Table 5.
Baseline characteristics of sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitor and sulfonylurea exposure groups before and after propensity score weighting. Values are numbers (percentages) unless stated otherwise
| Characteristics | Before weighting* | After weighting* | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SGLT-2 inhibitors (n=2956) | Sulfonylureas (n=10 841) | ASD | SGLT-2 inhibitors (n=2956) | Sulfonylureas (n=10 841) | ASD | ||
| Mean (SD) age, years | 62.9 (9.0) | 69.3 (10.6) | 0.65 | 62.9 (9.0) | 62.7 (9.1) | 0.02 | |
| Male sex | 1729 (58.5) | 6106 (56.3) | 0.04 | 1729 (58.5) | 6290 (58.0) | 0.01 | |
| Year of cohort entry: | |||||||
| 2013-14 | 285 (9.6) | 4035 (37.2) | 0.69 | 285 (9.6) | 889 (8.2) | 0.05 | |
| 2015-19 | 2671 (90.4) | 6806 (62.8) | 0.69 | 2671 (90.4) | 9952 (91.8) | 0.05 | |
| Body mass index: | |||||||
| <30 | 614 (20.8) | 4716 (43.5) | 0.50 | 614 (20.8) | 2357 (21.7) | 0.02 | |
| ≥30.0 | 2314 (78.3) | 5981 (55.2) | 0.51 | 2314 (78.3) | 8396 (77.4) | 0.02 | |
| Unknown | 28 (0.9) | 144 (1.3) | 0.04 | 28 (0.9) | 88 (0.8) | 0.01 | |
| Smoking status: | |||||||
| Ever | 2793 (94.5) | 10 227 (94.3) | 0.01 | 2793 (94.5) | 10 272 (94.8) | 0.01 | |
| Never | 163 (5.5) | 614 (5.7) | 0.01 | 163 (5.5) | 569 (5.2) | 0.01 | |
| Unknown | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |||
| Haemoglobin A1c: | |||||||
| ≤7.0% | 204 (6.9) | 1561 (14.4) | 0.24 | 204 (6.9) | 819 (7.6) | 0.03 | |
| 7.1-8.0% | 749 (25.3) | 2522 (23.3) | 0.05 | 749 (25.3) | 2653 (24.5) | 0.02 | |
| >8% | 1995 (67.5) | 6437 (59.4) | 0.17 | 1995 (67.5) | 7333 (67.6) | 0.00 | |
| Unknown | 8 (0.3) | 321 (3.0) | 0.21 | 8 (0.3) | 35 (0.3) | 0.01 | |
| Alcohol related disorders | 410 (13.9) | 1479 (13.6) | 0.01 | 410 (13.9) | 1439 (13.3) | 0.02 | |
| Mean (SD) duration of diabetes, years | 9.1 (6.9) | 6.7 (6.0) | 0.37 | 9.1 (6.9) | 8.5 (6.4) | 0.09 | |
| Type of antihyperglycaemic drugs: | |||||||
| Metformin | 2648 (89.6) | 8204 (75.7) | 0.37 | 2648 (89.6) | 9808 (90.5) | 0.03 | |
| Thiazolidinedione | 127 (4.3) | 286 (2.6) | 0.09 | 127 (4.3) | 544 (5.0) | 0.03 | |
| Meglitinides | 16 (0.5) | 42 (0.4) | 0.02 | 16 (0.5) | 43 (0.4) | 0.02 | |
| α-glucosidase inhibitors | 5 (0.2) | 9 (0.1) | 0.02 | 5 (0.2) | 19 (0.2) | 0.00 | |
| Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists | 337 (11.4) | 239 (2.2) | 0.37 | 337 (11.4) | 1197 (11.0) | 0.01 | |
| Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors | 972 (32.9) | 2020 (18.6) | 0.33 | 972 (32.9) | 3964 (36.6) | 0.08 | |
| Insulin | 744 (25.2) | 487 (4.5) | 0.61 | 744 (25.2) | 2484 (22.9) | 0.05 | |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 450 (15.2) | 1727 (15.9) | 0.02 | 450 (15.2) | 1497 (13.8) | 0.04 | |
| Stroke | 200 (6.8) | 1148 (10.6) | 0.14 | 200 (6.8) | 924 (8.5) | 0.07 | |
| Myocardial infarction | 408 (13.8) | 1731 (16.0) | 0.06 | 408 (13.8) | 1387 (12.8) | 0.03 | |
| Renal disease | 378 (12.8) | 3081 (28.4) | 0.39 | 378 (12.8) | 1354 (12.5) | 0.01 | |
| Retinopathy | 969 (32.8) | 2993 (27.6) | 0.11 | 969 (32.8) | 3141 (29.0) | 0.08 | |
| Neuropathy | 775 (26.2) | 2476 (22.8) | 0.08 | 775 (26.2) | 2626 (24.2) | 0.05 | |
| Mean (SD) duration of COPD, years | 7.8 (7.2) | 8.3 (7.7) | 0.06 | 7.8 (7.2) | 7.9 (7.1) | 0.00 | |
| Long acting β-agonist | 1588 (53.7) | 5971 (55.1) | 0.03 | 1588 (53.7) | 5877 (54.2) | 0.01 | |
| Short acting β-agonist | 2012 (68.1) | 7644 (70.5) | 0.05 | 2012 (68.1) | 7311 (67.4) | 0.01 | |
| Long acting anti-muscarinic | 1160 (39.2) | 4396 (40.5) | 0.03 | 1160 (39.2) | 4272 (39.4) | 0.00 | |
| Short acting anti-muscarinic | 106 (3.6) | 749 (6.9) | 0.15 | 106 (3.6) | 353 (3.3) | 0.02 | |
| Inhaled corticosteroids, | 1660 (56.2) | 6313 (58.2) | 0.04 | 1660 (56.2) | 6073 (56.0) | 0.00 | |
| Oral corticosteroids, | 1033 (34.9) | 4617 (42.6) | 0.16 | 1033 (34.9) | 3776 (34.8) | 0.00 | |
| Leukotriene antagonists, | 205 (6.9) | 515 (4.8) | 0.09 | 205 (6.9) | 744 (6.9) | 0.00 | |
| Methylxanthines, | 108 (3.7) | 506 (4.7) | 0.05 | 108 (3.7) | 391 (3.6) | 0.00 | |
| Respiratory antibiotics, | 1900 (64.3) | 7666 (70.7) | 0.14 | 1900 (64.3) | 6854 (63.2) | 0.02 | |
| Hospital admission for COPD | 620 (21.0) | 3699 (34.1) | 0.30 | 620 (21.0) | 2321 (21.4) | 0.01 | |
| Pneumonia | 87 (2.9) | 1041 (9.6) | 0.28 | 87 (2.9) | 325 (3.0) | 0.00 | |
| Influenza | 12 (0.4) | 88 (0.8) | 0.05 | 12 (0.4) | 38 (0.4) | 0.01 | |
| Asthma | 1776 (60.1) | 6271 (57.8) | 0.05 | 1776 (60.1) | 6577 (60.7) | 0.01 | |
| Interstitial lung disease | 72 (2.4) | 481 (4.4) | 0.11 | 72 (2.4) | 253 (2.3) | 0.01 | |
| Bronchiectasis | 134 (4.5) | 748 (6.9) | 0.10 | 134 (4.5) | 438 (4.0) | 0.02 | |
| Pulmonary embolism | 545 (18.4) | 2451 (22.6) | 0.10 | 545 (18.4) | 2044 (18.9) | 0.01 | |
| Pulmonary hypertension | 30 (1.0) | 296 (2.7) | 0.13 | 30 (1.0) | 96 (0.9) | 0.01 | |
| Lung cancer | 30 (1.0) | 323 (3.0) | 0.14 | 30 (1.0) | 112 (1.0) | 0.00 | |
| FEV1 (% predicted): | |||||||
| <30 | 53 (1.8) | 382 (3.5) | 0.11 | 53 (1.8) | 196 (1.8) | 0.00 | |
| 30-80 | 1711 (57.9) | 6356 (58.6) | 0.02 | 1711 (57.9) | 6211 (57.3) | 0.01 | |
| >80 | 435 (14.7) | 1512 (13.9) | 0.02 | 435 (14.7) | 1616 (14.9) | 0.01 | |
| Unknown | 757 (25.6) | 2591 (23.9) | 0.04 | 757 (25.6) | 2818 (26.0) | 0.01 | |
| FEV1-FVC ratio: | |||||||
| <35 | 20 (0.7) | 158 (1.5) | 0.08 | 20 (0.7) | 81 (0.8) | 0.01 | |
| 35-59.9 | 374 (12.7) | 1805 (16.6) | 0.11 | 374 (12.7) | 1385 (12.8) | 0.00 | |
| ≥60 | 1563 (52.9) | 4990 (46.0) | 0.14 | 1563 (52.9) | 5661 (52.2) | 0.01 | |
| Unknown | 999 (33.8) | 3888 (35.9) | 0.04 | 999 (33.8) | 3713 (34.3) | 0.01 | |
| Severity of dyspnoea: | |||||||
| None/mild | 1005 (34.0) | 3204 (29.6) | 0.10 | 1005 (34.0) | 3660 (33.8) | 0.01 | |
| Moderate/severe | 1367 (46.2) | 5689 (52.5) | 0.12 | 1367 (46.2) | 4980 (45.9) | 0.01 | |
| Unknown | 584 (19.8) | 1948 (18.0) | 0.05 | 584 (19.8) | 2201 (20.3) | 0.01 | |
| Blood eosinophil count: | |||||||
| <2% | 964 (32.6) | 4050 (37.4) | 0.10 | 964 (32.6) | 3430 (31.6) | 0.02 | |
| 2-4% | 1317 (44.6) | 4344 (40.1) | 0.09 | 1317 (44.6) | 4961 (45.8) | 0.02 | |
| >4% | 639 (21.6) | 2249 (20.7) | 0.02 | 639 (21.6) | 2296 (21.2) | 0.01 | |
| Unknown | 36 (1.2) | 198 (1.8) | 0.05 | 36 (1.2) | 153 (1.4) | 0.02 | |
| Cancer† | 303 (10.3) | 1914 (17.7) | 0.21 | 303 (10.3) | 1037 (9.6) | 0.02 | |
| Heart failure | 358 (12.1) | 2295 (21.2) | 0.25 | 358 (12.1) | 1235 (11.4) | 0.02 | |
| Hypertension | 2392 (80.9) | 8757 (80.8) | 0.00 | 2392 (80.9) | 8612 (79.4) | 0.04 | |
| Arrhythmia | 547 (18.5) | 3113 (28.7) | 0.24 | 547 (18.5) | 2017 (18.6) | 0.00 | |
| Dyslipidaemia | 1509 (51.0) | 5309 (49.0) | 0.04 | 1509 (51.0) | 5612 (51.8) | 0.01 | |
| Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease | 214 (7.2) | 392 (3.6) | 0.16 | 214 (7.2) | 759 (7.0) | 0.01 | |
| Hypothyroidism | 448 (15.2) | 1669 (15.4) | 0.01 | 448 (15.2) | 1543 (14.2) | 0.03 | |
| Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease | 924 (31.3) | 3220 (29.7) | 0.03 | 924 (31.3) | 3378 (31.2) | 0.00 | |
| Sleep apnoea | 565 (19.1) | 1058 (9.8) | 0.27 | 565 (19.1) | 2093 (19.3) | 0.00 | |
| Osteoarthritis | 1300 (44.0) | 5039 (46.5) | 0.05 | 1300 (44.0) | 4660 (43.0) | 0.02 | |
| Depression | 1651 (55.9) | 5191 (47.9) | 0.16 | 1651 (55.9) | 6034 (55.7) | 0.00 | |
| Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors | 1425 (48.2) | 4771 (44.0) | 0.08 | 1425 (48.2) | 5268 (48.6) | 0.01 | |
| Angiotensin receptor blockers | 579 (19.6) | 1918 (17.7) | 0.05 | 579 (19.6) | 2008 (18.5) | 0.03 | |
| β blockers | 781 (26.4) | 3212 (29.6) | 0.07 | 781 (26.4) | 2704 (24.9) | 0.03 | |
| Calcium channel blockers | 990 (33.5) | 3728 (34.4) | 0.02 | 990 (33.5) | 3488 (32.2) | 0.03 | |
| Diuretics | 804 (27.2) | 4100 (37.8) | 0.23 | 804 (27.2) | 2908 (26.8) | 0.01 | |
| Antiarrhythmic agents | 156 (5.3) | 560 (5.2) | 0.01 | 156 (5.3) | 668 (6.2) | 0.04 | |
| Antiplatelet agents | 299 (10.1) | 1383 (12.8) | 0.08 | 299 (10.1) | 1113 (10.3) | 0.00 | |
| Statins | 2442 (82.6) | 8258 (76.2) | 0.16 | 2442 (82.6) | 9011 (83.1) | 0.01 | |
| Proton pump inhibitors | 1669 (56.5) | 6479 (59.8) | 0.07 | 1669 (56.5) | 6056 (55.9) | 0.01 | |
| Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs | 1460 (49.4) | 5373 (49.6) | 0.00 | 1460 (49.4) | 5145 (47.5) | 0.04 | |
| Opioids | 1474 (49.9) | 5330 (49.2) | 0.01 | 1474 (49.9) | 5227 (48.2) | 0.03 | |
| Faecal occult blood testing or colonoscopy | 745 (25.2) | 2148 (19.8) | 0.13 | 745 (25.2) | 2693 (24.8) | 0.01 | |
| Mammography | 247 (8.4) | 695 (6.4) | 0.07 | 247 (8.4) | 882 (8.1) | 0.01 | |
| Prostate specific antigen testing | 248 (8.4) | 1098 (10.1) | 0.06 | 248 (8.4) | 916 (8.5) | 0.00 | |
| Influenza vaccination | 57 (1.9) | 454 (4.2) | 0.13 | 57 (1.9) | 222 (2.0) | 0.01 | |
| Pneumococcal vaccination | 135 (4.6) | 420 (3.9) | 0.03 | 135 (4.6) | 458 (4.2) | 0.02 | |
| Season: | |||||||
| Spring | 759 (25.7) | 3029 (27.9) | 0.05 | 759 (25.7) | 2724 (25.1) | 0.01 | |
| Summer | 729 (24.7) | 2608 (24.1) | 0.01 | 729 (24.7) | 2618 (24.1) | 0.01 | |
| Autumn/fall | 760 (25.7) | 2463 (22.7) | 0.07 | 760 (25.7) | 2736 (25.2) | 0.01 | |
| Winter | 708 (24.0) | 2741 (25.3) | 0.03 | 708 (24.0) | 2763 (25.5) | 0.04 | |
ASD=absolute standardised difference; COPD=chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; FEV1=forced expiratory volume in the first second; FVC=forced vital capacity; SD=standard deviation.
*
Weighted using propensity score fine stratification within study populations with overlapping propensity scores.
†
Excludes lung cancer and non-melanoma skin cancer.