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. 2022 Nov 1;14(21):4588. doi: 10.3390/nu14214588

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Action sites that inhibit the formation of AGEs in vivo. Mn+ refers to transition metals. Endogenous AGEs are formed through the Maillard reaction in three main stages: early, middle, and final. The glyoxalase system include Glyoxalase I (GLO-1) and II (GLO-2) system; the proteolysis pathways include UPS and ALPS; alternative pathways include DJ-1/Park7 pathway, OPH, aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs), aldo-keto reductases (AKRs), and acetoacetate degradation.