Abstract
Background: Vitiligo is a common acquired hypopigmentation skin condition defined by an idiopathic, gradual, and restricted loss of melanin pigment from otherwise healthy-looking skin. The present study aims to evaluate the knowledge and perceptions of and attitudes toward vitiligo among the general population of Jazan Province, Saudi Arabia. Methods: An observational cross-sectional survey targeting adults of the Jazan region was conducted in 2022. The data were collected using an electronic questionnaire distributed through social media in the region. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS computer program. Knowledge and attitude scores were computed. Results: Most of the respondents (83.7%) had an adequate knowledge level of vitiligo, and almost half of the respondents (46.8%) had a positive attitude toward the disease. The majority of the respondents (84.5%) knew that vitiligo is not contagious. However, the majority of the participants (78.6%) did not know that vitiligo is an autoimmune disease. Most of the respondents (93.1%) do not avoid shaking hands with a vitiligo patient to prevent infection, accept food prepared by a vitiligo patient (69.4%), accept sharing a plate with a vitiligo patient (73.6%), and accept to be helped by a vitiligo patient (86.7%). However, about half of the participants (50.4%) refused to marry a person diagnosed with vitiligo. The knowledge of vitiligo in the study population was not correlated with any of the demographic characters, such as age, gender, education, or occupation (p > 0.05). The most important factors associated with good attitudes were male gender (COR = 1.92; 95% CI: 1.92–2.84; p = 0.001) and being aged over 50 years (COR = 3.06; 95% CI: 1.53–6.13; p = 0.002). Conclusions: The population in Jazan had a good level of knowledge of vitiligo and a positive attitude toward patients with vitiligo. Social media is the source of information for vitiligo for the majority of the study population. The good attitude toward patients with vitiligo was more prevalent in males and older people. More efforts are needed to improve the knowledge of and attitudes toward vitiligo.
Keywords: vitiligo, skin condition, knowledge, attitudes, Jazan
1. Introduction
Vitiligo is a common acquired hypopigmentation skin disorder characterized by an idiopathic, progressive, and circumscribed loss of melanin pigment from otherwise healthy-looking skin, with a complete absence of functioning melanocytes in microscopic examination [1,2,3,4]. The distribution of macules may be localized or generalized and may coalesce into wide, depigmented areas. These macules are usually cosmetically disfiguring, especially in individuals with dark skin. Skin lesions are often visible to others, so vitiligo is commonly associated with emotional distress, social stigma, and poor quality of life [5,6,7].
The literature suggests that vitiligo is the most common cause of skin depigmentation, with a worldwide incidence rate ranging from 0.1% to 2% [1,8,9]. The prevalence of vitiligo is equally distributed in males and females and individuals from different racial, ethnic, or socioeconomic backgrounds [4]. Vitiligo may occur at any age, but its incidence peaks in the second and third decades. Among patients with vitiligo, approximately 33% are children, and 70% to 80% are adults before the age of 30 years [3]. The etiology of vitiligo is not fully understood, but seems to include an interaction of genetic, neurological, and immunological factors [1,10]. Patients commonly attribute the onset of their disease to specific events, such as physical injury, pregnancy, sunburn, or emotional stress. However, at present, there is no evidence supporting a causative relationship of these factors with vitiligo. The high frequency of comorbid autoimmune diseases, such as halo nevus and malignant melanoma, in patients with vitiligo suggests an autoimmune etiology of the disease [4].
Several observational studies have examined the knowledge of and attitudes toward vitiligo and showed that misconceptions and poor awareness of vitiligo are prevalent among the public and even patients themselves [9,10,11,12,13,14]. Although a few studies [13,14,15] have been conducted assessing the knowledge of and attitude toward vitiligo in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), no study has been conducted in Jazan, southwest Saudi Arabia. The present study aims to evaluate the knowledge and perceptions of and attitudes toward vitiligo among the general population of Jazan Province, Saudi Arabia, and to explore the local myths.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Ethical Considerations
This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards within the political borders of the KSA and Saudi bioethics and the Declaration of Helsinki. All of the participants read, understood, and signed a written consent form. The study was approved by Jazan Health Ethics Committee, Approval No. 2284. The participants were told that they have the freedom to participate or to withdraw from the study at any time.
2.2. Study Design, Setting, and Population
To examine the knowledge of and attitude toward vitiligo among the general population, a descriptive cross-sectional study was used. This study was conducted in Jazan, southwest Saudi Arabia. The region is the second smallest region in the country and covers an area of 11,671 km2 with a population of 1,567,547. The study included Saudi adults aged 18 years or older who were willing to take part in the study. Non-Saudi and younger adults were excluded.
2.3. Sampling Procedure
The sample size was calculated using the Raosoft website. A sample of 480 participants was estimated for this study; the sample size was calculated using the sample size formula n = Z21-α P (1 − P)/d2. The following parameters were utilized to calculate the sample size: prevalence of knowledge P = 50%, confidence interval Z = 95%, error d = not more than 5%, and a 20% non-response rate (online surveys require a large sample size as the non-response rate is always high). The sampling plan utilized the administrative distribution of the Jazan region, with the survey link distributed in each sub-administration unit.
2.4. Data Collection and Study Tool
Questionnaires were designed and sent to experts for content validity before being administered to the participants. The questionnaires used were standardized for consistency and for reliability and validity purposes in the quantitative analysis. The data were collected via an online self-administered questionnaire that was sent to the sample of participants selected through social media platforms. The questionnaire items were adopted from a previously prepared self-structured validated questionnaire [14]. The questionnaire included questions related to the sociodemographic characteristics of the participants. Knowledge and perceptions of and attitudes toward vitiligo were assessed using 17 items in three main categories. Regarding the knowledge items, a score of 10 was given to each correct response, with incorrect responses being scored 0. A total knowledge score was computed by summing the individual responses for each participant. Adequate knowledge was defined as a total score above 50% of the correct responses. Lower scores indicated inadequate knowledge. Regarding the attitude items, a score of 10 was given for each positive attitude, and 0 for a negative attitude. A total attitude score was computed by summing the individual responses for each participant. Participants with scores over 50% were classified as having a good attitude. The tool’s reliability was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha and revealed a value of 0.60.
2.5. Data Analysis
The computer program IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 24.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA), was used to enter, organize, tabulate, and analyze the data. The participants’ socioeconomic status and demographic data were tabulated, and the percentage and frequency were calculated. The chi-square test was used to test the significance of the association of the stated variables. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to assess the independent predictors among the participants. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
3. Results
A total of 496 participants were approved to fill in a self-administered online questionnaire assessing the knowledge of and attitude toward vitiligo in the Jazan district in the KSA. Table 1 shows that the study included participants of different ages; about half (49.4%) were between 31 and 50 years old. Participants with a bachelor’s degree and secondary education reported higher knowledge scores (M = 71.89, SD = 16.7; M = 71.26, SD = 14.2) than the other participants, but without statistical significance (p > 0.05). Young participants (18–30 years) showed higher positive attitude scores (M = 56.13, SD = 20.3) than the other age groups, but also without statistical significance (p > 0.05).
Table 1.
Study participants’ background characteristics and knowledge and attitude scores according to some selected characteristics (n = 496).
| Variables | n | % | Knowledge Scores | Attitude Scores | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | ||||
| Age group (years) | 18–30 years | 208 | 41.9 | 72.48 | (16.3) | 56.13 | (20.3) |
| 31–50 years | 245 | 49.4 | 70.36 | (15.8) | 52.19 | (21.2) | |
| >50 years | 43 | 8.7 | 70.35 | (15.2) | 46.51 | (20.7) | |
| Gender | Male | 345 | 69.6 | 71.70 | (16.0) | 51.56 | (21.2) |
| Female | 151 | 30.4 | 70.20 | (15.9) | 57.45 | (19.6) | |
| Education level | Primary | 6 | 1.2 | 64.58 | (14.6) | 58.33 | (25.8) |
| Preparatory | 22 | 4.4 | 64.20 | (18.2) | 56.82 | (18.0) | |
| Secondary | 167 | 33.7 | 71.26 | (14.2) | 50.67 | (23.5) | |
| Bachelor | 301 | 60.7 | 71.89 | (16.7) | 54.49 | (19.4) | |
| Occupation | Unemployed | 211 | 42.5 | 71.92 | (16.3) | 53.97 | (20.7) |
| Employed | 285 | 57.5 | 70.75 | (15.7) | 52.89 | (21.1) | |
No statistical differences were reported (p > 0.05 for all variables).
Table 2 shows that most respondents (98.2%) had heard about vitiligo before. The majority of the respondents (84.5%) knew that vitiligo is not contagious. Additionally, 88.1% of the respondents answered “No” when asked whether vitiligo is related to the ingestion of fish or eggs. However, the majority of the participants (78.6%) did not know that vitiligo is an autoimmune disease, and 64.7% of the respondents reported that vitiligo is not a hereditary disease. In addition, 69.8% of them did not know that vitiligo worsens with psychological stress, and 69% of the study population reported that vitiligo affects the social life of patients. Most participants (95.4%) reported that vitiligo is a dangerous disease. About half of the respondents reported that there is no treatment for vitiligo.
Table 2.
Participants’ responses to questions regarding the knowledge of vitiligo.
| Questions | Count | Percentage | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Have you heard about vitiligo before? | No | 9 | 1.8% |
| Yes | 487 | 98.2% | |
| Is vitiligo contagious? | No | 419 | 84.5% |
| Yes | 77 | 15.5% | |
| Is vitiligo related to the ingestion of fish or eggs? | No | 437 | 88.1% |
| Yes | 59 | 11.9% | |
| Is vitiligo an autoimmune disease? | No | 390 | 78.6% |
| Yes | 106 | 21.4% | |
| Is vitiligo a hereditary disease? | No | 321 | 64.7% |
| Yes | 175 | 35.3% | |
| Does vitiligo worsen with psychological stress? | No | 346 | 69.8% |
| Yes | 150 | 30.2% | |
| Does vitiligo affect the social life of patients? | No | 154 | 31.0% |
| Yes | 342 | 69.0% | |
| Is vitiligo a dangerous disease? | No | 473 | 95.4% |
| Yes | 23 | 4.6% | |
| Is there a treatment for vitiligo? | No | 258 | 52.0% |
| Yes | 238 | 48.0% | |
In Figure 1, the graph shows that social media is the main source of information about vitiligo for the majority of the study population (70.4%), followed by journals (21.4%) and TV (8.3%).
Figure 1.
Source of information on vitiligo.
Table 3 shows that about half of the respondents (46%) reported that vitiligo is a common disease in the KSA. Most of the respondents (93.1%) do not avoid shaking hands with vitiligo patients to prevent infection, accept food prepared by vitiligo patients (69.4%), accept sharing plates with vitiligo patients (73.6%), and accept to be helped by a vitiligo patient (86.7%). The majority of the participants (76.6%) thought that there was a lack of awareness regarding vitiligo.
Table 3.
Participants’ responses to questions regarding the attitudes toward vitiligo.
| Questions | Count | Percentage | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Is vitiligo a common disease in the KSA? | No | 268 | 54.0% |
| Yes | 228 | 46.0% | |
| Would you avoid shaking hands with a vitiligo patient to prevent infection? | No | 462 | 93.1% |
| Yes | 34 | 6.9% | |
| Would you eat food prepared by a vitiligo patient? | No | 152 | 30.6% |
| Yes | 344 | 69.4% | |
| Would you share your plate with a vitiligo patient? | No | 131 | 26.4% |
| Yes | 365 | 73.6% | |
| Would you accept to be helped by a vitiligo patient? | No | 66 | 13.3% |
| Yes | 430 | 86.7% | |
| Would you accept a vitiligo patient to be an heir? | No | 84 | 16.9% |
| Yes | 412 | 83.1% | |
| Would you marry a person diagnosed with vitiligo? | No | 250 | 50.4% |
| Yes | 246 | 49.6% | |
| Is your spouse diagnosed with vitiligo? | No | 392 | 94.9% |
| Yes | 21 | 5.1% | |
| If you are married, does vitiligo affect your marital life? | No | 303 | 89.1% |
| Yes | 37 | 10.9% | |
| Do you think that there is a lack of awareness regarding vitiligo? | No | 116 | 23.4% |
| Yes | 380 | 76.6% | |
Table 4 shows the association between demographic factors and knowledge status. More males than females had a high level of knowledge (83.7% compared with 80.8%), but without statistical significance (p > 0.05). The table further indicates that the knowledge of vitiligo in the study population was not correlated with any of the demographic characteristics, such as age, education, or occupation (p > 0.05 for all).
Table 4.
Association between demographics and knowledge status.
| Variables | Knowledge Level | p-Value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low | High | |||||
| n | % | n | % | |||
| Age group | 18–30 years | 34 | (16.3) | 174 | (83.7) | 0.099 |
| 31–50 years | 40 | (16.3) | 205 | (83.7) | ||
| >50 years | 7 | (16.3) | 36 | (83.7) | ||
| Gender | Male | 52 | (15.1) | 293 | (84.9) | 0.252 |
| Female | 29 | (19.2) | 122 | (80.8) | ||
| Education level | Primary | 2 | (33.3) | 4 | (66.7) | 0.095 |
| Preparatory | 7 | (31.8) | 15 | (68.2) | ||
| Secondary | 22 | (13.2) | 145 | (86.8) | ||
| Bachelor | 50 | (16.6) | 251 | (83.4) | ||
| Occupation | Unemployed | 32 | (15.2) | 179 | (84.8) | 0.546 |
| Employed | 49 | (17.2) | 236 | (82.8) | ||
| All participants | 81 | (16.3) | 415 | (83.7) | ||
Table 5 shows that the participants’ attitude toward vitiligo is significantly associated with age (p = 0.004) and gender (p = 0.001). However, the participants’ education level and occupation have no significant association (p > 0.05) with the attitude toward vitiligo.
Table 5.
Association between demographics and participants’ attitude toward vitiligo.
| Variables | Attitude Score | p-Value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Poor Attitude | Good Attitude | |||||
| n | % | n | % | |||
| Age group | 18–30 years | 124 | (59.6) | 84 | (40.4) | 0.004 |
| 31–50 years | 126 | (51.4) | 119 | (48.6) | ||
| >50 years | 14 | (32.6) | 29 | (67.4) | ||
| Gender | Male | 167 | (48.4) | 178 | (51.6) | 0.001 |
| Female | 97 | (64.2) | 54 | (35.8) | ||
| Education level | Primary | 4 | (66.7) | 2 | (33.3) | 0.507 |
| Preparatory | 14 | (63.6) | 8 | (36.4) | ||
| Secondary | 83 | (49.7) | 84 | (50.3) | ||
| Bachelor | 163 | (54.2) | 138 | (45.8) | ||
| Occupation | Unemployed | 120 | (56.9) | 91 | (43.1) | 0.161 |
| Employed | 144 | (50.5) | 141 | (49.5) | ||
| All participants | 246 | (53.2) | 232 | (46.8) | ||
The logistic regression analyses for the factors associated with positive attitudes toward vitiligo are presented in Table 6. The table revealed that the most important factors associated with good attitudes were male gender (COR = 1.92; 95% CI: 1.92–2.84; p = 0.001) and an age of more than 50 years (COR = 3.06; 95% CI: 1.53–6.13; p = 0.002).
Table 6.
Factors associated with positive attitudes toward vitiligo.
| Variables | Predictors of Positive Attitudes | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| COR | 95% CI | p-Value | |||
| Lower | Upper | ||||
| Gender | Male (REF = Female) | 1.92 | 1.29 | 2.84 | 0.001 |
| Age group | 18–30 years | REF | |||
| 31–50 years | 1.39 | 0.96 | 2.03 | 0.081 | |
| >50 years | 3.06 | 1.53 | 6.13 | 0.002 | |
| Educational level | Primary | REF | |||
| Preparatory | 1.14 | 0.17 | 7.69 | 0.891 | |
| Secondary | 2.02 | 0.36 | 11.35 | 0.423 | |
| Bachelor | 1.69 | 0.31 | 9.38 | 0.547 | |
| Occupation | Employed (REF = Unemployed) | 1.29 | 0.90 | 1.85 | 0.162 |
4. Discussion
Vitiligo, a widespread depigmenting skin condition, is estimated to affect between 0.1% and 2% of the global population [14]. The condition is distinguished by a selective loss of melanocytes, resulting in non-scaly, chalky-white macules [15]. Significant progress has been made in the knowledge of vitiligo etiology, which is now defined as an autoimmune disease. Vitiligo is sometimes ignored as a cosmetic issue, although its symptoms can be psychologically distressing and have a significant impact on everyday life [16].
The emotional impact of vitiligo is significant and well documented [17,18]. The skin is a crucial part of our connection with the environment, and noticeable skin problems can restrict healthy psychosocial development due to the stigma associated with these conditions. Historically, skin illnesses and the people who suffer from them have been stigmatized [19]. Therefore, the current study aims to evaluate the knowledge and perceptions of and attitudes toward vitiligo among the general population of Jazan Province, Saudi Arabia.
Our results showed that about half of the participants (49.4%) were aged between 31 and 50 years old. The majority of the respondents were males (69.6%) and had a bachelor’s degree. More than half (57.5%) of the participants were employed. A study from northern India by Mahajan et al. (2019) found that the onset age of vitiligo ranged from 6 months to 82 years, with the majority of patients (71.3%) experiencing the condition before the age of 25 [20]. Another study by El-Husseiny et al. (2021) also documented that the average onset age of vitiligo in children was 6.18 years, with a mean condition duration of 2.12 years [21]. A meta-analysis assessing the prevalence of vitiligo by Zhang et al. (2016) found that vitiligo was more common among females than among males [22].
In addition, our results showed that most of the respondents (98.2%) had heard about vitiligo before. The majority of the respondents (84.5%) knew that vitiligo is not contagious. Additionally, 88.1% of the respondents answered “No” when asked whether vitiligo is related to the ingestion of fish or eggs. In contrast, a study by Fatani et al. (2014) showed that only 6.9% of the respondents had heard of vitiligo [14]. A cross-sectional study by Juntongjin et al. (2018) agreed with our findings. The researchers stated that approximately two-thirds of the participants in the survey were aware that vitiligo does not transfer by direct touch [23]. Another Turkish study by Topal et al. (2016) also noted that 90% of the respondents believed that vitiligo was not contagious [24].
The present study also illustrated that the majority of the participants (78.6%) did not know that vitiligo is an autoimmune disease, and 64.7% of the respondents reported that vitiligo is not a hereditary disease. In addition, 69.8% of them did not know that vitiligo worsens with psychological stress, and 69% of the study population reported that vitiligo affects the social life of patients. Most of the participants (95.4%) reported that vitiligo is a dangerous disease. About half of the respondents reported that there is no treatment for vitiligo. A study by Topal et al. (2016) showed that according to 84%, 37%, and 22% of the participants, respectively, stress, excessive sun exposure, and inheritance were thought to be causes of vitiligo, while 35% thought that vitiligo had no significant influence on the quality of life. Thirty-six percent thought that the condition was serious [24].
Moreover, our results indicated that social media is the source of information about vitiligo in the majority of the study population (70.4%), followed by journals (21.4%) and TV (8.3%). Algarni et al. (2021) also supported our results. They found that the most often-mentioned source of information (34.7%) was social media/Internet, followed by family/friends/acquaintances (30%) [25]. An Ethiopian study by Tsadik et al. (2020) also mentioned that friends and family were regarded as the most prevalent source of knowledge regarding vitiligo (70%) [26]. Our current results also showed that about half of the respondents (46%) reported that vitiligo is a common disease in the KSA. In contrast, research by Al Shammrie et al. (2017), who studied the pattern of skin diseases in Saudi Arabia, showed that vitiligo comprised only 7% of skin diseases [27].
In this study, the majority of the respondents (93.1%) do not avoid shaking hands with vitiligo patients to prevent infection, accept food prepared by vitiligo patients (69.4%), accept sharing a plate with vitiligo patients (73.6%), and accept to be helped by a vitiligo patient (86.7%). Most of the participants (94.9%) had no partners diagnosed with vitiligo. About half of the participants (50.4%) refused to marry a person diagnosed with vitiligo. However, 89.1% of the study population thought that vitiligo does not affect marital life. The majority of the participants (76.6%) thought that there was a lack of awareness regarding vitiligo. A study by Alshammrie et al. (2019) also supported these findings, showing that the majority of the study participants (73.8%) would refuse to marry a vitiligo patient [28]. Tsadik et al. (2020) also found that 43.7% do not mind shaking hands with vitiligo patients, 39.3% would exchange meals with vitiligo patients, and 38.7% would receive food made by a vitiligo patient [26].
Our results indicated that the knowledge of vitiligo in the study population was not correlated with any of the demographic characteristics, such as age, gender, education, or occupation. Juntongjin et al. (2018) also showed that there were no statistically significant associations between the knowledge score and gender, age, marital status, occupation, education, family members working in the healthcare industry, and monthly income [23].
Furthermore, our results indicated that the attitude of the participants toward vitiligo was significantly associated with age and gender. However, the education level or occupation of the participants has no significant association with the attitude toward vitiligo. The attitude of the participants toward vitiligo is significantly associated with age. It was also found that a good attitude toward vitiligo is more often found in older participants than in younger ones. The attitude of the participants toward vitiligo was significantly associated with gender. A hospital-based study by Asati et al. (2016) supports these findings. The researchers found that males, younger age groups, married people, and those who work in healthcare or are jobless had considerably higher attitude scores. Female gender was the only other significant indicator with a low attitude score [11].
Our research has some limitations that should be reported. First, the study is an observational cross-sectional survey, so the associations revealed by this study should be interpreted with caution. Second, the study was conducted using a web-based survey, which decreases the generalization of the study outcomes.
5. Conclusions
In conclusion, our study found that the people of Jazan had a high level of knowledge of vitiligo and good attitudes toward vitiligo patients. The majority of the study population regarded social media as the primary source of knowledge of vitiligo. The majority of those surveyed were aware that vitiligo is not contagious. The study population’s knowledge of vitiligo was not associated with any of the demographic parameters, such as age, gender, education, or occupation. The participants’ attitudes toward vitiligo were substantially related to their age and gender. Males and older adults had a more positive attitude toward vitiligo patients.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization, F.A.K., A.A.H.H. and N.A.H.H.; methodology, F.A.K., A.A.H.H., N.A.H.H. and M.S.M.; software and validation, F.A.K., A.A.H.H. and N.A.H.H.; formal analysis, F.A.K., A.A.H.H., N.A.H.H. and M.S.M.; investigation, F.A.K., A.A.H.H., N.A.H.H. and M.S.M.; resources, F.A.K., A.A.H.H. and N.A.H.H.; data curation, F.A.K., A.A.H.H., N.A.H.H. and H.A.H.H.; writing—original draft preparation, F.A.K., A.A.H.H., N.A.H.H. and M.S.M.; writing—review and editing, F.A.K., A.A.H.H., N.A.H.H. and M.S.M.; visualization, F.A.K., A.A.H.H., N.A.H.H. and M.S.M.; supervision, F.A.K. and M.S.M.; project administration, F.A.K., A.A.H.H. and N.A.H.H.; funding acquisition, F.A.K., A.A.H.H. and N.A.H.H. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Institutional Review Board Statement
The study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by approved by Jazan Health Ethics Committee, Approval No. 2284.
Informed Consent Statement
Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.
Data Availability Statement
Not applicable.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Funding Statement
This research received no external funding.
Footnotes
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
References
- 1.Yaghoobi R., Omidian M., Bagherani N. Vitiligo: A review of the published work. J. Dermatol. 2011;38:419–431. doi: 10.1111/j.1346-8138.2010.01139.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 2.Mohammed G.F., Gomaa A.H., Al-Dhubaibi M.S. Highlights in pathogenesis of vitiligo. World J. Clin. Cases. 2015;16:221–230. doi: 10.12998/wjcc.v3.i3.221. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 3.Ezzedine K., Eleftheriadou V., Whitton M., van Geel N. Vitiligo. Lancet. 2015;386:74–84. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60763-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 4.Alkhateeb A., Fain P.R., Thody A., Bennett D.C., Spritz R.A. Epidemiology of vitiligo and associated autoimmune diseases in Caucasian probands and their families. Pigment Cell Res. 2003;16:208–214. doi: 10.1034/j.1600-0749.2003.00032.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 5.Al Robaee A.A. Assessment of quality of life in Saudi patients with vitiligo in a medical school in Qassim province, Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med. J. 2007;28:1414–1417. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 6.Bin Saif G.A., Al-Balbeesi A.O., Binshabaib R., Alsaad D., Kwatra S.G., Alzolibani A.A., Yosipovitch G. Quality of life in family members of vitiligo patients: A questionnaire study in Saudi Arabia. Am. J. Clin. Dermatol. 2013;14:489–495. doi: 10.1007/s40257-013-0037-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 7.Tarlé R.G., Nascimento L.M.d., Mira M.T., Castro C.C.S.d. Vitiligo—Part 1. An. Bras. Dermatol. 2014;89:461–470. doi: 10.1590/abd1806-4841.20142573. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 8.Ezzedine K., Lim H.W., Suzuki T., Katayama I., Hamzavi I., Lan C.C.E., Goh B.K., Anbar T., Castro C.S.d., Lee A.Y. Revised classification/nomenclature of vitiligo and related issues: The Vitiligo Global Issues Consensus Conference. Pigment. Cell Melanoma Res. 2012;25:E1–E13. doi: 10.1111/j.1755-148X.2012.00997.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 9.Raddadi A.A., Abdullah S.A., Damanhouri Z.B. Pattern of skin diseases at King Khalid National Guard Hospital: A 12-month prospective study. Ann. Saudi Med. 1999;19:453–454. doi: 10.5144/0256-4947.1999.453. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 10.Alzolibani A. Genetic epidemiology and heritability of vitiligo in the Qassim region of Saudi Arabia. Acta Dermatovenerol. Alp. Pannonica Adriat. 2009;18:119–125. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 11.Asati D., Gupta C., Tiwari S., Kumar S., Jamra V. A hospital-based study on knowledge and attitude related to vitiligo among adults visiting a tertiary health facility of central India. J. Nat. Sci. Biol. Med. 2016;7:27–32. doi: 10.4103/0976-9668.175021. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 12.Firooz A., Bouzari N., Fallah N., Ghazisaidi B., Firoozabadi M.Y.D. What patients with vitiligo believe about their condition. Int. J. Dermatol. 2004;43:811–814. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2004.02059.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 13.Sharaf F. Prevailing misconceptions of vitiligo among Saudi School children. Int. J. Health Sci. 2014;8:33–38. doi: 10.12816/0006069. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 14.Majumder P.P. Genetics and prevalence of vitiligo vulgaris. In: Hann S.K., Nordlund J.J., editors. Vitiligo. Blackwell Science; Oxford, UK: 2000. pp. 18–20. [Google Scholar]
- 15.Bergqvist C., Ezzedine K. Vitiligo: A review. Dermatology. 2020;236:571–592. doi: 10.1159/000506103. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 16.Thomas K.S., Batchelor J.M., Bath-Hextall F., Chalmers J.R., Clarke T., Crowe S., Delamere F.M., Eleftheriadou V., Evans N., Firkins L., et al. A Programme of Research to Set Priorities and Reduce Uncertainties for the Prevention and Treatment of Skin Disease. NIHR Journals Library; Southampton, UK: 2016. Vitiligo work programme. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 17.Lotti T., Gianfaldoni S., Valle Y., Rovesti M., Feliciano C., Satolli F. Controversial issues in vitiligo patients: A review of old and recent treatments. Dermatol. Ther. 2019;32:e12745. doi: 10.1111/dth.12745. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 18.Gianfaldoni S., Wollina U., Tchernev G., Lotti J., França K., Lotti T. Vitiligo in children: A review of conventional treatments. Open Access Maced. J. Med. Sci. 2018;6:213. doi: 10.3889/oamjms.2018.054. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 19.Simons R.E., Zevy D.L., Jafferany M. Psychodermatology of vitiligo: Psychological impact and consequences. Dermatol. Ther. 2020;33:e13418. doi: 10.1111/dth.13418. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 20.Mahajan V.K., Vashist S., Chauhan P.S., Mehta K.I., Sharma V., Sharma A. Clinico-epidemiological profile of patients with vitiligo: A retrospective study from a tertiary care center of North India. Indian Dermatol. Online J. 2019;10:38. doi: 10.4103/idoj.IDOJ_124_18. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 21.El-Husseiny R., Abd-Elhaleem A., Salah El-Din W., Abdallah M. Childhood vitiligo in Egypt: Clinico-epidemiologic profile of 483 patients. J. Cosmet. Dermatol. 2021;20:237–242. doi: 10.1111/jocd.13451. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 22.Zhang Y., Cai Y., Shi M., Jiang S., Cui S., Wu Y., Gao X.H., Chen H.D. The prevalence of vitiligo: A meta-analysis. PLoS ONE. 2016;11:e0163806. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163806. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 23.Juntongjin P., Rachawong C., Nuallaong W. Knowledge and attitudes towards vitiligo in the general population: A survey based on the simulation video of a real situation. Dermatol. Sin. 2018;36:75–78. doi: 10.1016/j.dsi.2017.10.002. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
- 24.Topal I.O., Duman H., Goncu O.E., Durmuscan M., Gungor S., Ulkumen P.K. Knowledge, beliefs, and perceptions of Turkish vitiligo patients regarding their condition. An. Bras. Dermatol. 2016;91:770–775. doi: 10.1590/abd1806-4841.20165060. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 25.Algarni M.A., Alqarni W.A., Alghanemi L.G., Alnashri M.M., Alghanemi R.G., Mleeh N.T. Public knowledge and attitude toward vitiligo in Saudi Arabia: A cross-sectional study. J. Dermatol. Dermatol. Surg. 2021;25:59. doi: 10.4103/jdds.jdds_134_20. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
- 26.Tsadik A.G., Teklemedhin M.Z., Mehari Atey T., Gidey M.T., Desta D.M. Public knowledge and attitudes towards vitiligo: A survey in Mekelle city, Northern Ethiopia. Dermatol. Res. Pract. 2020;31:2020. doi: 10.1155/2020/3495165. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 27.Al Shammrie F., Al Shammrie A. Pattern of skin disease in Hail region of Saudi Arabia. J. Dermatol. Dermatol. Surg. 2017;21:62–65. [Google Scholar]
- 28.Alshammrie F.F., Al Reshidi I.G., Al Rashidy M.O., Al Anazi S.M. Knowledge, attitude, and misconceptions of public regarding vitiligo. J. Dermatol. Dermatol. Surg. 2019;23:16. doi: 10.4103/jdds.jdds_45_18. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Data Availability Statement
Not applicable.