Table 1.

Summary of literature findings by nutrition intervention *.

Intervention Type	Number of Studies, Author, and Date	Public Health Systems/Policies into Which the Intervention Has Been Integrated	Key Recommendations Presented in the Study	Barriers to Integration
Food fortification	n = 5 Barker et al. 2018. [11] Mason et al. 2012. [12] Mgamb et al. 2017. [13] Nguyen et al. 2020. [14] Victora et al. 2012. [15]	National policy & guidelines, Integrated Child Development Services, Targeted Public Distribution System, ANC services	Update national databases to facilitate cross-country data comparison; strengthen data around maternal nutrition outcomes; further integrate into ANC services; implement pre-conception interventions; improve awareness of women’s health and nutrition with information campaigns	Weak advocacy for nutrition amongst governmental actors, lack of awareness around the importance of women’s nutrition, poor data collection and M&E systems
Home Food distribution	n = 1 Chakrabarti et al. 2019. [16]	National policy & guidelines, Integrated Child Development Services,	Target GWRA from low educational backgrounds	Lack of attention to equity of intervention coverage
Energy and protein supplementation	n = 3 De Silva et al. 2019. [4] Lassi et al. 2013. [17] Noznesky et al. 2012. [18]	National Policies, ANC services	Expand nutrition policies; improve M&E systems; implement targets interventions; invest in research on maternal and child health outcomes	Poor data collection and M&E systems; lack of awareness around the importance of women’s and adolescent nutrition; lack of research on health outcomes
Nutrition education and counselling	n = 25 Ajayi et al. 2013. [19] Altobelli et al. 2017. [20] Barker et al. 2019. [11] Bucher et al. 2015. [21] Chakrabarti et al. 2019. [16] De Silva et al. 2019. [4] Ghosh-Jerath et al. 2015. [22] Izudi et al. 2017. [23] Kavle et al. 2017. [24] Levin et al. 2019. [25] Mason et al. 2012. [12] Muehlhoff et al. 2017. [26] Nguyen et al. 2017. [27] Noznesky et al. 2012. [18] Riang’a et al. 2020. [28] Robert et al. 2017. [29] Ruton et al. 2018. [30] Salam et al. 2016. [31] Saldanha et al. 2012. [32] Saronga et al. 2019. [33] Sethi et al. 2019. [34] Stansert Katzen et al. 2020. [35] Varghese et al. 2014. [36] Victora et al. 2012. [15] Young et al. 2018. [37]	ANC services, Integrated Child Development Services, National policy, Population and Health Integrated Assistance Programme, Maternal, Neonatal and Child Health Programme, School Anaemia Control Programme, Primary Healthcare System, Maternal and Child Survival Programme, Baby-friendly Hospital Initiative	Target GWRA from low educational backgrounds; implement large-scale nutrition education via social media; improve awareness and demand for services via information campaigns; improve M&E systems and data collection; invest in training for CHWs; expand policies and guidelines to support CHWs; integrate nutrition counselling into family planning services; strengthen policies and programmes to postpone teenage pregnancy	Lack of attention to equity of intervention coverage, lack of prioritisation of funding for women’s health, poor data collection and M&E systems, lack of training for frontline health workers, lack of support and poor mechanisms for large-scale supervision of CHWs, lack of coordination amongst Ministry of Health directorates
Micronutrient supplementation	n = 47 Abdullahi et al. 2014. [38] Appiah et al. 2016. [39] Arega Sadore et al. 2015. [40] Assefa et al. 2019. [41] Babughirana et al. 2020. [42] Bannink et al. 2015. [43] Berti et al. 2018. [44] Birhanu et al. 2018. [45] Chikakuda et al. 2018. [46] De Silva et al. 2019. [4] Desta et al. 2019. [47] Digssie Gebremariam et al. 2019. [48] Dubik et al. 2019. [49] Ejigu et al. 2013. [50] Feldhaus et al. 2016. [51] Gebreamlak et al. 2017. [52] Gebremichael et al. 2019. [53] Gebremichael et al. 2020. [54] Gilder et al. 2019. [55] Jaiswal et al. 2015. [56] Kamau et al. 2020. [57] Kim et al. 2017. [58] Kiwanuka et al. 2017. [59] Lyngdoh et al. 2018. [60] Mason et al. 2012. [12] Mistry et al. 2018. [61] Nguyen et al. 2019. [62] Nguyen et al. 2017. [27] Nguyen et al. 2020. [14] Nguyen et al. 2021. [63] Omotayo et al. 2018. [64] Ouedraogo et al. 2019. [65] Paudyal et al. 2021. [66] Phillips et al. 2017. [67] Riang’a et al. 2020. [28] Roche et al. 2018. [68] Salam et al. 2016. [69] Saldanha et al. 2012. [32] Sedlander et al. 2020. [70] Sethi et al. 2019. [34] Soekarjo et al. 2018. [71] Tappis et al. 2020. [72] Thapa et al. 2016. [73] Torlesse et al. 2021. [74] Varghese et al. 2014. [36] Varghese et al. 2019. [75] Wadhwa et al. 2018. [76]	National policy, Integrated Child Development Services, Maternal, Neonatal and Child Health Services, School Anaemia Control Programme, ANC services, Primary Healthcare System, Maternal and Child Survival Programme, Reproductive Health services, Adolescent-friendly Health Clinics	Target GWRA from low educational backgrounds; invest more resources into improving coverage and accessibility; mobilise CHWs to increase awareness of the importance of supplementation; integrate health education into supplementation programmes; improve supply of tablets to ANC clinics; improve M&E systems and data collection; implement a comprehensive package delivery of Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn and Child Health Services; target non-pregnant, non-lactating adolescents or GWRA; utilise schools as a delivery platform; implement information campaigns to raise awareness and create demand for services;	Lack of attention to equity of intervention coverage, lack of awareness around the importance of women’s nutrition, poor data collection and M&E systems, lack of support and training for frontline health workers, lack of coordination amongst Ministry of Health directorates, lack of awareness around the importance of adolescent health
Total included studies:	69 (Note the unique number of studies included in this review is n = 69, however, many studies considered more than one type of intervention and therefore are repeated in more than one intervention row above)

* Full details for each study are provided in Supplementary Tables S3 and S4. Abbreviations: ANC—Antenatal care; CHW—Community health workers; GWRA—Girls and women of reproductive age; M&E—Monitoring and evaluation.