Table 1.
Sample characteristics, overall and by Elected Women Representative's (EWR) activities in the community (N = 1338).
| Total |
Official work increased since COVID-19 |
Raised awareness on COVID-19 |
Arranged for needed services (health, livelihoods) during COVID-19 |
Intervened to stop violence against women |
Intervened to stop child marriage |
Perceived possibility of EWR impact |
|||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 100% (N = 1338) |
46.3% (n = 620) |
37.4% (n = 501) |
21.2% (n = 284) |
38.8% (n = 519) |
6.0% (n = 80) |
22.7% (n = 304) |
|||||||||||||
| No 53.7% |
Yes 46.3% |
p-value | No 62.6% |
Yes 37.4% |
p-value | No 78.8% |
Yes 21.2% |
p-value | No 61.2% |
Yes 38.8% |
p-value | No 94.0% |
Yes 6.0% |
p-value | No 77.3% |
Yes 22.7% |
p-value | ||
| Gets help with EWR work from: | |||||||||||||||||||
| No help | 6.88 | 7.1 | 6.6 | 0.47 | 6.8 | 6.9 | 0.91 | 6.9 | 6.7 | 0.50 | 7.8 | 5.3 | 0.21 | 6.8 | 8.7 | 0.02 | 7.3 | 5.3 | 0.16 |
| Help from husband | 76.08 | 74.8 | 77.6 | 76.5 | 75.5 | 76.7 | 73.9 | 75.7 | 76.7 | 76.9 | 63.7 | 76.5 | 74.7 | ||||||
| Help from other family members | 17.04 | 18.1 | 15.8 | 16.7 | 17.6 | 16.4 | 19.4 | 16.5 | 17.9 | 16.4 | 27.5 | 16.2 | 20.1 | ||||||
| Gets help with domestic work: | |||||||||||||||||||
| No help | 17.41 | 21.2 | 13.1 | <0.0001 | 17.6 | 17.2 | 0.11 | 18.3 | 14.1 | <0.0001 | 17.5 | 17.3 | <0.0001 | 17.7 | 13.7 | 0.11 | 19.2 | 11.5 | <0.0001 |
| Help from husband | 38.86 | 30.5 | 48.6 | 36.8 | 42.3 | 34.6 | 54.6 | 45.8 | 27.9 | 39.4 | 31.3 | 33.4 | 57.6 | ||||||
| Help from other family members | 43.72 | 48.3 | 38.4 | 45.6 | 40.5 | 47.1 | 31.3 | 36.8 | 54.7 | 43.0 | 55.0 | 47.5 | 30.9 | ||||||
| Covariates | |||||||||||||||||||
| Increased community respect during COVID-19 | |||||||||||||||||||
| No | 11.2 | 16.6 | 5.0 | <0.0001 | 11.2 | 11.2 | 0.97 | 10.3 | 14.4 | 0.05 | 9.9 | 13.3 | 0.06 | 11.7 | 3.8 | 0.03 | 11.2 | 11.2 | 0.98 |
| Yes | 88.8 | 83.4 | 95.0 | 88.8 | 88.8 | 89.7 | 85.6 | 90.1 | 86.7 | 88.3 | 96.3 | 88.8 | 88.8 | ||||||
| Has paid work other than EWR | |||||||||||||||||||
| No | 78.8 | 79.5 | 77.9 | 0.47 | 74.6 | 85.8 | <0.0001 | 76.9 | 85.9 | <0.0001 | 80.1 | 76.7 | 0.13 | 79.0 | 75.0 | 0.39 | 76.7 | 85.9 | <0.0001 |
| Yes | 21.2 | 20.5 | 22.1 | 25.4 | 14.2 | 23.1 | 14.1 | 19.9 | 23.3 | 21.0 | 25.0 | 23.3 | 14.1 | ||||||
| Faced financial hardship during COVID-19 | |||||||||||||||||||
| No | 11.7 | 11.0 | 12.6 | 0.37 | 11.8 | 11.6 | 0.89 | 13.3 | 6.0 | <0.0001 | 14.3 | 7.7 | <0.0001 | 11.1 | 21.3 | 0.01 | 14.1 | 3.6 | <0.0001 |
| Yes | 88.3 | 89.0 | 87.4 | 88.2 | 88.4 | 86.7 | 94.0 | 85.7 | 92.3 | 88.9 | 78.7 | 85.9 | 96.4 | ||||||
| Elected as EWR for second or more time | |||||||||||||||||||
| No | 87.1 | 87.2 | 87.1 | 0.96 | 86.7 | 87.8 | 0.57 | 87.1 | 87.3 | 0.92 | 89.1 | 84.0 | 0.01 | 87.0 | 88.8 | 0.66 | 87.8 | 84.9 | 0.17 |
| Yes | 12.9 | 12.8 | 12.9 | 13.3 | 12.2 | 12.9 | 12.7 | 10.9 | 16.0 | 13.0 | 11.3 | 12.2 | 15.1 | ||||||
| Education | |||||||||||||||||||
| Never went to school | 22.9 | 24.7 | 20.9 | 0.04 | 23.2 | 22.6 | 0.56 | 23.6 | 20.4 | 0.52 | 23.6 | 21.9 | <0.0001 | 22.7 | 27.5 | 0.27 | 22.9 | 23.0 | 0.82 |
| Completed primary or middle school | 54.9 | 51.8 | 58.6 | 53.9 | 56.7 | 54.5 | 56.7 | 58.4 | 49.5 | 55.5 | 46.3 | 55.3 | 53.6 | ||||||
| Completed secondary or more | 22.1 | 23.5 | 20.5 | 22.9 | 20.8 | 21.9 | 22.9 | 18.1 | 28.5 | 21.9 | 26.2 | 21.8 | 23.4 | ||||||
| Caste | |||||||||||||||||||
| General | 9.0 | 8.8 | 9.2 | 0.66 | 9.8 | 7.6 | 0.31 | 8.9 | 9.2 | 0.99 | 9.7 | 7.7 | 0.20 | 9.2 | 5.0 | 0.43 | 8.9 | 9.2 | 0.95 |
| Other Backward/backward Class | 63.2 | 62.4 | 64.2 | 62.0 | 65.3 | 63.3 | 63.0 | 63.9 | 62.2 | 63.0 | 66.2 | 63.4 | 62.5 | ||||||
| SC/ST | 27.8 | 28.8 | 26.6 | 28.2 | 27.2 | 27.8 | 27.8 | 26.4 | 30.1 | 27.8 | 28.7 | 27.7 | 28.3 | ||||||
| Age | |||||||||||||||||||
| Less than equal to 35 years | 31.8 | 31.1 | 32.7 | 0.78 | 30.5 | 34.1 | 0.03 | 31.9 | 31.3 | 0.08 | 29.7 | 35.3 | 0.09 | 31.6 | 36.2 | 0.14 | 32.8 | 28.6 | 0.01 |
| Between 35-46 years | 44.1 | 44.3 | 43.7 | 43.1 | 45.5 | 42.7 | 48.9 | 45.2 | 42.2 | 43.7 | 48.8 | 41.9 | 51.3 | ||||||
| More than 46 years | 24.1 | 24.7 | 23.6 | 26.4 | 20.4 | 25.3 | 19.7 | 25.2 | 22.5 | 24.7 | 15.0 | 25.3 | 20.1 | ||||||
| Age at marriage | |||||||||||||||||||
| Less than equal to 15 years | 13.8 | 15.3 | 11.9 | 0.11 | 14.1 | 13.2 | 0.65 | 13.5 | 14.8 | 0.84 | 12.5 | 15.8 | 0.22 | 13.8 | 13.7 | 0.31 | 13.1 | 16.1 | 0.30 |
| Between 15-18 years | 53.8 | 53.8 | 53.8 | 54.4 | 52.9 | 53.9 | 53.2 | 54.7 | 52.4 | 53.3 | 61.3 | 54.7 | 50.7 | ||||||
| More than 18 years | 32.4 | 30.9 | 34.2 | 31.5 | 33.9 | 32.5 | 32.0 | 32.8 | 31.8 | 32.9 | 25.0 | 32.2 | 33.2 | ||||||
p-values provided for chi-square tests.