Table 1. Sample Characteristics by Collapsing 5 Cross-sectional Waves of the PATH Study, 2013-2019.
| Smokersa | Nonnicotine vapersb,c | Nicotine vapersb,d | P valuef | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. | Weighted % (95% CI)e | No. | Weighted % (95% CI)e | No. | Weighted % (95% CI)e | ||
| Overall | 16 393 | 93.2 (92.4-94.0) | 197 | 0.8 (0.7-1.0) | 1240 | 5.9 (5.3-6.7) | |
| Wave | |||||||
| 1 (2013-2014) | 4077 | 20.7 (20.1-21.3) | 52 | 18.2 (13.5-24.2) | 238 | 13.3 (11.5-15.3) | <.001 |
| 2 (2014-2015) | 3295 | 20.4 (19.8-21.0) | 40 | 20.5 (14.5-28.2) | 235 | 18.6 (16.4-21.1) | |
| 3 (2015-2016) | 3291 | 20.9 (20.3-21.5) | 38 | 24.3 (16.7-33.8) | 237 | 20.9 (18.2-23.9) | |
| 4 (2016-2018) | 3067 | 20.0 (19.4-20.7) | 36 | 21.4 (15.7-28.5) | 232 | 19.9 (17.8-22.2) | |
| 5 (2018-2019) | 2663 | 18.0 (17.4-18.6) | 31 | 15.6 (10.3-22.7) | 298 | 27.3 (24.4-30.4) | |
| Demographics | |||||||
| Age, median (IQR), y | 16 393 | 43.7 (32.0-55.5) | 197 | 41.1 (24.1-56.7) | 1240 | 35.6 (27.0-49.9) | <.001 |
| Sex | |||||||
| Female | 8779 | 51.6 (49.0-54.1) | 114 | 59.8 (51.1-67.9) | 608 | 48.5 (42.1-54.8) | .24 |
| Male | 7607 | 48.4 (45.9-51.0) | 83 | 40.2 (32.1-48.9) | 632 | 51.5 (45.2-57.9) | |
| Race and ethnicityg | |||||||
| Hispanic | 2351 | 12.7 (11.3-14.2) | 42 | 18.5 (12.6-26.3) | 109 | 7.0 (5.0-9.7) | <.001 |
| Non-Hispanic | |||||||
| Black | 2353 | 14.7 (12.8-16.8) | 18 | 8.7 (5.1-14.5) | 79 | 10.1 (5.9-16.8) | |
| White | 10 280 | 67.5 (64.9-69.9) | 115 | 65.4 (55.7-74.0) | 947 | 76.7 (70.3-82.1) | |
| Otherh | 1208 | 5.2 (4.4-6.1) | 22 | 7.4 (4.4-12.2) | 100 | 6.2 (4.2-9.0) | |
| Education | |||||||
| Less than high school | 4937 | 28.2 (26.4-30.1) | 47 | 23.6 (16.0-33.3) | 202 | 16.3 (12.5-21.1) | <.001 |
| High school | 4048 | 28.1 (26.0-30.4) | 53 | 26.3 (19.0-35.2) | 236 | 20.5 (16.7-24.9) | |
| Some college | 5791 | 32.8 (30.6-35.1) | 83 | 42.9 (34.4-51.9) | 616 | 48.5 (42.8-54.1) | |
| College graduate | 1604 | 10.9 (9.5-12.5) | 14 | 7.2 (3.4-14.6) | 185 | 14.7 (11.6-18.4) | |
| Cigarette and e-cigarette use | |||||||
| Former smokersi | 76 | 38.2 (29.4-47.9) | 537 | 46.2 (41.8-50.8) | .09 | ||
| Daily e-cigarette vapers | 68 | 37.5 (29.2-46.7) | 1005 | 80.9 (76.6-84.6) | <.001 | ||
| e-Cigarette device type | |||||||
| Disposable | 23 | 10.8 (6.5-17.2) | 49 | 3.4 (2.3-5.1) | <.001 | ||
| Rechargeable with cartridge | 66 | 33.0 (25.9-40.8) | 327 | 28.8 (24.5-33.4) | |||
| Other rechargeable | 109 | 56.3 (48.0-64.2) | 862 | 67.8 (62.9-72.4) | |||
| No. of recent e-cigarette puffs, median (IQR)j | 197 | 2.6 (0-6.7) | 1240 | 14.8 (5.2-29.3) | <.001 | ||
Abbreviation: PATH, Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health.
Smoked 100 cigarettes or more during their lifetime and currently smoke cigarettes every day or some days without current use of other tobacco products (defined as traditional cigars, cigarillos, filtered cigars, pipe, hookahs, smokeless tobacco, snus, dissolvable tobacco, and e-cigarettes for smokers or cigarettes for vapers).
Current users of e-cigarettes every day or some days without current use of other tobacco products.
The e-cigarettes have a nicotine concentration of 0 mg or 0%.
The e-cigarettes have a nicotine concentration greater than 0 mg or 0%.
The percentages are for the column. The analyses applied urinary sample weight, 100 replicated weights, and the balanced repeated replication method using a Fay adjustment of 0.3 to account for the complex design.
Calculated using the Rao-Scott χ2 test for categorical variables and linear regression for continuous variables.
Derived from respondents’ answers to the PATH surveys and were assessed in this study as a covariate.
American Indian/Alaska Native, Asian Indian, Chinese, Filipino, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese, Other Asian, Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander, Guamanian or Chamorro, and Samoan.
Reported smoking 100 cigarettes or more during their lifetime and not currently smoking.
Recent puffs taken from yesterday, today, and the day before yesterday.