Content of this journal is licensed under a Abstract
Objective: Fetuin-A is a multifunctional non-collagen protein that plays a role in bone mineralization. Celiac disease is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the small intestine due to exposure to gluten. In this research, it was aimed to investigate levels of Fetuin-A and its relationship with bone mineral density in children with celiac disease.
Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on 59 children with celiac and 29 healthy children. The celiac disease group was composed of three groups, newly diagnosed, gluten-free diet compliant and, non- gluten-free diet compliant patients. Serum Fetuin-A concentrations were measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. Measurement of bone mineral density was performed a dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry.
Results: Serum Fetuin-A levels were 136.85 ± 38.09 µg/L and 112.95 ± 44.39 µg/L in the celiac disease and healthy control groups, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference between groups in levels of serum Fetuin-A (P < .05). A significant positive correlation was observed between serum Fetuin-A and bone mineral density Z-score in the celiac patients.
Conclusion: Increased Fetuin-A levels and positive correlation between Fetuin-A and bone mineral density in children with celiac disease suggest that Fetuin-A may be a biomarker for celiac disease.
Keywords: Celiac disease, Fetuin-A, bone mineral density
Main Points
Fetuin-A levels are higher in children with celiac.
Fetuin-A may play a role in osteopenia.
Fetuin-A has a positive correlation with bone mineral density.
Introduction
Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune enteropathy triggered by ingested gluten peptides, develops in genetically susceptible individuals.1 Clinical manifestations of CD can be ranged the gastrointestinal symptoms such as malabsorption, diarrhea, vomiting, weight loss, and abdominal discomfort, to extraintestinal symptoms, including osteoporosis, anemia, dermatitis herpetiformis, infertility, and neurological problems. Extraintestinal manifestations may be the first symptoms of the disease, especially in later ages and adults, without gastrointestinal symptoms.2 Celiac disease may result in impaired bone mass and mineral metabolism and metabolic osteopathy.3 Intestinal malabsorption and inflammation contribute to the pathophysiology of bone damage in CD. Many studies have been reported low bone mineral density (BMD) in CD.4–6
Fetuin-A (a-2 Heremans Schmid glycoprotein) is a multifunctional protein synthesized from the liver. It is found in high concentrations in serum.7 It makes up 25% of the non-collagen proteins in bone and is, therefore, one of the 2 most abundant non-collagen proteins.8 Bone Fetuin-A is probably synthesized hepatically and delivered to the bone via the bloodstream.9 Many studies have shown that Fetuin-A mediates mineral transfer in the general circulation and the extracellular area.10–12 It binds with a higher affinity to calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate and a lower affinity to magnesium phosphate.13 Price et al14 showed that Fetuin-A is necessary for determining the location of mineralization in their in vitro study. It has been observed that mineral accumulation in the presence of Fetuin-A is in collagen and outside of collagen in its absence.14,15 In a research, involving older men and women it was suggested that circulating Fetuin-A is associated with BMD, which is more pronounced in women. A similar finding was reported in another study among elderly women.16,17 There is no study that gives information about Fetuin-A levels, and the relationship between it and bone metabolism in children with CD. The present study aimed to investigate the Fetuin-A levels and the relationship between BMD and Fetuin-A in children with CD.
Materials and Methods
Ethics Committee
The approval for this research was obtained from the Clinical Research Ethics Committee of Atatürk University, Faculty of Medicine (B.30.2.ATA0.01.00/454). Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
Patient and Control Group
The present study included 59 children with CD and 29 children without any health problems (HC). The diagnosis of CD was based on the criteria of the European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition.18 The CD group was divided into 3 groups: 18 previously diagnosed and compatible with diet (GDF), 20 previously diagnosed and incompatible with diet (Non-GDF), and 21 newly diagnosed (ND). According to anti-tissue transglutaminase (anti-tTG) IgA levels, it was defined as GFD (compliant with gluten-free diet) for 0-20 U/mL and Non-GFD (incompatible with the gluten-free diet) for >20 U/mL. The mean follow-up period of previously diagnosed patients was 2.6 years. Those who had type-1 diabetes mellitus, hyperthyroidism, and a systemic disease were excluded from the study in the CD group.
Height and weight were measured in CD and HC groups. Age-related body mass index Z-score (BMI-Z score) was calculated according to data from the general Turkish pediatric population.19
Measurement of Bone Mineral Density
Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (g/cm2) was used to estimate the BMD for the CD group. The absolute BMD for each patient was expressed as a Z score when compared with the mean BMD of the age- and sex-matched healthy control group. For pediatric individuals, the definition of low bone mass was defined as a BMD Z score is ≤−2.0 adjusted for age, sex, and body size.20
Biochemical Analysis
Blood samples taken from all participants were put into a serum tube and centrifuged at 1.000 × g for 15 minutes, and all serum specimens were stored at −80°C until the day of analysis. Serum calcium (Ca), phosphate (P), and magnesium (Mg) levels were assayed by the clinic autoanalyzer (SYCHRON LX; Beckman Coulter, Fullerton, CA, USA). Human anti-tTG IgA levels were detected by means of an immunoenzymatic method. Serum concentrations of Fetuin-A were measured using an enzyme-linked immunoassay (Fetuin A ELISA kit; ref number: DK0128, DiaMetra, Italy) and according to the manufacturer’s standard protocol. The serum samples and the ELISA kits were kept at room temperature for approximately 2 hours on the study day. Fetuin-A analysis was performed by a multiplate reader spectrophotometer (XS Powerwave, BioTEK, USA). Serum Fetuin-A levels were calculated as micrograms per liter.
Statistical Analysis
Statistical analysis was performed using the statistical software program, Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, for Windows v.20 (IBM SPSS Corp.; Armonk, NY, USA). The variables were investigated using the Shapiro–Wilk test to determine normal distribution. Descriptive analyses were presented using mean and standard deviation (mean ± SD) or median, minimum, and maximum (med (min-max)). The differences in parametric and non-parametric data between CD and HC were calculated using Student’s t distribution and Mann–Whitney U test, respectively. Also, the Kruskal–Wallis test was used for statistical analysis of the celiac subgroups. The correlations were calculated using the Spearman rank test. Differences were regarded as significant at P < .05.
Results
The demographic characteristics and biochemical findings of children with CD and the HC are shown in Table 1. The data of height, weight, and BMI Z-score in the CD group was significantly lower than the healthy control group (P < .001).
Table 1.
Age, Height, Weight, and BMI-Z Score Data of the Study Groups
| CD Group Mean ± SD or Med (Min-Max)(N = 59) |
HC Group Mean ± SD or Med (Min-Max) (N = 29) |
P | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ND (N = 21) | GFD (N = 18) | Non-GFD (N = 20) | P | Total CD (N = 59) | |||
| Age (year) | 11.7 ± 3.3 | 11.5 ± 2.5 | 12.8 ± 2.4 | .305 | 12.0 ± 2.8 | 13.0 ± 2.3 | .104 |
| Height (cm) | 132.5 (104.1 to 155.2) | 138.9 (108.2 to 166.4) | 144.9 (112.1 to 160.1)a | .121 | 138.4 (112.1 to 166.1)b | 150.4 (115.1 to 175) | .000 |
| Weight (kg) | 15.2 (12.4 to 21.2) | 16.4 (11.9 to 30.2)a | 17.4 (13.8 to 21.8)a | .373 | 16.1 (11.9 to 30.2)b | 18.9 (14.2 to 28.4) | .000 |
| BMI-Z score | −1.67 (−2.92 to 0.3) | −1.13 (−3.14 to 2.58) | −1.00 (−3.19 to 0.37) | .236 | −1.28 (−3.19 to 2.58)b | −0.38 (−2.48 to 2.42) | .000 |
aStatistically significant compared with ND.
bStatistically significant compared with HC.
CD, celiac disease; ND, newly diagnosed; GFD, gluten-free diet compatible; non-GFD, non-gluten-free diet compatible; HC, healthy control; BMI-Z score, body mass index Z score.
Serum Ca levels were not significantly different between the CD and HC (P > .05). While serum P values were significantly higher in the CD group (P < .001), serum Mg levels were significantly lower (P < .001).
There was a statistically significant difference between HC and CD groups in terms of serum Fetuin A level (Table 2). Serum Fetuin-A levels were significantly higher in celiac patients (136.85 ± 38.09 mg/L) than the HC group (112.95 ± 44.39 mg/mL, P < .05), (Figure 1a).
Table 2.
Mineral, BMD, and Fetuin-A Data of Study Groups
| Variables | CD Group Mean ± SD or Med (Min-Max) (N = 59) |
HC Group Mean ± SD or Med (Min-Max) (N = 29) |
P | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ND (N = 21) |
GFD (N = 18) |
Non-GFD (N = 20) |
P | Total CD (N = 59) |
|||
| Ca (mg/dL) | 9.48 ± 0.52 | 10.05 ± 0.27a | 9.99 ± 0.30a | .005 | 9.88 ± 0.42 | 9.71 ± 1.48 | .228 |
| P (mg/dL) | 5.01 (3.6 to 6.2) | 4.52 (3.3 to 5.9) | 4.60 (3.2 to 6.4) | .171 | 4.67 (3.2 to 6.4)b | 4.00 (3.2 to 5.8) | .000 |
| Mg (mg/dL) | 2.00 (1.8 to 2.1) | 1.90 (1.8 to 2.1) | 1.85 (1.7 to 2.1) | .076 | 1.89 (1.7 to 2.1)b | 2.15 (1.7 to 2.5) | .000 |
| BMD Z-score | −0.97 ± 1.15 | −0.51 ± 1.17 | 0.78 ± 1.18 | .121 | −0.76 ± 1.16 | - | - |
| Fetuin A (µg/L) | 130.5 (59.4 to 259.5) | 146.9 (75.1 to 258.2) | 134.4 (68.2 to 259.5) | .391 | 136.8 (59.4 to 259.5)b | 112.9 (28.0 to 225.5) | .016 |
aStatistically significant compared with ND.
bStatistically significant compared with HC.
CD, celiac disease; ND, newly diagnosed; GFD, gluten-free diet compatible; non-GFD, non-gluten-free diet compatible; HC, healthy control; Ca, calcium; P, phospforus; Mg, magnesium; BMD, bone mineral density.
Figure 1.
Serum Fetuin-A levels in patient and healthy control group (A), Serum Fetuin-A levels in celiac subgroups (B).
In the CD subgroups, patients in the ND group had lower BMI than those in the Non-GFD and GFD groups (P < .05) (Table 1). Serum Ca values were significantly lower in ND patients, however, no significant difference was observed in serum Fetuin-A (Figure 1b), P, Mg, and BMD Z-scores among the three groups (Table 2).
As seen in Figure 2, in the patient group, a significant positive correlation was found between Fetuin-A levels and BMD (r = 0.257, P = .047).
Figure 2.
Correlation between Fetuin-A level and BMD Z-score in patient (r = 0.257, P < .05).
Discussion
This study investigated Fetuin A levels and the relationship of Fetuin-A to BMD in children with CD. Our results show that serum Fetuin-A concentrations are higher in patients with CD than in the healthy control group. Also, a positive correlation was observed between Fetuin-A and BMD in CD patients.
Many studies were shown that children with CD have lower bone mineral density than healthy children.5,6,21,22 In our research, we did not observe any difference among ND, good GFD, and non-GFD groups.
Fetuin-A is a liver-derived plasma protein. It is the most abundant globular plasma protein in fetuses and young children.23 Its best-known function is related to mineralization biology. It buffers mineral ion supersaturation by binding small clumps of calcium and phosphate that may form abnormally in circulation.24,25 Therefore, it acts as an important circulatory inhibitor of ectopic calcifications by moving these calciprotein particles to the organic matrix of the bone. Studies have shown that Fetuin-A is a serum protein that supports bone mineralization in vitro and in vivo.16,26
In research conducted with 508 healthy elderly people between the ages of 70-79 by Ix et al.16 they reported that high Fetuin-A levels were associated with high BMD in women. Rasul et al27 have observed an association of Fetuin-A levels with markers of bone turnover in patients with type 2 diabetes. In the first and only study on Fetuin-A levels in children, no difference was found in the Fetuin-A levels between children with cow’s milk allergy and healthy children.28 Ozkan et al.29 in their study on postmenopausal women, observed lower Fetuin-A levels in the osteoporosis group compared to the healthy group. They found a statistically insignificant positive correlation between Fetuin-A and lumbar and femoral BMD.
There are no studies on Fetuin-A in patients with celiac disease in the pediatric, adult, or elderly in the literature. The study we conducted is the first study on this subject, and the mean of Fetuin-A concentrations was found to be significantly higher in CD patients. However, there was no observed difference among CD subgroups. Decreased mineral absorption due to intestinal malabsorption causes low BMD in children with celiac disease. When the results of our study are evaluated, it may be thought that due to the role of Fetuin-A in bone mineralization, it is more synthesized in patients with celiac disease to provide bone mineralization at low mineral levels. Besides, finding a correlation between Fetuin-A and BMD in the group with CD supports this hypothesis. However, new research is needed to explain the mechanisms related to this.
In conclusion, increased Fetuin-A levels and a positive correlation between Fetuin-A and BMD in children with celiac disease suggest that Fetuin-A may a biomarker for celiac disease.
Limitations of the Study
It is a limitation of this research that the number of cases (especially CD subgroups) is low. Participants who received treatment for celiac diseases such as vitamin D and calcium affecting bone metabolism could not be excluded.
Footnotes
Ethics Committee Approval: Ethical committee approval was received from the Ethics Committee of Atatürk University (approval number: B.30.2.ATA0.01.00/454).
Informed Consent: Written informed consent was obtained from all participants who participated in this study.
Peer-review: Externally peer-reviewed.
Author Contributions: Concept – N.K., F.B.O., B.V.; Design – N. K., B.V.; Supervision – N.K., A.C.; Funding – N.K.; Materials – F.B.O., M.A.G.; Data Collection and/or Processing – B.V., A.C.; Analysis and/or Interpretation – N.K., F.B., M.A.G.; Literature Review – N.K., F.B.O.; Writing – N.K., B.V.; Critical Review – N.K., A.C.
Declaration of Interests: The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
Funding: The authors declared that this study has received no financial support.
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