Table 1.
Sleep- and circadian-related characters that respond to selective breeding.
| Organism | Selected trait | Starting population | Selection intensity (%)b | No. generations of selection | High Trait Mean |
Low Trait Mean |
Trait(s) with correlated response | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| D. melanogaster | insomnia-like behaviora | Canton-S | – | 30–65 | – | 100 min. sleep in 24 h | APS learning; No. falls; DA level; triglycerides, free fatty acids, cholesterol, lifespan, desiccation, starvation | [27] |
| D. melanogaster | nocturnal/diurnal behavior | Outbred pooled from 272 isofemale lines from 33 regions in Europe and Africa | 8.3 (male flies only) | 10 | 1.20c | 0.32c | Acrophase of morning/evening activity, night and day sleep duration, circadian period, eclosion phase, phase delay of per signals; female lifespan and no. of progenye |
[35] |
| D. melanogaster | Early/late adult emergence | Outbred from B populations of M. Rose |
– | 75 | 17:00–21:00 | 5:00–9:00 | Circadian period of emergence, circadian period of rest/activity, mRNA expression parameters in canonical clock genesf, egg to puparium duration, egg to adult duration, fecundity, median longevity | [34, 38, 39] |
| D. melanogaster | Window of emergence | Outbred from B populations of M. Rose |
– | 90 | ZT 10-11 | ZT 01-02 | Mid-life fecundity, female lifespan | [40] |
| D. melanogaster | Long/short night sleep duration | Outbred created by mating 10 DGRP lines for 21 generations | 25 | 13 | 685.0 and 678.5 min. | 111.9 and 54.8 min. | Day sleep duration, night avg. bout length, sleep latency, day bout number, day sleep CVE, night avg. bout length CVE, sleep latency CVE, day bout number CVEd | [28] |
aInsomnia-like behavior includes reduced sleep time, increased sleep latency, reduced sleep bout duration, and elevated levels of waking activity. APS, aversive phototaxic suppression; DA, dopamine level.
bHere selection intensity refers to the proportion of flies selected as parents for the next generation.
cNumbers refer to ND ratio, which is the ratio of the activity during the 12-hr dark phase to the activity during the 12-hr light phase.
d CV E, coefficient of environmental variation.
eFemale lifespan and numbers of progeny were tested after selection was relaxed.
fDifferences observed included phase and mean of per mRNA expression, phase of tim mRNA expression, phase and amplitude of Clk mRNA expression, amplitude and mean of cry mRNA expression, phase and amplitude of vri mRNA expression, phase, amplitude, mean of PDF mRNA expression.