Table 3.
Baseline characteristics of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitor and sulfonylurea exposure groups before and after propensity score weighting. Values are numbers (percentages) unless stated otherwise
| Characteristics | Before weighting* | After weighting* | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DPP-4 inhibitors (n=8731) | Sulfonylureas (n=18 204) | ASD | DPP-4 inhibitors (n=8731) | Sulfonylureas (n=18 204) | ASD | ||
| Mean (SD) age, years | 69.3 (10.7) | 69.4 (10.6) | 0.01 | 69.3 (10.7) | 68.8 (10.7) | 0.05 | |
| Male sex | 4836 (55.4) | 10 363 (56.9) | 0.03 | 4836 (55.4) | 10 044 (55.2) | 0.00 | |
| Year of cohort entry: | |||||||
| 2007-10 | 767 (8.8) | 7108 (39.0) | 0.76 | 767 (8.8) | 1582 (8.7) | 0.00 | |
| 2011-14 | 2183 (25.0) | 6270 (34.4) | 0.21 | 2183 (25.0) | 4518 (24.8) | 0.00 | |
| 2015-19 | 5781 (66.2) | 4826 (26.5) | 0.87 | 5781 (66.2) | 12 104 (66.5) | 0.01 | |
| Body mass index: | |||||||
| <30 | 3068 (35.1) | 8193 (45.0) | 0.20 | 3068 (35.1) | 6249 (34.3) | 0.02 | |
| ≥30.0 | 5576 (63.9) | 9759 (53.6) | 0.21 | 5576 (63.9) | 11 783 (64.7) | 0.02 | |
| Unknown | 87 (1.0) | 252 (1.4) | 0.04 | 87 (1.0) | 171 (0.9) | 0.01 | |
| Smoking status: | |||||||
| Ever | 8212 (94.1) | 17 059 (93.7) | 0.01 | 8212 (94.1) | 17 159 (94.3) | 0.01 | |
| Never | 515 (5.9) | 1135 (6.2) | 0.01 | 515 (5.9) | 1041 (5.7) | 0.01 | |
| Unknown | 4 (0.0) | 10 (0.1) | 0.00 | 4 (0.0) | 4 (0.0) | 0.01 | |
| Haemoglobin A1c: | |||||||
| ≤7.0% | 1318 (15.1) | 3012 (16.5) | 0.04 | 1318 (15.1) | 2736 (15.0) | 0.00 | |
| 7.1-8.0% | 2920 (33.4) | 4847 (26.6) | 0.15 | 2920 (33.4) | 5916 (32.5) | 0.02 | |
| >8.0% | 4429 (50.7) | 9345 (51.3) | 0.01 | 4429 (50.7) | 9397 (51.6) | 0.02 | |
| Unknown | 64 (0.7) | 1000 (5.5) | 0.28 | 64 (0.7) | 154 (0.8) | 0.01 | |
| Alcohol related disorders | 966 (11.1) | 1970 (10.8) | 0.01 | 966 (11.1) | 2024 (11.1) | 0.00 | |
| Mean (SD) duration of diabetes, years | 7.7 (6.8) | 5.3 (5.3) | 0.39 | 7.7 (6.8) | 7.4 (6.5) | 0.04 | |
| Type of antihyperglycaemic drugs: | |||||||
| Metformin | 7400 (84.8) | 14 332 (78.7) | 0.16 | 7400 (84.8) | 15 775 (86.7) | 0.05 | |
| Thiazolidinedione | 545 (6.2) | 1165 (6.4) | 0.01 | 545 (6.2) | 1210 (6.6) | 0.02 | |
| Meglitinides | 54 (0.6) | 87 (0.5) | 0.02 | 54 (0.6) | 136 (0.7) | 0.02 | |
| α-glucosidase inhibitors | 15 (0.2) | 25 (0.1) | 0.01 | 15 (0.2) | 33 (0.2) | 0.00 | |
| Sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors | 243 (2.8) | 104 (0.6) | 0.17 | 243 (2.8) | 494 (2.7) | 0.00 | |
| Insulin | 1016 (11.6) | 800 (4.4) | 0.27 | 1016 (11.6) | 2000 (11.0) | 0.02 | |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 1484 (17.0) | 2762 (15.2) | 0.05 | 1484 (17.0) | 3008 (16.5) | 0.01 | |
| Stroke | 892 (10.2) | 1895 (10.4) | 0.01 | 892 (10.2) | 1856 (10.2) | 0.00 | |
| Myocardial infarction | 1349 (15.5) | 2907 (16.0) | 0.01 | 1349 (15.5) | 2737 (15.0) | 0.01 | |
| Renal disease | 2765 (31.7) | 5244 (28.8) | 0.06 | 2765 (31.7) | 5496 (30.2) | 0.03 | |
| Retinopathy | 2605 (29.8) | 4009 (22.0) | 0.18 | 2605 (29.8) | 5279 (29.0) | 0.02 | |
| Neuropathy | 2237 (25.6) | 3849 (21.1) | 0.11 | 2237 (25.6) | 4588 (25.2) | 0.01 | |
| Mean (SD) duration of COPD, years | 8.3 (7.6) | 8.0 (7.6) | 0.05 | 8.3 (7.6) | 8.2 (7.6) | 0.01 | |
| Long acting β-agonist | 4682 (53.6) | 9480 (52.1) | 0.03 | 4682 (53.6) | 9734 (53.5) | 0.00 | |
| Short acting β-agonist | 6009 (68.8) | 12 724 (69.9) | 0.02 | 6009 (68.8) | 12 587 (69.1) | 0.01 | |
| Long acting anti-muscarinic | 3454 (39.6) | 6210 (34.1) | 0.11 | 3454 (39.6) | 7160 (39.3) | 0.00 | |
| Short acting anti-muscarinic | 537 (6.2) | 2506 (13.8) | 0.26 | 537 (6.2) | 1129 (6.2) | 0.00 | |
| Inhaled corticosteroids, | 4979 (57.0) | 10 793 (59.3) | 0.05 | 4979 (57.0) | 10 385 (57.0) | 0.00 | |
| Oral corticosteroids, | 3166 (36.3) | 7112 (39.1) | 0.06 | 3166 (36.3) | 6541 (35.9) | 0.01 | |
| Leukotriene antagonists, | 406 (4.7) | 724 (4.0) | 0.03 | 406 (4.7) | 829 (4.6) | 0.00 | |
| Methylxanthines, | 343 (3.9) | 987 (5.4) | 0.07 | 343 (3.9) | 722 (4.0) | 0.00 | |
| Respiratory antibiotics, | 5848 (67.0) | 12 948 (71.1) | 0.09 | 5848 (67.0) | 12 173 (66.9) | 0.00 | |
| Hospital admission for COPD | 2346 (26.9) | 5531 (30.4) | 0.08 | 2346 (26.9) | 4826 (26.5) | 0.01 | |
| Pneumonia | 586 (6.7) | 1390 (7.6) | 0.04 | 586 (6.7) | 1251 (6.9) | 0.01 | |
| Influenza | 57 (0.7) | 161 (0.9) | 0.03 | 57 (0.7) | 114 (0.6) | 0.00 | |
| Asthma | 5123 (58.7) | 10 819 (59.4) | 0.02 | 5123 (58.7) | 10 712 (58.8) | 0.00 | |
| Interstitial lung disease | 259 (3.0) | 661 (3.6) | 0.04 | 259 (3.0) | 553 (3.0) | 0.00 | |
| Bronchiectasis | 504 (5.8) | 1016 (5.6) | 0.01 | 504 (5.8) | 1082 (5.9) | 0.01 | |
| Pulmonary embolism | 1880 (21.5) | 3435 (18.9) | 0.07 | 1880 (21.5) | 3825 (21.0) | 0.01 | |
| Pulmonary hypertension | 214 (2.5) | 356 (2.0) | 0.03 | 214 (2.5) | 401 (2.2) | 0.02 | |
| Lung cancer | 113 (1.3) | 487 (2.7) | 0.10 | 113 (1.3) | 235 (1.3) | 0.00 | |
| FEV1 (% predicted): | |||||||
| <30 | 257 (2.9) | 715 (3.9) | 0.05 | 257 (2.9) | 543 (3.0) | 0.00 | |
| 30-80 | 5060 (58.0) | 10 478 (57.6) | 0.01 | 5060 (58.0) | 10 631 (58.4) | 0.01 | |
| >80 | 1233 (14.1) | 2032 (11.2) | 0.09 | 1233 (14.1) | 2601 (14.3) | 0.00 | |
| Unknown | 2181 (25.0) | 4979 (27.4) | 0.05 | 2181 (25.0) | 4429 (24.3) | 0.02 | |
| FEV1-FVC ratio: | |||||||
| <35 | 64 (0.7) | 235 (1.3) | 0.06 | 64 (0.7) | 133 (0.7) | 0.00 | |
| 35-59.9 | 1406 (16.1) | 3101 (17.0) | 0.03 | 1406 (16.1) | 2906 (16.0) | 0.00 | |
| ≥60 | 4122 (47.2) | 7116 (39.1) | 0.16 | 4122 (47.2) | 8718 (47.9) | 0.01 | |
| Unknown | 3139 (36.0) | 7752 (42.6) | 0.14 | 3139 (36.0) | 6448 (35.4) | 0.01 | |
| Severity of dyspnoea: | |||||||
| None/mild | 2617 (30.0) | 4369 (24.0) | 0.13 | 2617 (30.0) | 5566 (30.6) | 0.01 | |
| Moderate/severe | 4486 (51.4) | 9323 (51.2) | 0.00 | 4486 (51.4) | 9297 (51.1) | 0.01 | |
| Unknown | 1628 (18.6) | 4512 (24.8) | 0.15 | 1628 (18.6) | 3342 (18.4) | 0.01 | |
| Blood eosinophil count: | |||||||
| <2% | 2860 (32.8) | 6476 (35.6) | 0.06 | 2860 (32.8) | 5919 (32.5) | 0.01 | |
| 2-4% | 3695 (42.3) | 7200 (39.6) | 0.06 | 3695 (42.3) | 7839 (43.1) | 0.01 | |
| >4% | 2016 (23.1) | 3772 (20.7) | 0.06 | 2016 (23.1) | 4113 (22.6) | 0.01 | |
| Unknown | 160 (1.8) | 756 (4.2) | 0.14 | 160 (1.8) | 333 (1.8) | 0.00 | |
| Cancer† | 1330 (15.2) | 2844 (15.6) | 0.01 | 1330 (15.2) | 2664 (14.6) | 0.02 | |
| Heart failure | 1780 (20.4) | 3819 (21.0) | 0.01 | 1780 (20.4) | 3555 (19.5) | 0.02 | |
| Hypertension | 7272 (83.3) | 14 172 (77.9) | 0.14 | 7272 (83.3) | 15 073 (82.8) | 0.01 | |
| Arrhythmia | 2432 (27.9) | 4951 (27.2) | 0.01 | 2432 (27.9) | 4853 (26.7) | 0.03 | |
| Dyslipidaemia | 4474 (51.2) | 8003 (44.0) | 0.15 | 4474 (51.2) | 9284 (51.0) | 0.00 | |
| Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease | 334 (3.8) | 421 (2.3) | 0.09 | 334 (3.8) | 714 (3.9) | 0.00 | |
| Hypothyroidism | 1375 (15.7) | 2409 (13.2) | 0.07 | 1375 (15.7) | 2790 (15.3) | 0.01 | |
| Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease | 2567 (29.4) | 4596 (25.2) | 0.09 | 2567 (29.4) | 5346 (29.4) | 0.00 | |
| Sleep apnoea | 935 (10.7) | 1264 (6.9) | 0.13 | 935 (10.7) | 2019 (11.1) | 0.01 | |
| Osteoarthritis | 4155 (47.6) | 7914 (43.5) | 0.08 | 4155 (47.6) | 8523 (46.8) | 0.02 | |
| Depression | 3998 (45.8) | 7756 (42.6) | 0.06 | 3998 (45.8) | 8558 (47.0) | 0.02 | |
| Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors | 4091 (46.9) | 8487 (46.6) | 0.00 | 4091 (46.9) | 8424 (46.3) | 0.01 | |
| Angiotensin receptor blockers | 1844 (21.1) | 3306 (18.2) | 0.07 | 1844 (21.1) | 3826 (21.0) | 0.00 | |
| β blockers | 2582 (29.6) | 4439 (24.4) | 0.12 | 2582 (29.6) | 5301 (29.1) | 0.01 | |
| Calcium channel blockers | 3295 (37.7) | 6410 (35.2) | 0.05 | 3295 (37.7) | 6769 (37.2) | 0.01 | |
| Diuretics | 3372 (38.6) | 7392 (40.6) | 0.04 | 3372 (38.6) | 6859 (37.7) | 0.02 | |
| Antiarrhythmic agents | 457 (5.2) | 1033 (5.7) | 0.02 | 457 (5.2) | 969 (5.3) | 0.00 | |
| Antiplatelet agents | 1118 (12.8) | 2151 (11.8) | 0.03 | 1118 (12.8) | 2295 (12.6) | 0.01 | |
| Statins | 7125 (81.6) | 13 829 (76.0) | 0.14 | 7125 (81.6) | 14 846 (81.6) | 0.00 | |
| Proton pump inhibitors | 4860 (55.7) | 9674 (53.1) | 0.05 | 4860 (55.7) | 10 100 (55.5) | 0.00 | |
| Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs | 4502 (51.6) | 10 145 (55.7) | 0.08 | 4502 (51.6) | 9369 (51.5) | 0.00 | |
| Opioids | 4143 (47.5) | 9087 (49.9) | 0.05 | 4143 (47.5) | 8623 (47.4) | 0.00 | |
| Faecal occult blood testing or colonoscopy | 1604 (18.4) | 2208 (12.1) | 0.17 | 1604 (18.4) | 3364 (18.5) | 0.00 | |
| Mammography | 610 (7.0) | 1100 (6.0) | 0.04 | 610 (7.0) | 1312 (7.2) | 0.01 | |
| Prostate specific antigen testing | 851 (9.7) | 1706 (9.4) | 0.01 | 851 (9.7) | 1757 (9.7) | 0.00 | |
| Influenza vaccination | 1524 (17.5) | 8166 (44.9) | 0.62 | 1524 (17.5) | 3169 (17.4) | 0.00 | |
| Pneumococcal vaccination | 353 (4.0) | 845 (4.6) | 0.03 | 353 (4.0) | 742 (4.1) | 0.00 | |
| Season: | |||||||
| Spring | 2335 (26.7) | 4864 (26.7) | 0.00 | 2335 (26.7) | 4850 (26.6) | 0.00 | |
| Summer | 2166 (24.8) | 4437 (24.4) | 0.01 | 2166 (24.8) | 4544 (25.0) | 0.00 | |
| Autumn/fall | 2164 (24.8) | 4411 (24.2) | 0.01 | 2164 (24.8) | 4484 (24.6) | 0.00 | |
| Winter | 2066 (23.7) | 4492 (24.7) | 0.02 | 2066 (23.7) | 4326 (23.8) | 0.00 | |
ASD=absolute standardised difference; COPD=chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; FEV1=forced expiratory volume in the first second; FVC=forced vital capacity; SD=standard deviation.
*
Weighted using propensity score fine stratification within study populations with overlapping propensity scores.
†
Excludes lung cancer and non-melanoma skin cancer.