Abstract
目的
探讨使用3D打印钛合金假体重建胫骨远端瘤段骨切除术后骨缺损的可行性及近期疗效。
方法
回顾分析2020年1月—2021年12月6例采用3D打印钛合金假体重建胫骨远端瘤段骨切除后骨缺损、同时融合部分胫距关节的患者临床资料。男2例,女4例;年龄12~35岁,平均18.5岁。其中骨肉瘤4例,尤文肉瘤1例,骨巨细胞瘤1例。Enneking分期:ⅡA期3例,ⅡB期2例,Ⅲ期1例。病程2~5个月,平均3.2个月。所有患者均行术前新辅助治疗,骨肉瘤及尤文肉瘤患者术后3周开始辅助化疗。术后定期复查评估全身及局部肿瘤情况、假体情况;采用骨骼肌肉系统肿瘤协会(MSTS)评分及美国矫形足踝协会(AOFAS)评分评价下肢及踝关节功能。
结果
6例患者均获随访,随访时间8~26个月,平均15.6个月。随访期间均未出现局部复发和远处转移。其中5例末次随访时踝关节均位于90° 功能位,均未发生假体松动、断裂等并发症;踝关节融合稳定,局部骨长入良好,可完成日常活动,但踝关节活动度均受限、踝关节僵硬;MSTS评分为22~26分,平均24分,评价为优3例、良2例;AOFAS评分为71~86分,平均80.6分,评价为良4例、可1例。1例术后2个月出现严重假体周围感染造成假体植入失败,患肢活动疼痛、踝关节功能差;MSTS评分为12分、AOFAS评分为50分,评价均为差;去除假体、感染控制后予以牵拉成骨治疗,目前仍在牵拉成骨过程中,局部成骨可。
结论
采用3D打印钛合金假体与胫距关节融合方式重建胫骨远端瘤段骨切除后骨缺损,可获得满意的机械稳定性及功能,是有效的胫骨远端保肢方式之一。
Keywords: 胫骨远端, 3D打印假体, 骨肿瘤, 骨重建
Abstract
Objective
To evaluate the feasibility and short-term effectiveness of three-dimensional (3D) printed titanium-alloy prosthesis reconstruction after the distal tibia tumor segment resection.
Methods
The clinical data of 6 patients with bone defect after distal tibia tumor segment resection treated with 3D printed titanium-alloy prosthesis reconstruction and tibiotalar joint fusion between January 2020 and December 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. There were 2 males and 4 females; the age ranged from 12 to 35 years, with an average of 18.5 years. Among them, 4 cases were osteosarcoma, 1 case was Ewing sarcoma, and 1 case was giant cell tumor of bone. The Enneking staging was stage ⅡA in 3 cases, stage ⅡB in 2 cases, and stage Ⅲ in 1 case. The disease duration was 2-5 months (mean, 3.2 months). All patients received preoperative neoadjuvant therapy, and patients with osteosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma started chemotherapy at3 weeks after operation. The systemic and local tumor conditions and prosthesis conditions were evaluated regularly after operation. The Musculoskeletal Tumor Society (MSTS) score and the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) score were used to evaluate the lower extremity and ankle function.
Results
All patients were followed up 8-26 months, with an average of 15.6 months. There was no local recurrence and distant metastasis during the follow-up. The ankle joints of 5 cases were all in 90° functional position at last follow-up, and there was no complication such as prosthesis loosening and fracture; the ankle joint fusion was stable, the local bone ingrowth was good, and the daily activities could be completed, but the ankle range of motion was limited and the ankle joint was stiff. The MSTS score ranged from 22 to 26, with an average of 24, and 3 cases were evaluated as excellent and 2 cases were good; the AOFAS score ranged from 71 to 86, with an average of 80.6, and 4 cases were evaluated as good and 1 case was fair. One patient had severe periprosthetic infection at 2 months after operation, resulting in failure of prosthesis implantation, pain in limb movement, and poor ankle function; MSTS score was 12, AOFAS score was 50, and both were evaluated as poor; distraction osteogenesis was performed after removal of prosthesis and infection control, at present, it was still in the process of distraction osteogenesis, and local osteogenesis was acceptable.
Conclusion
Using 3D printed titanium-alloy prosthesis and tibiotalar joint fusion to reconstruct the bone defect after distal tibia tumor segment resection has satisfactory mechanical stability and function, and is one of the effective distal tibial limb salvage methods.
Keywords: Distal tibia, three-dimensional printed prosthesis, bone tumor, bone reconstruction
胫骨远端恶性骨肿瘤及侵袭性较强的良性骨肿瘤一般需行瘤段骨切除治疗。传统的膝关节以下截肢手术虽可保留较好功能,但仍会造成大关节功能缺失,给患者造成极大的社会心理压力[1]。尤其是骨原发恶性肿瘤常见于青少年,截肢手术将给患者学习及工作造成极大困扰,严重影响生活质量。虽然保肢手术面临更高的费用及并发症发生率,但仍是部分患者及家属的第一选择。近年来,由于全身或局部治疗技术的进步,骨肿瘤治疗也取得了较大进展,保肢手术局部复发率得到了很好控制。
胫骨远端瘤段骨切除后重建方式有很多种,包括自体腓骨移植融合重建、大段同种异体骨移植重建、自体骨灭活再植重建、骨搬运技术等[2-6]。但因各种重建方式均存在不同的近、远期并发症,所以胫骨远端瘤段骨切除后重建并无标准方式。有文献报道了保留胫骨近端及远端的3D打印钛合金干性假体的瘤段骨切除后重建方式[7-8],但胫骨远端瘤段骨全切后使用假体重建骨缺损的临床研究较少。现回顾2020年1月—2021年12月6例胫骨远端瘤段骨切除后采用3D打印钛合金假体重建患者的临床资料,分析该术式的近期疗效。报告如下。
1. 临床资料
1.1. 一般资料
本组男2例,女4例;年龄12~35岁,平均18.5岁。其中骨肉瘤4例,尤文肉瘤1例,骨巨细胞瘤1例。Enneking分期:ⅡA期3例,ⅡB期2例,Ⅲ期1例。病程2~5个月,平均3.2个月。患者详细资料见表1。
表 1.
The clinical data of patients
患者临床资料
| 序号 No. |
年龄 (岁) Age (years) |
性别 Gender |
病理诊断 Pathological diagnaosis |
Enneking 分期 Enneking stage |
瘤段骨切除 长度(cm) Tumor segment bone resection length (cm) |
残留骨段 长度(cm) Residual bone segment length (cm) |
随访时间 (月) Follow-up time (months) |
MSTS评分 MSTS score |
AOFAS评分 AOFAS score |
| 1 | 20 | 女 | 骨肉瘤 | ⅡB | 18 | 20 | 26 | 22 | 71 |
| 2 | 35 | 女 | 骨巨细胞瘤 | Ⅲ | 8 | 26 | 20 | 23 | 76 |
| 3 | 12 | 男 | 骨肉瘤 | ⅡA | 13 | 23 | 16 | 25 | 86 |
| 4 | 17 | 男 | 骨肉瘤 | ⅡA | 12 | 25 | 13 | 26 | 86 |
| 5 | 15 | 女 | 尤文肉瘤 | ⅡB | 15 | 22 | 11 | 24 | 84 |
| 6 | 12 | 女 | 骨肉瘤 | ⅡA | 11 | 26 | 8 | 12 | 50 |
1.2. 治疗方法
1.2.1. 术前准备
患者入院后完善胸部CT、腹部+盆腔增强CT、全身骨扫描、胫腓骨增强CT及MRI,完善病理活检,排除远处转移并明确诊断后,根据病理检查结果进行术前新辅助治疗。骨肉瘤均行MAP方案新辅助化疗2周期;尤文肉瘤行VDC-IE方案新辅助化疗3周期;骨巨细胞瘤侵犯关节面,术前行地舒单抗新辅助治疗4次。6例患者新辅助治疗有效,均有保肢指征,遂与患者及家属沟通确定手术方式。
1.2.2. 假体设计及制作
根据患者术前CT、MRI图像进行胫骨及踝关节三维重建;依据新辅助治疗前MRI冠状面T2WI图像,骨肉瘤及尤文肉瘤距肿瘤上方2 cm处截骨,骨巨细胞瘤距肿瘤上方1 cm处截骨。根据重建图像及切除后骨缺损情况设计胫骨假体,患侧胫骨骨质破坏严重时可使用对侧胫骨的数据镜像转换。
胫骨假体由3部分组成:① 胫骨近端髓内段均设计为骨水泥型髓内针,根据术前CT检查结果测量胫骨残留髓腔大小,制备3~4个大小相近的髓内针。② 接骨段为光滑钛合金组件,设计为组配式部件。③ 胫距关节面通过3D打印技术生产,胫距关节表面及下胫腓关节面均有多孔金属骨小梁结构,3D打印钛合金的孔隙率为60%~70%,尺寸为600 μm。远端侧面带固定螺钉孔,可使用松质骨螺钉固定假体与距骨、跟骨、腓骨,促进踝关节融合;也可以使用锁钉固定腓骨与距骨,加强踝关节稳定性。第1例患者设计使用松质骨螺钉固定假体与距骨、跟骨,由于患者残留骨段较短,设计1块侧翼钢板加强固定;第2例患者设计使用松质骨螺钉固定假体与距骨、腓骨,胫骨近端无侧翼钢板;后4例患者松质骨螺钉单纯固定距骨,胫骨近端均无侧翼钢板。见图1。
图 1.
Schematic diagram of the tibial prosthesis
胫骨假体结构示意图
a. 整体观;b. 局部观
a. Overall view; b. Local view
1.2.3. 手术方式
患者行气管插管全身麻醉,全程使用止血带。取胫骨远端前正中入路,牵开未受侵犯的胫前肌群及胫前血管、腓深神经,充分显露胫骨远端瘤段骨。根据术前测量结果,骨肉瘤及尤文肉瘤距离病变2 cm处截骨,骨巨细胞瘤距离病变1 cm处截骨;本组瘤段骨切除长度8~18 cm,残留骨段长度20~26 cm。切除瘤段骨后胫骨近端扩髓,安装假体。根据腓骨和距骨位置及角度评估假体位置和长度是否合适,修剪截骨残端,选择合适髓内针及接骨段。然后保持患肢中立位调整假体旋转角度,假体位置良好后标记假体位置,移除假体并擦拭干净,备用。
去除距骨胫距关节面、胫腓关节面关节软骨,脉冲式冲洗髓腔,髓腔内打入高黏骨水泥,根据上一步标记位置安装骨水泥型髓内针。待骨水泥发热后安装胫骨接骨段及胫距关节面假体,使用松质骨螺钉固定假体与足部,使带微孔假体与胫距关节面、胫腓关节面充分接触。对3例骨骺未闭合的患儿行腓骨下段骨骺阻滞术,避免因腓骨生长造成踝关节内翻畸形。假体周围涂抹1 g万古霉素粉末,创腔放置螺旋引流管1根。缝合周围肌肉部分覆盖假体,缝合深筋膜及皮肤。术区弹力绷带加压包扎以减少术区渗出。
1.3. 术后处理
术后48 h内静脉应用抗生素预防感染,定期复查炎症指标并行引流管细菌培养。如切口愈合良好,骨肉瘤及尤文肉瘤患者术后3周开始原方案辅助化疗4周期,骨巨细胞瘤术后不辅助治疗。术后6周内佩戴踝关节支具,拄双拐非负重下地活动;6周后佩戴支具部分负重活动,被动活动足部关节;3个月后去掉支具完全负重活动,主动活动足部关节。
1.4. 疗效评价指标
术后拔除引流管后摄胫腓骨正侧位X线片评估假体及螺钉位置。之后每3个月复查患肢X线片、CT及胸部CT等,每6个月复查全身骨扫描,了解有无局部复发及远处转移。术后前2年每3个月评估局部假体微孔骨长入情况、假体位置及功能情况。采用骨骼肌肉系统肿瘤协会(MSTS)评分[9]及美国矫形足踝协会(AOFAS)评分[10]评价下肢及踝关节功能。
2. 结果
本组患者手术时间2~3 h,术中出血量100~300 mL。6例患者均获随访,随访时间8~26个月,平均15.6个月。随访期间均未出现局部复发和远处转移。其中5例末次随访时踝关节均位于90° 功能位,均未发生假体松动、断裂等并发症;踝关节融合稳定,局部骨长入良好;踝关节无活动疼痛症状,可完成行走、上下楼梯等日常活动;但踝关节活动度均受限、踝关节僵硬;其中3例出现局部切口愈合不良,予以对症换药等治疗后好转;MSTS评分为22~26分,平均24分,评价为优3例、良2例;AOFAS评分为71~86分,平均80.6分,评价为良4例、可1例。1例术后2个月出现严重假体周围感染造成假体植入失败,患肢活动疼痛、踝关节功能差,MSTS评分为12分、AOFAS评分为50分,评价均为差;去除假体、感染控制后予以牵拉成骨治疗,目前仍在牵拉成骨过程中,局部成骨可。见图2、3。
图 2.
Case 1
病例1
a. 新辅助化疗前MRI示肿瘤边界及截骨位置;b. 假体设计;c. 假体安装情况,松质骨螺钉固定距骨、跟骨;d、e. 术后2年胫骨正侧位X线片示假体与距骨融合良好,无松动;f、g. 术后2年胫距关节处CT示局部骨融合良好,微孔内骨长入,局部骨桥形成
a. MRI before neoadjuvant chemotherapy showed tumor boundary and osteotomy position; b. Prosthesis design; c. Prosthesis installation, cancellous bone screw fixation of talus and calcaneus; d, e. Anteroposterior and lateral X-ray films of tibia at 2 years after operation showed that the prosthesis and talus well fused without loosening; f, g. CT of the tibiotalar joint at 2 years after operation showed good local bone fusion, bone ingrowth in the micropore, and local bone bridge formation

图 3.
Case 3
病例3
a. 新辅助化疗前MRI示肿瘤边界及截骨位置;b. 假体设计,松质骨螺钉固定距骨,近端为骨水泥型髓内针;c、d. 术后1周正侧位X线片示螺钉位置良好;e、f. 术后3个月足部仍保留一部分屈伸功能
a. MRI before neoadjuvant chemotherapy showed tumor boundary and osteotomy position; b. Prosthesis design, cancellous bone screw fixation of talus, and bone cement intramedullary nail that fixed at the proximal end; c, d. Anteroposterior and lateral X-ray films at 1 week after operation showed that the screw was in good position; e, f. The foot still retained partial flexion and extension functions at 3 months after operation

3. 讨论
胫骨远端恶性骨肿瘤或侵袭性强的良性肿瘤发病率较低,目前暂无相应保肢治疗指南和推荐,国内外各医疗中心报道多种重建方式,取得了一定疗效[11]。因骨原发恶性肿瘤患者以青少年居多,患者生存时间长、活动量大,无论何种重建方式均需尽量延长手术间隔时间,保证足够的踝关节稳定性。
自20世纪70年代首例踝关节假体置换报道以来,现已陆续出现了20余种全踝关节置换系统,但无论是活动平台假体还是固定平台假体,均远未达到髋膝关节置换的效果,假体无菌性松动及假体周围感染风险高,假体失败率高[12]。而切除胫骨瘤段骨后行全踝关节假体置换暂无报道,所以目前踝关节重建仍以踝关节融合为主。对于胫骨远端瘤段骨切除患者应采用各种方式重建胫骨远端,然后与距骨融合以保证踝关节稳定性[11]。目前国内外主要以自体或同种异体骨方式重建胫骨远端并与踝关节融合[2-6],取得了较好的近、远期疗效,但均存在骨整合较慢的情况。
近年,3D打印技术在医学领域显示出巨大应用潜力。新型3D打印植入物具有高度多孔表面,在骨科手术中可达到良好的生物固定效果[13-14]。Guder等[7]及Zhao等[8]报道了9例胫骨远端肿瘤患者,胫骨远端截骨线均未达骨骺线,术中将胫骨近端截骨及远端极限截骨,采用3D打印钛合金假体重建胫骨中远段骨缺损,取得了较好近期疗效。该3D打印假体重建方式相较于灭活再植方式有更好的近期机械稳定性,可更早开始完全负重活动,更快恢复正常学习及工作。牛天立等[15]报道了8例骨肉瘤患者采用3D打印钛合金假体重建胫骨远端,同时将假体与腓骨、距骨融合,取得了不错的近期疗效,患者3周后即可半负重行走,MSTS评分平均为84.2%±3.0%(80%~90%),但未评估踝关节功能。该结果与我们研究中5例假体植入成功患者类似。
本研究患者均因肿瘤需要切除胫骨远端,术中采用3D打印钛合金假体重建胫骨远端骨缺损并将假体与踝关节融合。其中第1例患者设计假体时将假体与跟骨、距骨均融合,术后随访发现患者踝关节活动度受限,步行时间较长时踝关节疼痛,MSTS、AOFAS评分相对较低。后续假体设计中改进方案,第2~6例患者均将假体与距骨融合,获得良好的机械稳定性,同时保留部分踝关节活动度,但患者距跟关节面活动有限,主要靠前足弓获得部分活动度,患者负重行走疼痛症状较第1例患者改善。第2例患者同时将假体与腓骨固定,患者诉局部腓骨牵拉不适,但对关节稳定性及功能均无影响;遂第3~6例患者均使用3枚松质骨螺钉将假体与距骨固定,达到较好的功能及稳定性。
假体周围感染是关节置换术的灾难性并发症[16]。肿瘤型假体体积大、手术耗时长、胫骨远端软组织覆盖差,同时因化疗造成患者免疫功能低下等,导致此类患者胫骨远端假体重建感染率高于普通假体置换术。Cordero等[17]的一项研究发现,粗糙的钛合金假体表面与光滑表面相比有更高的细菌定植趋势。所以本研究设计的胫骨远端假体除胫距关节面外均为光滑表面。但6例患者中仍有1例发生严重假体周围感染,予以多次清创、抗生素等治疗均失败,造成患者假体功能差、局部疼痛,遂于术后3个月去除假体,抗感染治疗1个月后同时行骨搬运技术重建胫骨远端。另5例患者中3例发生局部切口愈合不良,考虑与患者局部软组织覆盖差、术后3周开始化疗有关,同时可能与儿童及青少年皮下可吸收线缝合排斥反应更大有关[18]。所以目前对于胫骨远端皮肤切口,我们多采用皮肤全层丝线缝合方式,局部切口愈合不良发生率较前降低。
本研究局限性:① 为回顾性研究且随访时间较短,无法评估该术式的远期疗效及假体松动等并发症。② 胫骨远端肿瘤且踝关节无法保留发病率低,因此本研究纳入病例较少,对于患者术后功能及并发症的评估可能有限。③ 本研究均采用骨水泥型髓内针,患者髓内段应力集中,远期假体松动等并发症与生物型髓内针或其他固定方式的优劣无法对比。
综上述,3D打印钛合金假体在胫骨远端骨肿瘤保肢治疗中取得了良好的近期效果,尽管存在一定并发症,但患者术后3个月即可完全负重,与生物重建方式[3-4]相比,患者可更快、更好地融入正常学习及工作中。该重建方案可以作为胫骨远端骨恶性肿瘤或侵袭性较强良性肿瘤保肢治疗的选择方法之一。
利益冲突 在课题研究和文章撰写过程中不存在利益冲突;经费支持没有影响文章观点和对研究数据客观结果的分析及其报道
伦理声明 研究方案经河南省肿瘤医院医学伦理委员会批准(2022-200-001)
作者贡献声明 屈国新、张鹏:研究设计;王家强、姚伟涛、王鑫:研究实施;张春蕾:数据收集整理及统计分析;屈国新:文章撰写
Funding Statement
2021年河南省中青年卫生健康科技创新杰出青年人才培养项目(YXKC2021032)
2021 Henan Province Young and Middle-aged Health Science and Technology Innovation Outstanding Young Talents Training Project (YXKC2021032)
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