Table 3.
Synthesis of linear and logistic regression models showing associations (coefficient and 95% confidence interval) between ACEs and individual HIV risk factors among adolescents in Malawi (N=1, 878), specific to the timing of measurement
| Model Set 1 | Model Set 2 | Model Set 3 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline ACEs -> Follow-up Outcomes | Baseline ACEs -> Baseline Outcomes | Follow-up ACEs -> Follow-up Outcomes | |||||||
| HIV-related outcome | All | Girls | Boys | All | Girls | Boys | All | Girls | Boys |
| HIV-behavioral-risk score | RD=0.06 | RD=0.21** | RD=−0.02 | RD=0.12* | RD=0.11* | RD=0.13 | RD=0.18*** | RD=0.21** | RD=0.18* |
| [−0.04, 0.16] | [0.07, 0.34] | [−0.17, 0.13] | [0.03, 0.21] | [0.01, 0.22] | [−0.01, 0.28] | [0.08, 0.28] | [0.08, 0.34] | [0.03, 0.33] | |
| Early sexual debut | OR=1.11 | OR=1.86** | OR=0.81 | OR=1.89*** | OR=1.93** | OR=1.82** | OR=1.51** | OR=1.64* | OR=1.45* |
| [0.84, 1.45] | [1.21, 2.87] | [0.57, 1.15] | [1.40, 2.57] | [1.19, 3.14] | [1.22, 2.71] | [1.14, 1.99] | [1.06, 2.54] | [1.01, 2.08] | |
| No condom use | OR=1.16 | OR=1.45 | OR=1.00 | OR=1.28 | OR=1.23 | OR=1.26 | OR=1.80*** | OR=1.99** | OR=1.68* |
| [0.83, 1.61] | [0.87, 2.39] | [0.64, 1.57] | [0.91, 1.80] | [0.70, 2.16] | [0.82, 1.94] | [1.29, 2.51] | [1.21, 3.27] | [1.06, 2.68] | |
| 3+ lifetime partners | OR=1.31 | OR=1.87* | OR=1.12 | OR=1.44 | OR=5.67* | OR=1.17 | OR=1.56** | OR=2.54** | OR=1.27 |
| [0.96, 1.78] | [1.05, 3.33] | [0.77, 1.63] | [0.90, 2.32] | [1.28, 25.18] | [0.69, 1.98] | [1.12, 2.17] | [1.39, 4.62] | [0.85, 1.88] | |
| Age-disparate partner | OR=1.05 | OR=0.95 | OR=3.76 | NA | NA | NA | OR=0.88 | OR=0.84 | OR=1.73 |
| [0.55, 1.99] | [0.49, 1.85] | [0.32, 44.05] | NA | NA | NA | [0.44, 1.77] | [0.40, 1.74] | [0.10, 29.14] | |
| IPV | OR=1.98*** | OR=2.02** | OR=1.91** | OR=2.83*** | OR=5.09*** | OR=1.84 | OR=4.97*** | OR=5.20*** | OR=4.89*** |
| [1.43, 2.74] | [1.25, 3.24] | [1.20, 3.06] | [1.70, 4.71] | [2.23, 11.64] | [0.92, 3.70] | [3.44, 7.18] | [3.15, 8.57] | [2.83, 8.46] | |
| STI symptoms# | NA | OR=1.24 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | OR=2.22** | NA |
| NA | [0.67, 2.27] | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | [1.24, 3.99] | NA | |
| HSV2 infection | OR=0.95 | OR=1.17 | OR=0.83 | NA | NA | NA | OR=0.87 | OR=0.91 | OR=0.85 |
| [0.56, 1.61] | [0.51, 2.69] | [0.42, 1.65] | NA | NA | NA | [0.52, 1.46] | [0.45, 1.87] | [0.40, 1.77] | |
*
p<0.05,
**
p<0.01,
***
p<0.001
#
Girls only
Risk differences (RD) and odds ratios (OR) shown only for significant associations (at p<0.05) comparing the 3rd tertile of ACEs (7–13 ACEs) with the 1st tertile of ACEs (0–4 ACEs)
NA = not applicable
All models control for respondent’s age, gender, follow-up SES, follow-up marital status and region.