üsküdar Cansu, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Eskişehir, 26480, Turkey.
Erick Adrian Zamora Tehozol, Autoimmunity Division, Centro Médico Pensiones, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
Jorge Rojas Serrano, Interstitial Lung Disease and Rheumatology Unit, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Mexico City, Mexico.
Ignacio García-De La Torre, Departamento de Inmunología y Reumatología, Hospital General de Occidente, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
Nicoletta Del Papa, Unità operativa complessa (UOC) Day Hospital Reumatologia via Gaetano Pini 9, Centro Specialistico Ortopedico Traumatologico, Gaetano Pini-CTO, Italy, Milano.
Gianluca Sambataro, Medico Immunologia e reumatologia presso, Artoreuma S.R.L., Cors S. Vito 53, Mascalucia, CT, 95030, Italy.
Fabiola Atzeni, Rheumatology Unit, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
Marcello Govoni, Department of Medical Sciences, Complex Operative Unit and Rheumatology Unit of S.Anna University Hospital, University of Ferrara, Via A. Moro 8, Cona (FE), 44124, Italy.
Simone Parisi, Epidemiology Unit, Italian Society for Rheumatology, Milan, Italy; Rheumatology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Torino, Italy.
Elena Bartoloni Bocci, Department of Medicine and Surgery, MED/16- Rheumatology, Università degli studi di Perugia, P.zza Università, Perugia, 06123—, Italy.
Gian Domenico Sebastiani, U.O.C. Reumatologia, Ospedale San Camillo-Forlanini, Roma, Italy.
Enrico Fusaro, Rheumatology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Torino, Italy.
Marco Sebastiani, Rheumatology Unit, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico di Modena, Via del Pozzo, Modena, 41125, Italy.
Luca Quartuccio, Clinic of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine (DAME), ASUFC, University of Udine, Udine, Italy.
Franco Franceschini, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, ASST Spedali Civili and University of Brescia, Italy.
Pier Paolo Sainaghi, Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale UPO, Novara, Italy; Division of Internal Medicine, Immunorheumatology Unit, CAAD (Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease) Maggiore della Carità Hospital, Novara, Italy; IRCAD, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, Novara.
Giovanni Orsolini, Department of Medicine, Rheumatology Unit, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
Rossella De Angelis, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Italy.
Maria Giovanna Danielli, Clinica Medica, Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche e Azienda Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona, Italy.
Vincenzo Venerito, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantations-Rheumatology Unit, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy.
Lisa S Traboco, Philippine Rheumatology Association, St Luke’s Medical Center- Global City (Visiting), Philippines.
Leonardo Santos Hoff, School of Medicine, Universidade Potiguar (UnP), Brazil.
Suryo Anggoro Kusumo Wibowo, Rheumatology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Fakultas Kedokteran, Universitas Indonesia.
Stylianos Tomaras, Department of Rheumatology, Helios Clinic Vogelsang-Gommern, Gommern, 39245, Germany.
Daman Langguth, Department of Immunology, Sullivan Nicolaides Pathology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
Vidya Limaye, Consultant Rheumatologist, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Clinical Professor, Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Australia.
Merrilee Needham, Neurology Department, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, Australia; Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Australia; Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, Australia; University of Notre Dame, Fremantle, Australia.
Nilesh Srivastav, Alfred Health, The Alfred, Caulfield Hospital, Sandringham Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Akira Yoshida, Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Nippon Medical School Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
Ran Nakashima, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.
Shinji Sato, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, 259-1193, Japan.
Naoki Kimura, Department of Lifetime Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan.
Yuko Kaneko, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
Jesús Loarce-Martos, Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain.
Sergio Prieto-González, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
Albert Gil-Vila, Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Vall D'hebron General Hospital, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain.
Raquel Arànega Gonzalez, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Clinic, Consorci Sanitari del Maresme, Mataró, Barcelona, Spain.
Hector Chinoy, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; National Institute for Health Research Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Department of Rheumatology, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK.
Vikas Agarwal, Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India.
Rohit Aggarwal, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
Latika Gupta, Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India; Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Department of Rheumatology, Royal Wolverhampton Hospitals NHS Trust, Wolverhampton, UK; City Hospital, Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
COVAD Study Group:
Margarita Aleksandrovna Gromova, Or Aharonov, Ihsane Hmamouchi, Margherita Giannini, François Maurier, Julien Campagne, Alain Meyer, Melinda Nagy-Vincze, Marie Hudson, Océane Landon-Cardinal, Syahrul Sazliyana Shaharir, Wilmer Gerardo Rojas Zuleta, José António Pereira Silva, João Eurico Fonseca, and Olena Zimba
Supplementary Material
Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.