Table 1. Comparison of characteristics between alkaline water drinkers and non-drinkers (n = 304).
| Variables | Alkaline water drinkers (n = 148) | Non-alkaline water drinkers (n = 156) | Overall (n = 304) | p value* |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 67.8 ± 6.4 | 68.4 ± 5.5 | 68.1 ± 5.9 | 0.074 |
| Years of education | 10.8 ± 3.6 | 10.6 ± 4.1 | 10.7 ± 3.9 | 0.085 |
| Employed | 23 (15.5) | 18 (11.5) | 41 (13.5) | 0.055 |
| Monthly family income (MYR) | 6542±2525 | 5938±3206 | 6232±2488 | 0.069 |
| Body weight (kg) | 62.9 ± 7.2 | 64.6± 7.0 | 63.8 ± 7.1 | 0.046 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.8 ± 3.5 | 26.1 ± 3.3 | 26.0 ± 3.4 | 0.060 |
| % Body fat | 40.6±5.8 | 44.2 ±4.8 | 42.4 ± 5.6 | 0.045 |
| Physical activity (MET-min/week) | 823±426 | 934±501 | 880 ±469 | 0.058 |
| Insufficient active (<600 MET-min/week) | 66 (44.5) | 77 (49.4) | 143 (47.0) | 0.066 |
| Low active (600–3999 MET-min/week)** | 82 (55.5) | 79 (51.6) | 161 (53.0) | |
| Hand grip strength (kg) | 20.8±2.8 | 15.5±4.1 | 18.1 ± 4.4 | 0.004 |
| Good hand grip | 83 (56.1) | 40 (25.6) | 123 (40.5) | 0.002 |
| Poor hand grip* | 65 (43.9) | 116 (74.4) | 181 (59.5) | |
| Duration of sleep (minutes) | 334±62 | 275± 59 | 304± 67 | 0.008 |
| < 5 hour per day | 48 (32.4) | 89 (57.1) | 137 (45.1) | 0.012 |
| 5–6 hour per day | 74 (50.0) | 52 (33.3) | 126 (41.4) | |
| > 6 hour per day | 26 (17.6) | 15 (9.6) | 41 (13.5) | |
| Sleep Quality Score | 3.7 ± 2.6 | 6.5 ± 3.1 | 5.14 ± 2.4 | 0.009 |
| Poor Sleeper | 81 (54.7) | 114 (73.1) | 195 (64.1) | < .008 |
| Good Sleeper | 67 (45.3) | 42 (26.9) | 109 (35.6) | |
| Dietary Quality Score | 60.9 ± 8.23 | 59.6 ± 6.58 | 60.2 ± 4.9 | 0.120 |
| Dietary Acid Load | 20.4 ± 7.5 | 24.5 ± 3.3 | 22.5 ± 6.08 | 0.072 |
| Presence of Metabolic Syndrome | 61 (41.2) | 84 (53.8) | 145 (47.7) | 0.041 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 136 ±24 | 138±21 | 137±23 | 0.061 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 92 ±11 | 97± 7 | 95 ± 10 | 0.075 |
| Elevated blood pressure | 76 (51.3) | 85 (54.5) | 161(53.0) | 0.058 |
| Waist Circumference (cm) | 77.3 ±11.3 | 85.2±10.1 | 81.3±11.4 | 0.034 |
| Elevated Waist Circumference | 61 (41.2) | 92 (59.0) | 153 (50.3) | 0.038 |
| LDL (mmol/L) | 3.68 ±0.48 | 3.82 ±0.43 | 3.75±0.46 | 0.074 |
| Elevated LDL | 92 (62.1) | 111 (71.2) | 203 (66.8) | 0.157 |
| HDL (mmol/L) | 0.83 ± 0.18 | 0.82 ±0.21 | 0.82 ±0.20 | 0.062 |
| Low HDL | 110 (74.3) | 63 (40.4) | 173 (56.9) | 0.068 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 1.60 ±0.39 | 1.89 ±0.34 | 1.75±0.40 | 0.029 |
| Elevated serum TG | 51 (34.9) | 64 (41.0) | 115 (37.8) | 0.065 |
| FBG (mmol/L) | 4.69 ±1.03 | 5.11 ±1.02 | 4.90 ±1.04 | 0.038 |
| Elevated FBG | 38 (25.7) | 50 (32.1) | 88 (28.9) | 0.056 |
| TG/HDL | 2.03 ± 0.65 | 2.51 ± 0.14 | 2.27 ± 0.2f5 | 0.035 |
Data were presented as mean ± standard deviation or n (%)
* AWGS ** Classified according to Kyu et al. (2016) [50] *** comparison between two groups were made either using Independence t test or chi-square independence test.