Fig. 6.

Conceptual diagrams depicting the virus-host interactions via AMGs. The diagrams show how lytic (a) and temperate (b) viruses may modulate host metabolism in the PRE. Red arrows indicate the reactions that viruses may actively participate in, confirmed by their AMGs’ expression levels. a Upon successful infections, lytic viruses could strongly shape their host metabolisms and the biogeochemical cycles by expressing AMGs involved in organic matter degradation (i.e., carbohydrate, phosphate ester, and organosulfur), nutrient uptake, and transformation, which in turn redirect the energy and materials toward viral progeny assembly. b For temperate viruses, they typically express AMGs that could enhance prokaryotic defense system and regulate cell growth for host survival. They also tend to augment host environmental tolerance by expressing AMGs involved in antibiotic resistance and two-component systems