Abstract
目的
比较年龄>60岁及≤60岁患者膝关节内侧人工单髁置换术(unicompartmental knee arthroplasty,UKA)的近期疗效,探讨年龄对疗效的影响。
方法
回顾性分析2016年7月—2018年6月行膝关节内侧UKA的182例患者(182膝)临床资料,其中72例患者年龄≤60岁(A组),110例>60岁(B组)。两组患者年龄比较差异有统计学意义(t=−20.198,P<0.001);性别、身体质量指数、骨关节炎侧别、Kellgren-Lawrence分级、病程以及术前西安大略和麦克马斯特大学骨关节炎指数评分(WOMAC)比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性。记录患者术后住院时间及并发症发生情况,比较两组WOMAC评分、满意度评分以及假体翻修情况。
结果
A组患者术后住院时间为(4.50±1.09)d,B组为(4.46±1.29)d,组间比较差异无统计学意义(t=0.198,P=0.844)。两组切口均Ⅰ期愈合。A、B组术后早期并发症发生率分别为5.6%、3.6%,差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.061,P=0.804)。两组患者均获随访,A组随访时间28~50个月,平均36个月;B组28~50个月,平均35个月。末次随访时,两组WOMAC评分均较术前改善(P<0.05),手术前后差值组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。A、B组患者满意度评分分别为(6.6±1.7)、(6.9±1.6)分,差异无统计学意义(t=−1.326,P=0.186)。随访期间两组患者均无假体翻修。
结论
年龄对膝关节内侧UKA预后无明显影响,60岁以下患者也可以获得良好近期疗效。
Keywords: 人工单髁置换术, 膝关节, 骨关节炎, 年龄, 疗效
Abstract
Objective
To compare the short-term effectiveness of medial unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA) between patients younger or older than 60 years of age, and to investigate the impact of age on the effectiveness.
Methods
The clinical data of 182 patients (182 knees) who underwent medial UKA between July 2016 and June 2018 were retrospectively analyzed, of which 72 patients were less than 60 years old (group A) and 110 patients were more than 60 years old (group B). There was a significant difference in age between groups (t=−20.198, P<0.001). No significant difference was found in gender, body mass index, surgical sides, Kellgren-Lawrence grading, disease duration, and preoperative Western Ontario and McMaster University Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) score between groups (P>0.05). The postoperative hospital stay and complications were recorded, and the WOMAC score, satisfaction score, and prosthesis revision were compared between groups.
Results
The length of postoperative hospital stay was (4.50±1.09) days in group A, and (4.46±1.29) days in group B, with no significant difference between groups (t=0.198, P=0.844). All incisions healed by first intention. The incidences of early postoperative complications in groups A and B were 5.6% and 3.6%, respectively, and the difference was not significant (χ2=0.061, P=0.804). All patients were followed up. The follow-up time were 28-50 months (mean, 36 months) in group A and 28-50 months (mean, 35 months) in group B. At last follow-up, the WOMAC scores of both groups significantly improved when compared with those before operation (P<0.05), and there was no significant difference between groups (P>0.05) in the difference before and after operation. The satisfaction scores were 6.6±1.7 in group A and 6.9±1.6 in group B, with no significant difference between groups (t=−1.326, P=0.186). There was no revision surgery in both groups during follow-up period.
Conclusion
Age has no significant effect on the prognosis of medial UKA, and patients younger than 60 years of age can also obtain good short-term effectiveness.
Keywords: Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty, knee, osteoarthritis, age, effectiveness
对于膝关节重度骨关节炎患者,人工膝关节置换术可以缓解疼痛、改善功能、提高生活质量。与人工全膝关节置换术(total knee arthroplasty,TKA)相比,人工单髁置换术(unicompartmental knee arthroplasty,UKA)具有切口微创、可保留骨量和交叉韧带、术后康复快等优点,应用日益增多[1-2]。UKA适应证为膝关节单间室骨关节炎,需要综合考虑患者年龄、体质量、职业、活动要求等因素,最佳适应证为年龄>60岁、活动要求不高、非肥胖患者[3]。早期研究显示,年轻患者UKA术后假体中远期生存率低于老年患者[4-5]。
随着单髁假体材料进步、假体设计改进以及手术技术提高,UKA手术适应证有所扩大,近年研究显示年轻患者行UKA也可以获得良好疗效和患者满意度[6-7] 。目前,临床UKA研究大多基于活动平台假体置换,固定平台假体置换研究较少。为此,我们回顾分析2016年7月—2018年6月于我院采用固定平台假体行膝关节内侧UKA患者的临床资料,比较年龄>60岁及≤60岁患者术后并发症、关节功能恢复程度以及患者满意度,进一步探讨年龄对UKA疗效的影响。报告如下。
1. 临床资料
1.1. 患者选择标准
纳入标准:① 膝关节内侧间室骨关节炎(Kellgren-Lawrence Ⅲ、Ⅳ级);② 膝关节外侧间室和髌股关节无症状,前交叉韧带功能正常,膝关节内翻和屈曲挛缩均≤15°,膝关节活动度≥90°;③ 使用膝关节内侧固定平台单髁假体(ZUK假体;Zimmer公司,美国);④ 术后获随访2年以上。排除标准:① 类风湿性关节炎;② 曾接受膝关节周围截骨术;③ 存在膝关节感染史。
2016年7月—2018年6月,共182例患者(182膝)符合选择标准纳入研究。其中72例患者年龄≤60岁(A组),110例>60岁(B组)。
1.2. 一般资料
A组:男17例,女55例;年龄46~60岁,平均54.8岁。身体质量指数(body mass index,BMI)16.44~37.18 kg/m2,平均27.73 kg/m2。左膝41例,右膝31例。骨关节炎分级:Kellgren-Lawrence Ⅲ级14例,Ⅳ级58例。病程0.5~15.0年,中位病程4.0年。
B组:男37例,女73例;年龄61~75岁,平均66.2岁。BMI 17.72~37.78 kg/m2,平均27.25 kg/m2。左膝65例,右膝45例。骨关节炎分级:Kellgren-Lawrence Ⅲ级29例,Ⅳ级81例。病程0.5~20.0年,中位病程5.0年。
两组患者年龄比较差异有统计学意义(t=−20.198,P<0.001);性别、BMI、骨关节炎侧别、Kellgren-Lawrence 分级、病程以及术前西安大略和麦克马斯特大学骨关节炎指数评分(WOMAC)比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性。见表1。
1.3. 手术方法
蛛网膜下腔阻滞麻醉下,患者取平卧位,于患侧大腿根部上充气式止血带且全程使用。作膝前内侧切口,髌旁内侧入路。首先,检查膝关节3个间室及前交叉韧带状态,以明确手术适应证;清除骨赘,保护软组织。胫骨平台截骨:冠状面垂直胫骨机械轴,矢状面后倾5°~7°。测试膝关节屈曲间隙,如未达8 mm则需二次截骨。膝关节伸直位,将合适厚度的间隔垫块插入胫骨截骨面和股骨远端之间,安装截骨导向器,检查下肢力线合适后行股骨远端截骨,确认膝关节屈伸间隙平衡。测量股骨假体大小,行股骨斜面和后髁截骨,钻固定桩孔;切除内侧半月板;测量胫骨假体大小,胫骨平台开槽,钻固定桩孔。选择合适厚度垫片。冲洗骨床后,安装假体。逐层缝合切口,不放置切口引流管。
1.4. 术后处理及疗效评价指标
两组术后处理以及锻炼方式一致。术后采用周围神经阻滞、关节周围注射及口服镇痛药的多模式镇痛。常规给予预防感染及下肢深静脉血栓形成治疗。术后第1天开始膝关节主、被动屈伸功能锻炼,鼓励患者在助行器辅助下开始行走训练;2周内行膝关节活动度、肌力训练;3~6周行膝关节活动度、肌力、步态训练; 7~12周行膝关节活动度、肌力、步态、平衡、防摔倒、生活运动训练。
记录患者术后住院时间及并发症发生情况。术后3、6、12个月及之后每年定期随访。采用WOMAC评分评价膝关节功能;采用李克特五级评分法评价患者满意度,其中非常不满意0分,不满意2分,一般4分,满意6分,非常满意8分。影像学检查假体有无下沉、松动,记录有无假体翻修。
1.5. 统计学方法
采用SPSS25.0统计软件进行分析。计量资料经正态性检验均符合正态分布,数据以均数±标准差表示,组间比较采用独立样本t检验,组内手术前后比较采用配对t检验;计数资料以率表示,组间比较采用χ2检验;检验水准α=0.05。
2. 结果
A组患者术后住院时间为(4.50±1.09)d,B组为(4.46±1.29)d,组间比较差异无统计学意义(t=0.198,P=0.844)。两组切口均Ⅰ期愈合。A组术后早期发生尿潴留1例、小腿肌间静脉血栓形成3例,并发症发生率为5.6%;B组发生心绞痛1例、尿潴留1例、应激性胃溃疡1例、小腿肌间静脉血栓形成1例,并发症发生率为3.6%;两组并发症发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.061,P=0.804)。尿潴留者经留置尿管处理,恢复自主排尿;小腿肌间静脉血栓形成者经口服抗凝药物治疗,无后遗症状;心绞痛、应激性胃溃疡者经内科会诊,给予药物治疗后好转。
两组患者均获随访,A组随访时间28~50个月,平均36个月;B组28~50个月,平均35个月。末次随访时,两组WOMAC评分均较术前改善,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);手术前后差值组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表1。A、B组患者满意度评分分别为(6.6±1.7)、(6.9±1.6)分,差异无统计学意义(t=−1.326,P=0.186)。影像学检查未见假体下沉、松动,随访期间两组患者均无假体翻修。见图1、2。
表 1.
Comparison of pre- and post-operative WOMAC scores between the two groups ()
两组手术前后WOMAC评分比较()
组别 Group |
例数 n |
术前 Preoperative |
末次随访 Last follow-up |
差值 Difference |
统计值 Statistic |
A | 72 | 41.1±12.9 | 10.6±11.1 | −30.5±14.3 |
t=18.050 P<0.001 |
B | 110 | 40.2±11.6 | 9.4±9.8 | −30.8±15.0 |
t=21.570 P<0.001 |
统计值 Statistic |
t=0.461 P=0.646 |
− |
t=0.153 P=0.878 |
图 1.
Anteroposterior and lateral X-ray films of a 52-year-old female patient with medial osteoarthritis of the left knee (Kellgren-Lawrence grade Ⅳ) in group A
A组患者,女,52岁,左膝关节内侧间室骨关节炎(Kellgren-Lawrence Ⅳ级)正侧位X线片
a. 术前;b. 术后4年
a. Before operation; b. At 4 years after operation
图 2.
Anteroposterior and lateral X-ray films of a 69-year-old male patient with medial osteoarthritis of the right knee (Kellgren-Lawrence grade Ⅳ) in group B
B组患者,男,69岁,右膝关节内侧间室骨关节炎(Kellgren-Lawrence Ⅳ级)正侧位X线片
a. 术前;b. 术后3年
a. Before operation; b. At 3 years after operation
3. 讨论
早期UKA手术适应证比较严格,主要用于治疗老年、运动量相对较小患者。近年来,随着UKA手术技术的提高和单髁假体设计的完善,手术适应证逐渐扩大[8-9]。但有关年龄对UKA术后疗效影响的研究结论不一,目前有研究报道年轻患者UKA也可获得良好疗效 [7,10] 。
Lee等[11]比较了年龄<55岁和>55岁患者采用固定平台假体UKA的疗效差异,术后两组患者膝关节协会功能评分(KSFS)均较术前显著提高,但是<55岁患者术后10年KSFS评分明显高于>55岁患者。Kennedy等[12]根据年龄将UKA患者分成4组:第1组(<55岁)、第2组(55~65岁)、第3组(65~75岁)、第4组(≥75岁),研究发现4组患者术后牛津膝关节评分(OKS)均较术前明显改善,且第3组患者术后10年OKS评分高于其他组。Mohammad等[13]同样以55、65、75岁为界将UKA患者分成4组,结果显示4组患者术后KSFS和OKS评分差异均无统计学意义。本研究两组均行膝关节内侧固定平台假体UKA,采用膝前内侧小切口以及多模式镇痛,术后第1天开始膝关节功能锻炼。术后均无严重并发症发生,患者住院时间短。患者经2年以上随访,膝关节功能良好,较术前明显改善,两组WOMAC评分差异无统计学意义。本研究及上述相关文献提示UKA手术创伤小,术后恢复快,年轻患者术后膝关节功能恢复良好,关节功能评分与老年患者相似或更高。
近年来,人工膝关节置换术后患者满意度受到关注和重视,成为衡量手术疗效的重要指标。研究发现,UKA术后患者满意度为86%~91%[14-15]。Jansen等[16]比较了UKA和TKA患者术后满意度,结果显示TKA组81%患者达满意或非常满意,而UKA组达满意或非常满意患者比例高达90%。术后满意度受患者病情、术前期望值及手术因素等影响[15, 17-19]。年龄是否影响UKA术后患者满意度,目前尚有争议。Von Keudell等[20]根据年龄将患者分成3组:第1组(<55岁)、第2组(55~65岁)、第3组(≥65岁),结果显示第1组患者术后满意度最高。而Koh等[21]的研究却发现,年龄<60岁是患者UKA术后不满意的危险因素。我们分析一方面年轻患者术后康复快,术后功能恢复好,容易获得较高满意度;但另一方面年轻患者手术期望值高,对高水平活动或体育活动要求高,期望值达不到时可能导致满意度降低。因此,年轻患者UKA术前要明确手术适应证,并与其充分沟通以建立合理手术期望值。本研究以李克特五级评分法来评价患者满意度,结果显示两组患者满意度评分均较高,差异无统计学意义。
早期临床研究报道,年轻患者UKA术后假体中远期翻修率较高。Parratte等[4]回顾性分析了1989年—2001年行膝关节固定平台假体UKA的31例患者(35膝)临床资料,患者年龄均在50岁以下,平均随访9.7年,假体12年生存率为80.6%。W-Dahl等[5]分析了1998年—2007年瑞典膝关节置换注册数据和澳大利亚国家关节置换注册数据,结果显示年龄<65岁患者UKA术后7年翻修率(14%)明显高于>65岁患者(7.5%)。UKA术后常见翻修原因包括聚乙烯磨损、假体无菌性松动、骨关节炎进展、垫片脱位、不明原因疼痛等[4, 14, 22]。此外,有研究发现膝关节内侧间室部分软骨缺失患者与全层软骨缺失患者相比,UKA术后关节功能评分更差,再手术率增加[23]。因此,选择合适的手术适应证,提高UKA手术技术,有助于提高UKA术后假体生存率。最近,一系列研究报道年轻患者UKA术后也可以获得良好中远期假体生存率。Kim等[24]对年龄<60岁行活动平台假体UKA患者平均随访8.9年,假体10年生存率为94.7%。Calkins等[22]对55岁以下行固定平台假体UKA患者平均随访11.2年,假体10年生存率为90.4%。Lee等[11]对固定平台假体UKA患者进行10年以上随访,发现年龄<55岁患者假体生存率与>55岁患者相同,均为96%。本研究中两组患者经固定平台假体UKA治疗后平均随访约36个月,均无假体翻修,术后早期假体生存率100%。由于本研究随访时间有限,中远期假体生存率还需进一步随访观察。
综上述, 60岁以下患者采用固定平台假体行内侧UKA,膝关节功能恢复良好,满意度高,临床疗效与60岁以上患者相似。年轻不再是UKA的禁忌证,术前选择合适的手术适应证、建立合理的手术期望值,术中减少手术创伤,术后早期功能锻炼,年轻患者UKA也可以获得满意疗效。
利益冲突 在课题研究和文章撰写过程中不存在利益冲突;经费支持没有影响文章观点和对研究数据客观结果的统计分析及其报道
伦理声明 研究方案经北京积水潭医院伦理委员会批准(积伦科审字第202102-03号)
作者贡献声明 唐杞衡:研究设计、数据分析及文章撰写;周一新:研究设计及数据分析;王兆伦、邓旺:数据收集及分析
Funding Statement
北京积水潭医院高层次人才“学科骨干”培养计划(XKGG202111)
Beijing Jishuitan Elite Young Scholar Program (XKGG202111)
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