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. 2022 Nov 2;27(21):7469. doi: 10.3390/molecules27217469

Table 2.

Antibacterial and antiviral activities of usnic acid.

Bacterial Strain MIC or Others Year Reference
Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv ATCC 27294 12.25 µg/mL 2010 [16]
Isoniazid resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis 1.56 µg/mL 2010 [16]
Rifampicin resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis 12.5 µg/mL 2010 [16]
Streptomycin resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis 6.25 µg/mL 2010 [16]
Mycobacterium fortuitum ATCC 35931 50 µg/mL 2010 [16]
Mycobacterium chelonae ATCC 946 25 µg/mL 2010 [16]
Mycobacterium kansasii ATCC 12478 12.5 µg/mL 2010 [16]
Mycobacterium avium 100 µg/mL 2010 [16]
Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 6.2 µg/mL 2009 [58]
Pneumococcus 12.5 µg/mL 2009 [58]
Pseudomonas aeruginosa / 2009 [58]
Bacillus coli ATCC 35218 / 2009 [58]
Bacillus subtilis 8 μg/mL 2011 [63]
Bacillus cereus 8 μg/mL 2011 [63]
Staphylococcus aureus 31 μg/mL 2011 [63]
Escherichia coli 31 μg/mL 2011 [63]
Propionibacterium acnes FR 024/12-10 1 μg/mL 2007 [65]
Propionibacterium acnes 2 μg/mL 1995 [66]
Methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus 2–>16 μg/mL 1995 [66]
Methicillin-resistant, mupirocin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus 4–16 μg/mL 1995 [66]
Methicillin-resistant, mupirocin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus 4–16 μg/mL 1995 [66]
Mycobacterium aurum 32 μg/mL 1998 [67]
Bacillus subtilis 78A NA 2018 [68] *
Pseudomonas fluorescens BKM CR-330 NA 2018 [68] *
Aspergillus flavus NA 2000 [69]
Aspergillus niger NA 2000 [69]
Blue mould NA 2000 [69]
Rhizopus NA 2000 [69]
Bacillus subtilis NA 2000 [69]
Bacillus coli NA 2000 [69]
Staphylococcus albus NA 2000 [69]
Lactobacilli NA 2000 [69]
Baker’s yeast NA 2000 [69]
Rhodotorula NA 2000 [69]
Staphylococcus aureus MTCC-96 25 μg/mL 2012 [70]
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus 25–50 μg/mL 2012 [70]
Escherichia coli 20 μg/mL 2014 [71]
Vibrio harveyi 20 μg/mL 2014 [71]
Bacillus subtilis 0.5 μg/mL 2014 [71]
Staphylococcus aureus 1.0 μg/mL 2014 [71]
Mycobacterium abscessus ATCC 19977 18.15 µM 2018 [72]
Mycobacterium abscessus subsp. Abscessus AT 07 9.07 µM 2018 [72]
Mycobacterium abscessus subsp. Abscessus AT 46 9.07 µM 2018 [72]
Mycobacterium abscessus subsp. bolletii AT 52 9.07 µM 2018 [72]
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 43300, AQ 004, AQ 006, AQ 007, AQ 012 1–8 μg/mL 2012 [73]
Herpes simplex type 1 virus 7.5 μg per disc leads to over 4 mm inhibite zone 1999 [76]
Polio type 1 virus 30 μg per disc leads to over 4 mm inhibite zone 1999 [76]
Human immunodeficiency virus RF / NA [77]
H1N1 influenza virus pdm09 ED50: 51.7 μM 2012 [22]
SARS-CoV-2 original strain IC50: 7.99 μM 2022 [79]
SARS-CoV-2 alpha variant (UK, B.1.1.7) IC50: 6.05 μM 2022 [79]
SARS-CoV-2 beta variant (South Africa, B.1.351) IC50: 2.92 μM 2022 [79]
SARS-CoV-2 delta variant (India, B.1.617.2) IC50: 7.17 μM 2022 [79]

*: U. barbata dry extracts (in terms of usnic acid) 0.24–0.6 mg/mL; NA: Not Available.