Abstract
Shiftwork is related to an increased risk of several diseases, including gastric ulcers, myocardial infarction, and diabetes. Several shiftwork patterns are related to poor sleep quality, such as a quick returns or extended shifts. This study aimed to find the shiftwork patterns strongly associated with poor sleep quality amongst nurses. A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted among nurses working for at least one month. The sub-groups were the good sleep quality group (n = 150) and the poor sleep quality group (n = 472). Eligible participants were asked to complete a self-reported questionnaire comprising personal characteristics, job characteristics, shiftwork characteristics, and sleep quality. Factors associated with poor sleep quality were determined using logistic regression analysis. Two factors associated with poor sleep quality remained in the final model: viz., depression and backward rotational shift. The only independent factor for poor sleep quality was a backward rotational shift with an adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) of 1.946 (1.344, 2.871). In conclusion, compared with other shift patterns, backward shiftwork was the most significant factor associated with poor sleep quality and should be avoided.
Keywords: backward, sleep, risk factors, nurse, shiftwork
1. Introduction
Although shiftwork helps manage 24 h work operations, it has measurably disruptive effects on the quality of family life, social life, and work efficiency [1]. Regarding health effects, shift workers demonstrated a greater risk of myocardial infarction than non-shiftwork workers [2]. Shiftwork is also associated with body weight increase, perhaps because of increased food intake and poor-quality fast food [3].
The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified shiftwork as a 2A carcinogen. Lahti et al. reported that shiftwork increased the risk of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma [4]. Shiftwork or extended-hours workers also had an increased risk of work accidents [5], and those who either worked less than 5 years or more than 15 had a significantly greater risk of workplace accidents than non-shiftwork workers [6].
Shiftwork is necessary for some occupations, including nurses; notwithstanding, it is related to an increased risk of several diseases (i.e., gastric ulcers, myocardial infarction, and diabetes) [7,8,9]. Shift workers were at significant risk of myocardial infarction and stroke (relative risk 1.23 and 1.05 times greater, respectively) [8]. A study from Turkey reported that shift nurses had a lower quality of life according to the SF-36 MCS (35.5 vs. 42.5) and lower life satisfaction (16.4 vs. 19.9) compared with daytime nurses [10].
Several studies revealed the factors associated with the quality of sleep [11], such as insomnia, pain, drug use, alcoholic beverages, caffeinated drinks [12], obstructive sleep apnea, depression, [13] and stress [14]. Relatedly, shiftwork was a critical negative factor related to poor quality of sleep [15,16,17,18].
Shiftwork is related to poor sleep quality, with an odds ratio of 3.975 [17]. A report from Taiwan reported that 96% of female nurses complained of poor sleep quality [19], which may relate to alertness and errors during working hours [20,21]. Nurses who had long working hours committed more medication errors (4% vs. 3%; p < 0.001) than those who worked fewer hours [21]. Our previous study found several shiftwork patterns among nurses working at a university hospital, including day shift plus overtime (6.1%), day and evening shift (3.7%), day and night shift (0.7%), and rotational shift (89.5%) [22]. The majority of participants had quick returns shifts (88.0%). The median quick returns shift was 11 times monthly (IQR 7–13). They were all irregular directional shifts with fast rotations. The researchers divided the nurses into 3 groups (viz., primarily forward, primarily backward, and evenly split between backward and forward). Most nurses worked in a primarily backward rotation pattern (479; 90.2%), followed by a primarily forward direction (6.4%). There are several shiftwork patterns related to poor sleep quality [15,16]. Having a quick returns shiftwork pattern of over 30 times per year is 2.53 times more likely to be associated with poor sleep quality, while an extended shift of 12.5 h or more has 2.4 times greater risk of poor sleep quality.
Nursing is an occupation of great responsibility for the well-being of patients while targeting on the importance of health maintenance and the treatment of illness. Hospital nurses work in a shift system, putting them at risk of poor sleep quality. Insufficient sleep may be related to alertness and errors while at work [15,16,20,21]. Several previous studies documented the unavoidable health effects associated with shiftwork in healthcare processes. Good scheduling, without improper shiftwork patterns, would help reduce adverse effects; however, there is limited data on which shiftwork pattern has the most substantial impact on poor sleep quality. Therefore, the current study aimed to explore the relationship between the different shiftwork patterns and sleep quality.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design
This cross-sectional analytical study was conducted at Khon Kaen University Hospital, Khon Kaen, Thailand.
2.2. Study Population
The target population were nurses who had worked for at least one month and were willing to participate in the study. Those on maternal leave, sabbatical leave, or who provided incomplete clinical data were excluded. There were two study groups: the good sleep quality group (n = 150) and the poor sleep quality group (n = 472). The study period was between March and May 2018. This study was a part of a previously published article [22].
2.3. Tools
The researchers constructed a self-reported questionnaire comprising personal characteristics, job characteristics, characteristics of shiftwork, and sleep quality. The nurses in our hospital had three working patterns: fixed shift, rotational shift, and others. The fixed pattern comprised four patterns: regular working hours (or no shifts), day and afternoon shifts, day and night shifts, and day shifts with overtime. Rotational shiftwork is defined by direction: no rotation, forward, backward, or equal. Forward rotational shift is a clockwise rotation of more than 50% of shifts, while backward rotational shift is a counterclockwise rotation of more than 50% of shifts. Equal shifts had as many forward and backward shifts. There were two additional working patterns, including a quick returns and extended shifts. Quick returns is defined by the duration between shifts of less than 11 h, while an extended shift is defined by working more than an 8 h shift. These two patterns were counted and reported per month. The sleep quality, an outcome, was measuredp using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) [23]. The total score of PSQI of five or over indicated poor sleep quality, while a total score of 0–5 indicated good sleep quality.
2.4. Statistical Analysis
Eligible participants were categorized into two groups: either good or poor sleep quality. The studied variables were compared between these two groups using descriptive statistics. The factors associated with poor sleep quality were determined through a logistic regression analysis.
A univariate logistic regression analysis was used to calculate the unadjusted odds ratio with a significant p value. Those factors with a significant p value in the univariate logistic regression analysis were put into a multivariate logistic regression analysis: stepwise method. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were also computed, by adding shiftwork patterns to the final model. The final models predictive of poor sleep quality were tested for goodness of fit using the Hosmer–Lemeshow method. The results were reported as means (SD), numbers (percentages), unadjusted odds ratios (95% confidence interval), and adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence interval). All analyses were performed using STATA software, version 10.1 (College Station, TX, USA).
3. Results
The respective baseline and job characteristics of those with good and poor sleep quality are shown in Table 1. In general, there were no statistical differences in personal and work characteristics except in age and work experience. The poor sleep quality group was significantly younger (34.3 vs. 37.3 years; p 0.004) and had less work experience (10.5 vs. 12.4 years; p 0.033) than those in the good sleep quality group (Table 1).
Table 1.
Baseline characters and job characters of nurses categorized by sleep quality.
| Factor | Good Sleep Quality (n = 150) n (%) |
Poor Sleep Quality (n = 472) n (%) |
p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years * | 37.30 (10.81) | 34.38 (9.98) | 0.004 |
| Male sex | 6.00 (4.00) | 19.00 (4.03) | 0.603 |
| Married | 69.00 (46.00) | 192.00 (40.68) | 0.256 |
| Children | 58.00 (38.67) | 160.00 (33.90) | 0.326 |
| Number of children * | 0.62 (0.81) | 0.52 (0.80) | 0.27 |
| Working experience, year | 12.36 (9.97) | 10.46 (9.28) | 0.033 |
| Obesity | 29.00 (19.33) | 76.00 (16.10) | 0.381 |
| Smoking | 0 | 2.00 (0.42) | 0.999 |
| Alcohol | 1.00 (0.67) | 3.00 (0.64) | 0.999 |
| Caffeine | 55.00 (36.67) | 175.00 (37.08) | 0.999 |
| Studying postgraduate level | 5.00 (3.33) | 18.00 (3.81) | 0.999 |
| Depression | 27.00 (18.00) | 122.00 (25.85) | 0.061 |
| High risk for OSA ** | 16.00 (10.67) | 66.00 (13.98) | 0.334 |
| Chronic illness | 34 (22.67) | 118.00 (25.00) | 0.587 |
| Job nurse, not boss | 137 (91.33) | 451.00 (95.55) | 0.062 |
| Job type | 0.972 | ||
| Healthcare | 126.00 (84.00) | 395.00 (83.69) | |
| Management | 3.00 (2.00) | 11.00 (2.33) | |
| Mixed | 21.00 (14.00) | 66.00 (13.98) | |
| Location: IPD | 119.00 (79.33) | 401.00 (84.96) | 0.128 |
| Salary: not enough | 15.00 (10.00) | 50.00 (10.59) | 0.999 |
| Extra jobs | 18.00 (12.00) | 61.00 (12.92) | 0.888 |
| In hospital | 13.00 (8.67) | 40.00 (8.47) | 0.999 |
| Outside hospital | 5.00 (3.33) | 21.00 (4.45) | 0.646 |
| Extra work activity | 3.00 (2.00) | 8.00 (1.68) | 0.732 |
Note. Data presented as number (percentage) except * indicated mean (SD); ** OSA: obstructive sleep apnea by Berlin questionnaire; IPD: inpatient department.
Four different factors were significantly associated with the shiftwork patterns, distributed between those with good and poor sleep quality (Table 2). The poor sleep quality group had a higher average number of quick returns patterns than the good sleep quality group (7.9 vs. 6.4 times/month; p 0.002). The good sleep quality group had a higher proportion of non-shift patterns (26.7% vs. 15.0%; p 0.002) and no night shift pattern (36.7% vs. 23.7%; p 0.003) compared to the poor sleep quality group. Finally, the poor sleep quality group had a higher proportion of rotational shifts than the good sleep quality group (75.9% vs. 62.7%; p 0.002); mainly, the backward direction (71.7% vs. 55.7%; p 0.001).
Table 2.
Characters of shift patterns of nurses categorized by sleep quality.
| Factor | Good Sleep Quality (n = 150) n (%) |
Poor Sleep Quality (n = 472) n (%) |
p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fixed shift | 56 (37.33) | 114 (24.15) | |
| Non-shift | 40 (26.67) | 71 (15.04) | 0.002 |
| Day and afternoon shift | 6 (4.00) | 15 (3.18) | 0.608 |
| Day and night shift | 1 (0.67) | 2 (0.42) | 0.564 |
| Day and over time shift | 9 (6.00) | 26 (5.51) | 0.839 |
| Rotational shift, n | 94 (62.67) | 358 (75.85) | 0.002 |
| Forward | 8 (5.37) | 22 (4.71) | 0.827 |
| Backward | 83 (55.70) | 335 (71.73) | 0.001 |
| Equal | 3 (2.01) | 2 (0.43) | 0.094 |
| Others | |||
| No. of quick returns/month * | 6.39 (6.00) | 7.95 (5.99) | 0.002 |
| No. of extend shift/month * | 0.74 (2.42) | 0.61 (2.08) | 0.125 |
Note: Data presented as number (percentage) except * indicated mean (SD).
Two factors associated with poor sleep quality remained in the final model: depression and backward rotational shift (Table 3). Only backward rotational shift was an independent factor for poor sleep quality with an adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of 1.946 (1.344, 2.871). The Hosmer–Lemeshow Chi-square of the final model was 1.77 (p 0.413). After adding shiftwork patterns to the final model, backward rotational shift remained significant with an adjusted odds ratio of 8.189 (Table 4). The Hosmer–Lemeshow chi-square of this model was 4.63 (p 0.795).
Table 3.
Factors associated with poor sleep quality in nurses by stepwise method.
| Factor | Unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval) |
Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval) |
|---|---|---|
| Depression | 1.587 (0.997, 2.527) | 1.572 (0.984, 2.513) |
| Backward | 1.973 (1.352, 2.881) | 1.946 (1.344, 2.871) |
Table 4.
Factors associated with poor sleep quality in nurses by adding various shift patterns.
| Factors | Unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval) |
Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval) |
|---|---|---|
| Age | 0.973 (0.956, 0.990) | 0.972 (0.934, 1.011) |
| Work experience | 0.979 (0.961, 0.998) | 1.018 (0.982, 1.056) |
| Non-shift | 0.486 (0.313, 0.756) | 0.656 (0.283, 1.517) |
| Rotational | 1.870 (1.263, 2.769) | 0.146 (0.020, 1.055) |
| Forward | 0.867 (0.378, 1.991) | 5.302 (0.748, 37.549) |
| Backward | 1.973 (1.352, 2.881) | 8.189 (1.317, 50.901) |
| Quick returns | 1.045 (1.012, 1.078) | 0.995 (0.944, 1.049) |
| Extended shift | 0.975 (0.900, 1.055) | 0.980 (0.889, 1.079) |
| Depression | 1.587 (0.997, 2.527) | 1.602 (0.994, 2.584) |
4. Discussion
The current study found that nurses at a university hospital had a high prevalence of poor sleep quality (75.9%). The rate was somewhat higher than reported in a previous report from China (62.1%) [24] The current study may have a higher poor sleep quality rate because there were several shiftwork patterns, particularly rotational shiftwork (452 persons: 72.7%), as previously reported [22]. Rotational shiftwork is reported to affect the circadian rhythm, with an odds ratio of 1.456–2.348 times for poor sleep quality [23,25,26,27,28,29]. Rotational shiftwork is usually divided according to two criteria: viz., speed of rotation and direction of rotation. In a previous study, the speed of rotation over nine days predicted the least-mean drowsiness scale, which was based on how long the subject took to adjust to new circadian rhythms. As well as changing rotation every three days, drowsiness occurred when trying to work before the circadian rhythm could adjust to the new working time. By contrast, a one-day quick returns had no effect on circadian rhythms, nor did changing rotation every 6 days, as the circadian rhythm simply started adjusting [19]. Meanwhile, the study from China enrolled nurses working night shift consecutively, leading to a more familiar sleep pattern. However, the poor sleep quality rates among nurses were very high compared to other occupations in the USA (30.7%) [30]. These findings suggest different rates of poor sleep quality among occupations.
Several studies have shown that shiftwork patterns have a significant effect on sleep quality, including quick returns, extended shifts, and rotational shifts [16,25,31,32,33]. In addition, extending the shiftwork effect could influence executive function [34].
This study found that backward rotational shiftwork resulted in the strongest association with poor sleep quality compared to the other shift patterns (Table 3 and Table 4). Shon et al. found that backward rotation had a significant association with poor sleep quality compared with forward rotation regardless of sex [23]. The adjusted odds ratio of backward rotation was 1.95, which was comparable to the current study (1.946). Taken together, these findings may explain how adaptation of the circadian rhythm for shift pattern, as previously reported in jet lag situation, may impact upon sleep. Forward rotation requires a more rapidly adapted phase delay, while backward rotation requires slower adaptation as a phase advance [35,36].
This study had some limitations. First, this was a single-site study at a university hospital, but it had a large sample size and specificity. Second, some factors were not evaluated (i.e., sleep apnea). Finally, data received from the participants were self-reported, resulting in information bias.
5. Conclusions
In conclusion, poor sleep quality was prevalent among nurses working at a university hospital. Backward shiftwork was the strongest factor associated with poor sleep quality compared with other shift patterns. The backward pattern should thus be minimized in order to improve sleep quality for nurses. The limitation of this study was the cross-sectional design, which resulted in causal relationships not being able to be confirmed. To help with shift management, an interventional study using different patterns (i.e., different patterns and measuring the quality sleep) is recommended.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization, K.W. and N.C.; methodology, K.W., N.C. and K.S. (Kanjana Simajareuk); data analysis and interpretation, K.W., N.C., P.K.-Y. and W.B.; writing—original draft, K.W. and K.S. (Kittisak Sawanyawisuth); writing—review and editing, N.C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Institutional Review Board Statement
The study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki, and approved by the Institutional Review Board (Number IRB00001189, date of approval: 18 January 2018) and the Khon Kaen University Research Ethics Committee (HE601463).
Informed Consent Statement
Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. Written iData Availability Statement: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Naesinee-Chaiear (accessed on 22 July 2022) informed consent was also obtained to publish this paper.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Funding Statement
This research was funded by the Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand (grant No. IN61220).
Footnotes
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
References
- 1.Institution of Occupational Safety and Health . The Effects of Shiftwork on Health. Institution of Occupational Safety and Health; Wigston, UK: 2003. [Google Scholar]
- 2.Knutsson A., Hallquist J., Reuterwall C., Theorell T., Akerstedt T. Shiftwork and myocardial infarction: A case-control study. Occup. Environ. Med. 1999;56:46–50. doi: 10.1136/oem.56.1.46. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 3.Amani R., Gill T. Shiftworking, nutrition and obesity: Implications for workforce health—A systematic review. Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr. 2013;22:505–515. doi: 10.1016/j.orcp.2011.08.020. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 4.Lahti T.A., Partonen T., Kyyrönen P., Kauppinen T., Pukkala E. Night-time work predisposes to non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Int. J. Cancer. 2008;123:2148–2151. doi: 10.1002/ijc.23566. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 5.Wagstaff A.S., Sigstad Lie J.A. Shift and night work and long working hours—A systematic review of safety implications. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health. 2011;37:173–185. doi: 10.5271/sjweh.3146. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 6.Cui Y., Tian S.S., Qiao N., Wang C., Wang T., Huang J.J., Sun C.M., Liang J., Liu X.M. Associations of individual-related and job-related risk factors with nonfatal occupational injury in the coal workers of Shanxi Province: A cross-sectional study. PLoS ONE. 2015;10:e0134367. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134367. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 7.Knutsson A. Health disorders of shift workers. Occup. Med. 2003;53:103–108. doi: 10.1093/occmed/kqg048. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 8.Vyas M.V., Garg A.X., Iansavichus A.V., Costella J., Donner A., Laugsand L.E., Janszky I., Mrkobrada M., Parraga G., Hackam D.G. Shift work and vascular events: Systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2012;345:e4800. doi: 10.1136/bmj.e4800. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 9.Suwazono Y., Dochi M., Oishi M., Tanaka K., Kobayashi E., Sakata K. Shiftwork and impaired glucose metabolism: A 14 year cohort study on 7104 male workers. Chronobiol. Int. 2009;26:926–941. doi: 10.1080/07420520903044422. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 10.Özyürek P., Çevik C., Kılıç İ., Aslan A. Effects of day and night shifts on stress, anxiety, quality of life, and oxidative stress parameters in nurses. Florence Nightingale J. Nurs. 2021;29:81–92. doi: 10.5152/FNJN.2021.19141. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 11.Mollayeva T., Thurairajah P., Burton K., Mollayeva S., Shapiro C.M., Colantonio A. The Pittsburgh sleep quality index as a screening tool for sleep dysfunction in clinical and non-clinical samples: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Med. Rev. 2016;25:52–73. doi: 10.1016/j.smrv.2015.01.009. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 12.Lemma S., Patel S.V., Tarekegn Y.A., Tadesse M.G., Berhane Y., Gelaye B., Williams M.A. The epidemiology of sleep quality, sleep patterns, consumption of caffeinated beverages, and khat use among Ethiopian college students. Sleep Disord. 2012;2012:583510. doi: 10.1155/2012/583510. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 13.Kang J.M., Lee J.A., Jang J.W., Kim Y.S., Sunwoo S. Factors associated with poor sleep quality in primary care. Korean J. Fam. Med. 2013;34:107–114. doi: 10.4082/kjfm.2013.34.2.107. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 14.Yamma C., Lueboonthavatchai P. Sleep problem, fatigue and work efficiency among registered nurse at King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital. J. Psychiatr. Assoc. Thail. 2013;58:183–196. [Google Scholar]
- 15.Eldevik M.F., Flo E., Moen B.E., Pallesen S., Bjorvatn B. Insomnia, excessive sleepiness, excessive fatigue, anxiety, depression and shiftwork disorder in nurses having less than 11 hours in-between shifts. PLoS ONE. 2013;8:e70882. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070882. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 16.Scott L.D., Rogers A.E., Hwang W.T., Zhang Y. Effects of critical care nurses’ work hours on vigilance and patients’ safety. Am. J. Crit. Care. 2006;15:30–37. doi: 10.4037/ajcc2006.15.1.30. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 17.Zhang L., Sun D.M., Li C.B., Tao M.F. Influencing factors for sleep quality among shift-working nurses: A cross-sectional study in China using 3-factor Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Asian Nurs. Res. 2016;10:277–282. doi: 10.1016/j.anr.2016.09.002. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 18.Lajoie P., Aronson K.J., Day A., Tranmer J. A cross-sectional study of shiftwork, sleep quality and cardiometabolic risk in female hospital employees. BMJ Open. 2015;5:e007327. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-007327. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 19.Hsu H.C., Lee H.F., Lin M.H. Exploring the association between sleep quality and heart rate variability among female nurses. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2021;18:5551. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18115551. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 20.Min A., Hong H.C., Son S., Lee T. Sleep, fatigue, and alertness during working hours among rotating-shift nurses in Korea: An observational study. J. Nurs. Manag. 2021;29:2647–2657. doi: 10.1111/jonm.13446. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 21.Westley J.A., Peterson J., Fort D., Burton J., List R. Impact of nurse’s worked hours on medication administration near-miss error alerts. Chronobiol. Int. 2020;37:1373–1376. doi: 10.1080/07420528.2020.1811295. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 22.Wangsan K., Chaiear N., Sawanyawisuth K., Klainin P., Simajareuk K. Pattern of shiftwork and health status among nurses in a university hospital in northeastern Thailand. Asia-Pac. J. Sci. Technol. 2019;24:1–11. [Google Scholar]
- 23.Shon Y., Ryu S., Suh B.S., Kim S.G., Kim W.S., Son H.S., Kim H.Y., Jeong H.S. Comparison of sleep quality based on direction of shift rotation in electronics workers. Ann. Occup. Environ. Med. 2016;28:37. doi: 10.1186/s40557-016-0122-3. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 24.Huang Q., Tian C., Zeng X.T. Poor sleep quality in nurses working or having worked night shifts: A cross-sectional study. Front. Neurosci. 2021;15:638973. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2021.638973. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 25.Kim J.Y., Chae C.H., Kim Y.O., Son J.S., Kim J.H., Kim C.W., Park H.O., Lee J.H., Kwon S.I. The relationship between quality of sleep and night shift rotation interval. Ann. Occup. Environ. Med. 2015;27:31. doi: 10.1186/s40557-015-0084-x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 26.Van Amelsvoort L.G., Jansen N.W., Swaen G.M., Van den Brandt P.A., Kant I. Direction of shift rotation among three-shift workers in relation to psychological health and work-family conflict. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health. 2004;30:149–156. doi: 10.5271/sjweh.772. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 27.Cruz C., Detwiler C., Nesthus T., Boquet A. Clockwise and counterclockwise rotating shifts: Effects on sleep duration, timing, and quality. Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 2003;74:597–605. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 28.Tucker P., Smith L., Macdonald I., Folkard S. Effects of direction of rotation in continuous and discontinuous 8 hour shift systems. Occup. Environ. Med. 2000;57:678–684. doi: 10.1136/oem.57.10.678. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 29.Postnova S., Postnov D.D., Seneviratne M., Robinson P.A. Effects of rotation interval on sleepiness and circadian dynamics on forward rotating 3-shift systems. J. Biol. Rhythms. 2014;29:60–70. doi: 10.1177/0748730413516837. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 30.Yong L.C., Li J., Calvert G.M. Sleep-related problems in the US working population: Prevalence and association with shiftwork status. Occup. Environ. Med. 2017;74:93–104. doi: 10.1136/oemed-2016-103638. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 31.Vedaa Ø., Harris A., Bjorvatn B., Waage S., Sivertsen B., Tucker P., Pallesen S. Systematic review of the relationship between quick returns in rotating shift work and health-related outcomes. Ergonomics. 2016;59:1–14. doi: 10.1080/00140139.2015.1052020. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 32.Dahlgren A., Tucker P., Gustavsson P., Rudman A. Quick returns and night work as predictors of sleep quality, fatigue, work-family balance and satisfaction with work hours. Chronobiol. Int. 2016;33:759–767. doi: 10.3109/07420528.2016.1167725. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 33.Thach T.Q., Mahirah D., Dunleavy G., Zhang Y., Nazeha N., Rykov Y., Nah A., Roberts A.C., Christopoulos G.I., Soh C.K., et al. Association between shift work and poor sleep quality in an Asian multi-ethnic working population: A cross-sectional study. PLoS ONE. 2020;15:e0229693. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229693. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 34.Athar M.E., Atef-Vahid M.K., Ashouri A. The influence of shift work on the quality of sleep and executive functions. J. Circadian Rhythms. 2020;18:4. doi: 10.5334/jcr.194. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 35.Comperatore C.A., Krueger G.P. Circadian rhythm desynchronosis, jet lag, shift lag, and coping strategies. Occup. Med. Phila. Pa. 1990;5:323–334. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 36.Eastman C.I., Martin S.K. How to use light and dark to produce circadian adaptation to night shift work. Ann. Med. 1999;31:87–98. doi: 10.3109/07853899908998783. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]