. 2022 Nov 2;14(21):4609. doi: 10.3390/nu14214609

Table 4.

Characteristics such as the type of study, aim, sample, design, mean results, and composition of the seawater of the studies with performance.

First Author, Year of Publication	Country	Type of Study	Aim	Sample	Study Design	Results	Composition of the Seawater
Hou et al., 2013 [12]	Taiwan	Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study	DSW on performance	12 healthy, male volunteers. 24 ± 0.8 years	The study was to evaluate the effect of DOM on the exercise performed at 30 °C.	- Enhanced lower-body muscle capacity after a prolonged bout of dehydrating exercise (p < 0.05).	Following the two filtration procedures, molecules larger than 1.5 kilodalton were removed. As a means of masking the taste difference between DOM and placebo, the same amounts of sucrose, artificial flavors, citrate, citrus juice, calcium lactate, potassium chloride, vitamin C, and mixed amino acids were added to both.
Keen et al., 2016 [10]	Arizona	Well-conditioned student-athletes randomized study	DSW on physical performance	Eight student-athletes. Three experimental groups. 23.0 ± 1.2 years.	Subjects were exposed to an exercise-challenge under warm conditions. Body mass measurements were taken prior to exercise and then at 15 min intervals throughout the exercise trial and during rehydration. At each interval also, stimulated saliva was collected and salivary osmolality was measured.	- The DOM optimized exercise performance (p < 0.05).	Na (85 mg L⁻¹), K (4 mg L⁻¹), Ca (1.4 mg L⁻¹), Mg (4.3 mg L⁻¹), Cl (150 mg L⁻¹), B (0.65 mg L⁻¹), bromide (540 µg L⁻¹), and Cr (2.2 µg L⁻¹)
Pérez-Turpin et al., 2017 [33]	Spain	Crossover, double-blind randomized trial	SW ingestion on running performance	12 experienced male runners. 32 ± 6.4 years	Five minutes before the exercise protocol started, the subjects consumed SW or pure water in an equivalent amount of 50 mL. Subjects were asked to run on a motorized treadmill at 40% VO₂ max at a room temperature of 30 °C until attaining a 3% decrease in body mass.	- The ingestion of microfiltered and sterilized seawater improved running performance and lactate production (p < 0.05).	Electrolytes were supplied in the amount of 27.297 mg L⁻¹ Na, 0.465 mg L⁻¹ K, 19.5 mg L⁻¹ Mg, and 1.377 mg L⁻¹ Ca.
Higgins et al., 2019 [35]	Taiwan	Crossover, and counterbalanced study	DOM supplementation on high-intensity intermittent running capacity	9 healthy, nonelite male soccer players. 22.0 ± 1.0 years	Two experimental trials were completed on a motorised treadmill, separated by 7 d, undertaken at ambient room temperature, and commenced at similar times of day. Incremental increases of 1 km h⁻¹ were applied every three minutes until volitional exhaustion.	- DOM increased high-intensity intermittent running capacity in soccer players after short-term recovery from an initial bout of prolonged high-intensity running (p = 0.038).	Na (54.64 mg L⁻¹), K (56.64 mg L⁻¹), Ca (0.22 mg L⁻¹), Mg (170.7 mg L⁻¹), B (0.54 mg L⁻¹), and Rb (0.02 mg L⁻¹)

Abbreviations: CRS; crossover randomized study, DSW; deep sea water, DMW; deep mineral water, DOM; deep ocean mineral, SW; seawater.