Table 1.
Basic information of the participants across MAFLD phenotypes.
| Variables | Non-MAFLD Weighted Mean or Percentage |
MAFLD without Clinical Fibrosis Weighted Mean or Percentage |
MAFLD with Clinical Fibrosis Weighted Mean or Percentage |
p Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | <0.001 | |||
| Male | 43.99 | 53.57 | 54.65 | |
| Female | 56.01 | 46.43 | 43.35 | |
| Ethnicity | <0.001 | |||
| Non-Hispanic White | 66.75 | 64.24 | 65.44 | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 11.20 | 8.16 | 9.50 | |
| Other Hispanic | 6.41 | 5.73 | 5.99 | |
| Mexican American | 5.90 | 11.34 | 10.28 | |
| Other | 9.75 | 10.54 | 8.78 | |
| Education | 0.562 | |||
| <High school | 9.53 | 10.03 | 11.09 | |
| ≥High school | 90.47 | 89.97 | 88.91 | |
| Diabetes | <0.001 | |||
| No | 96.01 | 85.42 | 61.95 | |
| Yes | 3.99 | 14.58 | 38.05 | |
| PA level | <0.001 | |||
| Low | 22.75 | 33.74 | 35.92 | |
| Moderate | 56.36 | 47.96 | 45.85 | |
| High | 20.89 | 18.29 | 18.23 | |
| PIR | 0.680 | |||
| Low | 20.97 | 18.85 | 19.50 | |
| Middle | 33.46 | 36.65 | 37.93 | |
| High | 45.57 | 44.50 | 42.57 | |
| Smoking Status | 0.338 | |||
| Low | 35.94 | 39.85 | 41.20 | |
| Moderate | 37.85 | 37.655 | 36.44 | |
| High | 26.21 | 22.50 | 22.35 | |
| Drink Status | 0.093 | |||
| Never | 61.46 | 66.78 | 68.69 | |
| Moderate | 35.61 | 29.11 | 28.39 | |
| Heavy | 2.93 | 4.11 | 2.92 | |
| Age (years) | 42.70 (41.12–44.28) | 50.13 (48.53–51.73) | 52.01 (49.14–54.89) | <0.001 |
| CAP (dB/m) | 209.20 (207.53–210.87) | 301.39 (298.77–304.01) | 328.23 (321.77–224.69) | <0.001 |
| LSM (kPa) | 4.84 (4.65–5.03) | 4.66 (4.58–4.73) | 10.19 (9.16–11.22) | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.51 (24.98–26.03) | 31.68 (30.75–32.02) | 36.21 (35.01–37.41) | <0.001 |
| WC (cm) | 89.26 (88.03–90.49) | 106.13 (104.67–107.60) | 117.01 (114.80–119.23) | <0.001 |
| Cotinine (ng/mL) | 62.03 (47.38–76.69) | 46.11 (39.75–52.46) | 51.45 (31.31–71.59) | 0.019 |
| ALT (U/L) | 19.70 (18.57–20.83) | 24.34 (23.0–25.69) | 32.38 (29.12–35.64) | <0.001 |
| AST (U/L) | 21.69 (20.54–2.84) | 21.45 (20.67–22.22) | 26.61 (24.58–28.64) | 0.007 |
| GGT (IU/L) | 23.53 (22.08–24.99) | 29.83 (27.75–31.90) | 46.68 (40.06–53.30) | <0.001 |
| GHB (%) | 5.36 (5.32–5.39) | 5.71 (5.63–5.79) | 6.23 (6.13–6.33) | <0.001 |
| GLU (mg/dL) | 100.19 (99.21–101.18) | 112.30 (108.83–115.78) | 131.79 (123.15–140.43) | <0.001 |
| Insulin (uU/mL) | 4.04 (3.51–4.57) | 7.29 (6.41–8.17) | 11.69 (9.55–13.82) | <0.001 |
| TG (mg/dL) | 105.52 (100.79–11.026) | 162.81 (154.69–170.93) | 195.37 (179.45–211.29) | <0.001 |
| HDL (mg/dL) | 59.34 (57.78–60.89) | 50.27 (49.14–51.41) | 47.00 (45.30–48.71) | <0.001 |
| HSCRP (mg/L) | 2.54 (2.18–2.91) | 4.22 (3.74–4.70) | 5.60 (4.76–6.45) | <0.001 |
| DII | 1.36 (1.18–1.55) | 1.50 (1.31–1.68) | 1.64 (1.43–1.86) | 0.032 |
| HEI-2015 | 50.54 (48.40–52.69) | 48.47 (47.10–49.85) | 46.46 (44.84–48.08) | 0.005 |
| AHEI | 49.00 (47.40–50.61) | 47.01 (45.95–48.08) | 45.24 (44.16–46.33) | <0.001 |
| DASH | 26.12 (25.56–26.68) | 25.28 (24.90–25.65) | 24.66 (24.18–25.14) | <0.001 |
| MED | 6.06 (5.91–6.21) | 5.95 (5.84–6.06) | 5.91 (5.79–6.07) | 0.107 |
Abbreviations, CAP: a median Controlled Attenuation Parameter, LSM: a median Liver Stiffness Measurement, BMI: body mass index, WC: waist circumference, ALT: alanine aminotransferase, AST: aspartate aminotransferase, GGT: gamma-glutamyltransferase, GHB: glycohemoglobin, GLU: fasting blood glucose, TG: triglyceride, HDL: high-density lipoprotein, HSCRP: hypersensitive C reactive protein.