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Journal of Southern Medical University logoLink to Journal of Southern Medical University
. 2022 Oct 20;42(10):1495–1502. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2022.10.08

P2X7受体通过激活AKT信号通路促进小鼠Lewis肺癌细胞的迁移和侵袭

P2X7R promotes migration and invasion of Lewis lung cancer cells by activating the AKT signaling pathway

Yiqing TANG 1, Ronglan ZHAO 1, Cuicui QIAO 1, Xinyu LI 1, Xue BAI 1, Xiaoxiang PENG 1,*
PMCID: PMC9637501  PMID: 36329583

Abstract

Objective

To explore the role of P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) in migration and invasion of mouse Lewis lung cancer (LLC) cells and examine the tumorigenic ability of LLC cells in P2X7R-knockout mice.

Methods

RT-PCR was used to examine P2X7R mRNA expression in LLC cells. LLC cells were treated with ATP (as a P2X7R agonist) or 2'- 3'- O- (4-benzoyl- benzoyl)-ATP (BzATP) (a P2X7R agonist) with or without pretreatment with P2X7R antagonist oxATP or A438079. The changes in migration and invasive abilities of the cells were evaluated using wound healing assay and Transwell assay; Western blotting was performed to determine the activation level of the key proteins in the AKT signaling pathway. The effects of BzATP, A438079, and LY294002 (a inhibitor of the PI3K/AKT pathway) on migration and invasion of LLC cells were also examined. In wild-type (WT) and P2X7R knockout (P2X7-/-) C57BL/6 mice, the growth of subcutaneous LLC cell xenografts were observed by measuring tumor volume and weight.

Results

P2X7R expression was detected in LLC cells. Treatment with P2X7R agonist significantly enhanced migration and invasion abilities of LLC cells, and this effect was inhibited by application of P2X7R antagonists (P < 0.001). Western blotting showed that BzATP treatment of LLC cells significantly increased the expression level of p-AKT protein, which was obviously lowered by treatment with P2X7R antagonist (P < 0.01). P2X7R antagonist strongly inhibited BzATP-induced enhancement of LLC cell migration and invasion (P < 0.001). In the tumor- bearing mice, the tumor volume and weight were significantly lower in P2X7-/- mice than in WT mice (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

P2X7R promotes migration and invasion of LLC cells by activating the AKT signaling pathway, and LLC cells show lowered tumorigenic capacity in P2X7-/- mice.

Keywords: P2X7 receptor, Lewis lung cancer, migration, invasion, AKT signaling pathway


近年来,肺癌成为国内外首要的癌症相关死因[1]。肺癌包括小细胞肺癌(SCLC)和非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC),其中后者又包括大细胞癌、腺癌和鳞状细胞癌[2]。SCLC治疗的主要方法为化疗[2]。手术切除是I至IIIA期NSCLC的首选;而化疗和放疗等治疗方式成为晚期NSCLC选择[3]。由于NSCLC发展迅速且恶性程度较高,病情晚期进行手术切除后复发率和转移率仍较高,同时化放疗的治疗效果也十分局限。因此寻找特异且有效的靶向药物对于治疗肺癌来说至关重要[3]

P2X7受体(P2X7R)是依赖于ATP的阳离子通道受体,虽然在健康组织中细胞外ATP含量极低以至于常无法检测到,但在肿瘤微环境(TME)中可发现高达几百微摩尔/升的ATP[4, 5]。P2X7R是一种双功能受体,一方面低浓度ATP激活P2X7R可逆地打开与细胞存活有关的阳离子(Na+、K+、Ca2+)通道;另一方面高浓度ATP持续刺激P2X7R会形成与细胞死亡有关的渗透高分子量分子(高达900 Da)的大导电孔[5]。P2X7R广泛表达于免疫细胞和大多数恶性肿瘤细胞,在TME中发挥着复杂的作用:在乳腺癌[6]、肺癌[7]、结肠癌[8]等癌症患者的肿瘤组织中发现P2X7R过表达,且P2X7R过表达的癌症患者预后效果更差。ATP激活P2X7R促进人乳腺癌T47D细胞的侵袭和迁移,可能与激活AKT信号通路和调控E-cadherin和MMP-13表达有关[9];细胞外ATP激活P2X7R可诱导人A549肺癌细胞的上皮间质转化以及迁移和侵袭过程[10];转化生长因子-β1(TGF-β1)可诱导A549肺癌细胞释放ATP从而激活P2X7R通过肌动蛋白重塑促进细胞迁移[11]。但在结肠癌中P2X7R通过抑制STAT3磷酸化抑制结直肠腺癌HT29细胞的增殖[12]。对于体内实验不同课题组结果存在不一致性,与WT小鼠相比,P2X7-/-小鼠可促进或抑制体内LLC皮下移植瘤的生长,这与宿主免疫细胞P2X7R缺失后功能变化有关[13, 14]。有研究发现与WT小鼠相比,P2X7-/-小鼠乌拉坦诱导的原位肺癌和LLC皮下移植瘤的生长均受到明显抑制。敲除P2X7R后可抑制肿瘤发生发展过程,表现为显著抑制了巨噬细胞向M2型的极化,继而降低了肿瘤相关巨噬细胞促进肿瘤细胞增殖和促进血管生成的作用,同时激活了T细胞的活性[13]。但也有研究发现P2X7R缺陷小鼠移植的LLC肿瘤生长更快[14]

本课题组前期研究制备了“一种抗人P2RX7单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞系”,在验证该抗体的特异性及功能时,我们使用该抗体检测了不同肿瘤患者外周血单个核细胞(PBMCs)上P2X7R的表达,结果发现不同类型肿瘤患者PBMCs上该受体表达存在差异,其中就包含肺癌。与健康对照相比,SCLC患者PBMCs的P2X7R表达水平升高,而肺鳞癌患者PBMCs的P2X7R表达正常[15]。随后课题组利用免疫组化实验检测临床标本中P2X7R在NSCLC组织中的表达,结果发现P2X7R在NSCLC组织中表达水平明显高于癌旁正常肺组织。结果提示该受体在NSCLC进展中可能发挥重要作用,因此我们继续研究探讨P2X7R对肺癌迁移、侵袭能力的影响。

虽然现有研究结果显示P2X7R促进肺癌的迁移和侵袭,但其具体作用机制有待深入探讨;体内实验结果存在不一致性,也需要进一步研究和探讨。为此,基于课题组此前的研究,本研究以NSCLC的LLC细胞为研究对象,探讨P2X7R激活对LLC细胞迁移及侵袭能力的影响及其可能机制,并初步探讨P2X7-/-小鼠对LLC的体内成瘤能力的影响,以期为临床肺癌的治疗提供相关实验依据。

1. 材料和方法

1.1. 材料

1.1.1. 细胞及实验动物

LLC细胞(深圳市豪地华拓生物科技有限公司)。SPF级WT C57BL/6雄性小鼠6只,6~8周龄,[潍坊医学院动物实验中心,SCXK(鲁)2020 0001];P2X7-/- C57BL/6N雄性小鼠6只,6-8周龄, 购自赛业模式生物研究中心(太仓)有限公司[SCXK(苏)2018-0003]。本实验所涉及动物实验均经潍坊医学院动物保护与使用委员会批准,并按照中国实验动物福利伦理审查指南进行饲养及其他处理。

1.1.2. 主要试剂

胎牛血清(FBS,以色列BI);高糖DMEM培养基(HyClone);Matrigel基质胶(BD);Transwell小室(康宁);ATP、BzATP、A438079、oxATP、LY294002(Sigma);鼠抗AKT和p-AKT(Santa Cruz);鼠抗GAPDH(Merck);山羊抗鼠二抗(Proteintech)。

1.2. 方法

1.2.1. 细胞培养及干预

将LLC细胞接种于高糖DMEM完全培养基(含10%FBS和1%青霉素-链霉素混合液)的培养皿中,于37 ℃、5% CO2培养箱中培养。胰酶消化生长至80%~85%融合的LLC细胞后传代并进行分组培养。将细胞随机分为7组:未处理对照组;P2X7R非特异性、特异性激动剂ATP、BzATP干预组;或预先给予P2X7R拮抗剂oxATP、A438079孵育2h后,再给予激动剂干预组,简写如下:(1)对照组;(2)ATP(300 μmol/L)组;(3)BzATP(100 μmol/L)组;(4)ATP(300 μmol/L)+ A438079(100 μmol/L)组;(5)ATP(300 μmol/L)+ oxATP(30 μmol/L)组;(6)BzATP(100 μmol/L)+ A438079(100 μmol/L)组;(7)BzATP(100 μmol/L)+oxATP(30 μmol/L)组。进行后续实验。

1.2.2. RT-PCR检测P2X7R的表达

传代培养的LLC细胞生长至80%~85%融合后收集细胞,使用RNAiso Plus法提取LLC细胞的总RNA,进行纯度与浓度检测后,进行逆转录获得cDNA。以该cDNA为模板,常规PCR扩增P2X7R,具体引物序列:上游引物:5'-CCAGGAAGCAGGAGAGAAC-3';下游引物:5'- TCATCCGTGTTCTTGTCATC-3',引物由北京奥科鼎盛生物科技有限公司合成。PCR扩增条件:98 ℃预变性30 s;98 ℃ 10 s、56 ℃ 20 s、72 ℃ 30 s,40个循环;72 ℃ 1 min。取5 μL扩增后样本,1.5% 琼脂糖凝胶电泳对PCR产物条带进行分析。

1.2.3. 划痕实验检测细胞迁移

将LLC细胞接种于12孔板(5×105/孔),24 h后在每个孔的中央处垂直做“|”字划痕,PBS清洗3次,更换为含1%FBS的高糖DMEM培养基,按上述1.2.1分7组干预后继续培养,在0 h和24 h时进行显微镜观察并拍照。使用Image J灰度分析软件分析划痕面积,细胞的迁移率=([0 h划痕面积-24 h划痕面积)/0 h划痕面积]×100%。

1.2.4. Transwell实验检测细胞侵袭和迁移

Transwell迁移实验:实验分7组,具体分组见上述1.2.1。胰酶消化生长至80%~85%融合的LLC细胞。离心后用不含FBS的高糖DMEM培养基重悬细胞,将200 μL细胞悬液以5×104/孔接种于小室上室,将600 μL含10%FBS的高糖DMEM完全培养基加入小室下室。在小室上下室同时分别给予ATP或BzATP干预,或预先给予A438079或oxATP孵育2 h后再给予ATP或BzATP干预,分组简写见上述1.2.1。继续培养24 h后小心取出小室。使用PBS清洗2次,甲醇溶液进行固定15 min后,用浓度为0.1%的结晶紫染色30 min,PBS洗涤2次后,擦除小室上层细胞,显微镜下观察、拍照。Transwell侵袭实验:预先在小室中加入100 μL (200 μg/mL)的Matrigel基质胶,置于37 ℃细胞培养箱孵育1 h,其余步骤均与Transwell迁移实验相同。

1.2.5. Western blot检测AKT、p-AKT蛋白表达

分别收集干预后BzATP(100 μmol/L)、BzATP(100 μmol/L)+ A438079(100 μmol/L)、BzATP(100 μmol/L)+ oxATP(30 μmol/L)及对照组各组细胞,加入含PMSF的RIPA裂解液在冰上裂解细胞30 min,4 ℃、12 000 r/min离心15 min,吸取上清液。BCA法测定各组蛋白浓度,使用SDS-PAGE分离蛋白后,电压90 V、湿转法70 min,将凝胶中目标蛋白转移至PVDF膜上,使用5%脱脂牛奶封闭2 h后,分别加入AKT一抗(1∶250)、p-AKT一抗(1∶250)、GAPDH一抗(1∶5000),4℃孵育过夜。TBST洗膜10 min/次,共3次,加入HRP标记山羊抗鼠的IgG(1∶5000),室温摇床孵育1 h,TBST洗膜10 min/次,共3次。避光条件下,ECL化学发光液显色后,凝胶成像仪观察并拍照。以GAPDH为内参,利用Image J灰度分析软件分析蛋白条带。

1.2.6. AKT信号通路阻断对LLC细胞迁移和侵袭能力的影响

为了探究AKT信号通路是否参与P2X7R对LLC细胞的迁移及侵袭能力的影响,本实验使用PI3K/AKT信号通路抑制剂LY294002和P2X7R拮抗剂A438079联合P2X7R特异性激动剂BzATP进行Transwell实验。将200 μL细胞悬液以5×104个细胞/孔接种于小室上室,将600 μL含10%FBS的高糖DMEM完全培养基加入小室下室。在小室上下室同时分别给予BzATP干预;或预先给予A438079孵育2h后再给予BzATP干预;或预先给予LY294002孵育2 h后再给予BzATP干预;或预先给予LY294002和A438079孵育2 h,再给予BzATP干预。分组简写如下:(1)对照组;(2)BzATP(100 μmol/L)组;(3)BzATP(100 μmol/L)+ A438079(100 μmol/L)组;(4)BzATP(100 μmol/L)+ LY294002(10 μmol/L)组;(5)BzATP(100 μmol/L)+ A438079(100 μmol/L)+LY294002(10 μmol/L)组,进行Transwell迁移及侵袭实验。实验方法同1.2.4。

1.2.7. 构建小鼠同种移植物模型消化收集状态良好

的LLC细胞后,PBS重悬至终浓度为1×107/mL,无菌条件下分别接种于WT小鼠和P2X7-/-小鼠右前肢腋下(200 μL/只)。LLC细胞接种后7 d开始,每隔两天利用游标卡尺测量肿瘤的长短径,代入下列公式计算肿瘤的体积,瘤体体积计算公式:π/6×L×W×W,即=3.14/6×L× W×W(其中L代表长径,W代表短径)。LLC细胞接种22 d后,小鼠在麻醉状态以颈椎脱臼法处死,剥离两组小鼠移植瘤,并进行瘤体称重。

1.3. 统计学分析

应用SPSS 26.0统计软件分析,采用均数±标准差表示计量资料。采用独立样本t检验比较两组间差异,采用单因素方差分析比较多组间差异,以P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2. 结果

2.1. P2X7R在LLC细胞中表达

采用RT-PCR结合琼脂糖凝胶电泳的方法再次验证了P2X7R在LLC细胞中的表达(图 1)。

图 1.

图 1

琼脂糖凝胶电泳探究LLC细胞中表达P2X7R

Agarose gel electrophoresis of the RT-PCR products of P2X7R mRNA in LLC cells. M: DNA Marker; Lanes 1-3: PCR amplified products.

2.2. P2X7R激活促进LLC细胞的迁移和侵袭

划痕实验及Transwell实验结果显示:激动剂组的细胞迁移和侵袭能力明显强于对照组(P < 0.001。);与ATP组相比,拮抗剂组(ATP+A438079组和ATP+oxATP组)LLC细胞迁移和侵袭能力明显降低(P < 0.001);与BzATP组相比,拮抗剂组(BzATP + A438079组和BzATP+oxATP组)LLC细胞迁移和侵袭能力明显降低(P < 0.001,图 23

图 2.

图 2

P2X7R激活显著增强LLC细胞的迁移能力

P2X7R activation strongly enhances migration ability of LLC cells. A: Wound healing assay. B: Wound healing rate. C: Transwell migration assay (Crystal violet staining, original magnification: ×200). D: Migrated cells. ***P < 0.001 vs control; ###P < 0.001 vs ATP; &&&P < 0.001 vs BzATP.

图 3.

图 3

P2X7R激活显著增强LLC细胞的侵袭能力

P2X7R activation strongly enhances invasion ability of LLC cells. A: Transwell invasion assay (Crystal violet staining, × 200). B: Invading cells. ***P < 0.001 vs control; ###P < 0.001 vs ATP; &&&P < 0.001 vs BzATP.

2.3. P2X7R激活后通过调控AKT信号通路影响LLC细胞的迁移和侵袭能力

Western blot结果显示:BzATP组p-AKT蛋白的表达水平较对照组显著提高;与BzATP组相比,拮抗剂组(BzATP+A438079组和BzATP+oxATP组)p-AKT蛋白的表达水平显著降低(P < 0.01,图 4AB)。Transwell迁移与侵袭实验结果显示:激动剂BzATP组细胞迁移和侵袭能力较对照组明显增强(P < 0.001。);与BzATP组相比,拮抗剂组(BzATP+A438079)、PI3K/AKT信号通路抑制剂组(BzATP+LY294002)、拮抗剂+PI3K/AKT信号通路抑制剂组(P < 0.001,图 4C~F)。

图 4.

图 4

AKT信号通路参与P2X7R促进LLC细胞的迁移和侵袭

P2X7R promotes LLC cells migration and invasion by activating AKT signaling pathway. A: Western blotting for detecting the expressions of AKT and p-AKT. B: Relative expression of p-AKT/AKT proteins. C: Transwell migration assay (Crystal violet staining, ×200). D: Migrated cells. E: Transwell invasion assay (Crystal violet staining, ×200). F: Invading cells. **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 vs control; ##P < 0.01, ###P < 0.001 vs BzATP.

2.4. P2X7-/-小鼠降低LLC细胞体内成瘤能力

上述实验结果表明,LLC细胞上P2X7R激活显著提升肿瘤细胞的迁移及侵袭能力,而肿瘤的生长除与自身相关外,还与宿主的抗肿瘤免疫相关。为此本研究中将LLC细胞分别接种于WT小鼠和P2X7-/-小鼠。成瘤实验结果显示:与WT小鼠相比,LLC小鼠模型22 d后,P2X7-/-小鼠瘤体体积和瘤体质量均降低(P < 0.05,图 5)。

图 5.

图 5

P2X7-/-小鼠降低LLC的体内成瘤能力

LLC cells show lowered tumorigenic capacity in P2X7-/- mice. A, B: The tumor-bearing mice and the dissected tumors from wild- type and P2X7-/- mice. C, D: Tumor growth curve and tumor weight of LLC xenografts in wild-type and P2X7-/- mice. *P < 0.05 vs WT.

3. 讨论

近年来,由于吸烟、环境污染、生活习惯、职业暴露等多种因素的影响,肺癌的患病率正逐年上升[1]。已有统计数据显示,中国每年因肺癌死亡人数超过60万,与某些西方国家相比,中国的肺癌患病率仍处于上升阶段[16, 17]。NSCLC约占所有肺癌病例的85%以上,其发病率仍在全球范围内逐年上升[18]

P2X7R在骨细胞、免疫细胞、血管内皮细胞等多种正常细胞及多种癌细胞中均表达[19]。大量研究显示,P2X7R在结直肠癌[20]、骨肉瘤[21]、前列腺癌[22]、胰腺癌[23]等癌症中表达并与肿瘤生长和转移密切相关。P2X7R可通过PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β信号通路诱导结直肠癌细胞增殖[20];高表达的P2X7R可促进人骨肉瘤细胞的生长和转移[21];P2X7R可促进前列腺癌细胞的侵袭[22];P2X7R的激活可通过AKT信号通路促进胰腺癌的转移和发展[23]。但目前P2X7R介导肺癌迁移、侵袭过程的作用机制有待进一步探讨,因此本文利用LLC细胞探究P2X7R在其迁移、侵袭过程中的作用机制。已证实P2X7R在A549、PC-9等人肺癌细胞中均有表达[24],本研究中也证实LLC细胞中表达P2X7R。

细胞外ATP可通过P2X7R作用于肿瘤细胞,由于ATP浓度不同以及免疫细胞和肿瘤细胞表达的外核苷酸酶不同等原因,可促进细胞增殖或诱导死亡[25]。本研究联合应用P2X7R特异性和非特异性激动剂BzATP、ATP以及特异性和非特异性拮抗剂A438079、oxATP验证P2X7R对LLC细胞的作用。通过细胞划痕实验和Transwell实验,我们发现ATP和BzATP均可显著促进LLC细胞的迁移及侵袭;而A438079和oxATP可抑制ATP和BzATP促进LLC细胞的迁移及侵袭。结果表明激活的P2X7R可促进LLC细胞的迁移及侵袭,P2X7R拮抗剂可在一定程度上抑制该受体激活所促进的迁移及侵袭。

PI3K是一类参与细胞生长、增殖、分化及迁移等多种功能的脂质激酶,AKT是PI3K的主要下游效应物之一,p-AKT是其主要的活化形式,可影响细胞存活、生长、增殖、代谢等多种细胞生物学功能[26, 27]。PI3K/AKT通路经常在人类癌症中被异常激活,介入肿瘤的生长、凋亡、侵袭、转移及上皮间质转化等过程[27-29]。无论是单独使用PI3K/AKT信号通路的抑制剂还是与其他疗法联合使用,均可作为有效的癌症治疗策略[28]。本研究结果显示P2X7R激动剂BzATP上调LLC细胞的p-AKT蛋白的表达水平,而P2X7R拮抗剂A438079和oxATP的应用可一定程度上降低BzATP上调的p-AKT蛋白的表达水平,提示P2X7R在LLC细胞中激活后可能通过AKT信号通路发挥作用。接下来采用PI3K/AKT抑制剂LY294002,验证P2X7R激活后是否通过AKT信号通路特异性调控LLC细胞迁移和侵袭。Transwell迁移及侵袭实验结果均表明,BzATP可以促进LLC的迁移及侵袭,而A438079和LY294002可明显抑制BzATP促进的LLC细胞的迁移及侵袭。本研究结果证实P2X7R在LLC细胞中激活后通过AKT的信号传导途径促进细胞迁移及侵袭,至于是否还有其他信号通路参与P2X7R促进LLC细胞的迁移及侵袭过程有待继续探究。

鉴于细胞类型和影响因素的不同,P2X7R激活可发挥促进肿瘤和抑制肿瘤的双重作用[30]。有研究表明,P2X7-/-小鼠的肿瘤特异性T细胞的过继转移显着抑制了肿瘤的生长并延长了小鼠存活时间[31]。但在另外的研究中发现与WT小鼠相比,P2X7-/-小鼠的肿瘤生长和转移扩散被强烈加速[32]。本实验建立了WT和P2X7-/-的LLC小鼠模型,结果显示P2X7-/-小鼠抑制LLC移植瘤的生长,与Qin[13]等课题组研究结果相一致。后者研究主要侧重于P2X7R调控肿瘤相关巨噬细胞的功能进而影响肿瘤的进展;而我们后续关注点主要集中在P2X7-/-小鼠体内抑制肿瘤侵袭和转移信号通路变化的研究,这也正是本课题组今后的主要研究内容和方向。

综上所述,本研究验证了P2X7R在LLC细胞表达;证实激活P2X7R通过调控AKT信号通路促进LLC细胞的迁移和侵袭;P2X7-/-小鼠抑制LLC移植瘤的生长。我们的研究表明肿瘤和宿主的P2X7R在LLC的生长和转移中均发挥促进作用,为P2X7R/AKT信号通路参与肺癌细胞迁移及侵袭过程提供新思路和重要借鉴,为临床应用P2X7R相关拮抗剂或基因操作干预方式治疗肺癌提供了实验基础。

Biography

唐怡青,在读硕士研究生,E-mail: tangyi_qing@163.com

Funding Statement

国家自然科学基金(81770915,81301737);山东省自然科学基金(ZR2021MH306)

Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (81770915, 81301737)

Contributor Information

唐 怡青 (Yiqing TANG), Email: tangyi_qing@163.com.

彭 效祥 (Xiaoxiang PENG), Email: pxx74@sina.com.

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