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Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery logoLink to Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery
. 2022 Nov;36(11):1374–1380. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.7507/1002-1892.202206058

3D打印定制保留骨骺及关节面假体在青少年股骨原发恶性骨肿瘤大段骨缺损重建中的应用

Application of three-dimensional printed customized prosthesis with preserved epiphysis and articular surface in the reconstruction of large bone defects in treatment of adolescent femoral malignant tumors

Xiaoying NIU 1, Shilei GAO 1, Guoxin QU 1, Zhehuang LI 1, Xiaoxiao LIANG 1, Weitao YAO 1, Peng ZHANG 1,*
PMCID: PMC9681585  PMID: 36382455

Abstract

Objective

To investigate the clinical application and effectiveness of three-dimensional (3D) printed customized prosthesis with preserved epiphysis and articular surface in the reconstruction of large bone defects in treatment of adolescent femoral malignant tumors.

Methods

The clinical data of 10 adolescent patients with femoral primary malignant tumor who met the selection criteria and underwent limb salvage surgery with 3D printed customized prosthesis with preserved epiphysis and articular surface between January 2020 and October 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. There were 6 males and 4 females with an average age of 12.5 years ranging from 7 to 18 years. There were 8 cases of osteosarcoma and 2 cases of Ewing’s sarcoma. Enneking stage was Ⅱb. The length of the lesions ranged from 76 to 240 mm, with an average of 138.0 mm. The length of osteotomy (i. e. length of customized prosthesis) ranged from 130 to 275 mm, with an average of 198.5 mm; the distance between distal osteotomy end and epiphyseal line ranged from 0 to 15 mm, with an average of 8.8 mm; the bone defect after osteotomy accounted for 37.36% to 79.02% of the total length of the lesion bone, with a mean of 49.43%. The operation time, intraoperative blood loss, complications, tumor outcome (refered to RESIST1.1 solid tumor efficacy evaluation criteria), and limb length discrepancy were recorded. The Musculoskeletal Cancer Society (MSTS) 93 score was used to evaluate the function at 6 months after operation, and visual analogue scale (VAS) score was used to evaluate the pain before and after operation.

Results

The operation was successfully performed in all the 10 patients, and the postoperative pathological results were consistent with the preoperative pathological results. The operation time was 165-440 minutes, with an average of 263 minutes; and the intraoperative blood loss was 100-800 mL, with an average of 350 mL. All patients were followed up 7-26 months, with an average of 11.8 months. No tumor was found on the osteotomy surface; the customized prosthesis were firmly installed and closely matched with the retained articular surface. The tumor outcome of neoadjuvant chemotherapy was stable in 4 cases and partial remission in 6 cases. No local recurrence or distant metastasis was found in 9 cases after postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy; pulmonary metastasis was found in 1 case at 12 months after operation. Two patients had local incision fat liquefaction, superficial infection, and delayed healing at 14 days after operation; 1 patient had local bone absorption at the contact surface of the prosthesis, and the screw and prosthesis did not loosen at 7 months after operation; the other patients had good incision healing, with no infection, prosthesis loosening, fracture, or other complications. At 6 months after operation, the MSTS93 score was 19-28, with an average of 24.1; 8 cases were excellent and 2 cases were good. The VAS score was 0.9±1.0, which significantly improved when compared with before operation (5.9±1.0) (t=23.717, P<0.001). The height of the patients increased by 1-12 cm, with an average of 4.6 cm. At last follow-up, 4 patients had limb length discrepancy, with a length difference of 1 cm in 2 cases and 2 cm in 2 cases.

Conclusion

The application of 3D printed customized prosthesis in the resection and reconstruction of adolescents femoral primary malignant tumors can achieve the purpose of preserving epiphysis and articular surface, and obtain good effectiveness.

Keywords: Bone tumor, three-dimensional printed prosthesis, bone reconstruction, adolescent


恶性肿瘤严重危害人类健康,其中原发恶性骨肿瘤通常发生于儿童及青少年时期。在20岁以下的癌症死亡患者中,原发恶性骨肿瘤排在死亡原因第3位[1],以骨肉瘤及尤文肉瘤为代表,好发于膝关节周围长骨干骺端。

随着临床诊断、新辅助化疗及手术技术的提高,原发恶性骨肿瘤的保肢治疗已成为当前主要治疗方法[2]。原发恶性骨肿瘤患者多为儿童及青少年,对术后患肢功能恢复要求较高,但因恶性程度高,术中切除范围(包括周围软组织结构)较大,需严格做到广泛切除,所以切除后重建方式的选择一直备受争议。大段骨缺损重建方式很多,可分为生物重建、机械重建和复合重建3类[3],但均存在一定局限性及不足。大段同种异体骨移植存在感染、吸收风险,且同种异体骨来源有限;自体瘤段骨灭活后,灭活骨力学强度降低,脆性增加,术后易发断裂[4];长节段骨缺损的肿瘤型假体重建术远期疗效仍备受争议,术后感染、假体松动和断裂等发生率仍较高,且未保留骨骺的肿瘤扩大切除常导致后期肢体短缩畸形、双下肢不等长等问题[5];复合重建常用于累及股骨近端或肱骨近端的骨肉瘤患者,操作复杂,手术技术要求高,存在同种异体骨和人工关节假体各自的弊端[6]

在一部分患者中,病灶与骨骺及关节面尚有一定距离,存在保留关节面及骨骺的可能性,3D打印定制假体成为一种良好选择。3D打印干型假体可以保留关节面、骨骺、侧副韧带、交叉韧带等结构,对于术后患肢功能恢复具有重大临床意义。现回顾分析2020年1月—2021年10月,我们采用3D打印定制保留关节面的干型假体行保肢手术治疗的青少年股骨恶性骨肿瘤患者临床资料,探讨该术式的临床疗效。报告如下。

1. 临床资料

1.1. 患者选择标准

纳入标准:① 病理诊断为股骨原发恶性骨肿瘤(骨肉瘤或尤文肉瘤);② 具备保肢条件,肿瘤边界距离骺线1 cm以上;③ 运用3D打印定制个性化假体修复骨缺损,进行保肢手术;④ 年龄6~20岁;⑤ 随访时间6个月以上且临床资料完整。排除标准:① 肿瘤与主要神经血管关系紧密,无法分离或分离后无法保证肿瘤外科边界;② 肿瘤边界突破骺线,或与关节面距离过近,无法保证肿瘤安全边界;③ 其他部位有转移者。2020年1月—2021年10月共10例患者符合选择标准纳入研究。

1.2. 一般资料

本组男6例,女4例;年龄7~18岁,平均12.5岁。骨肉瘤8例,尤文肉瘤2例。Enneking分期均为Ⅱb期。左侧5例,右侧5例;均为股骨原发恶性骨肿瘤。病变长度76~240 mm,平均138.0 mm。合并病理性骨折1例。患者临床资料详见表1

表 1.

Clinical data of patients

患者临床资料

序号
No.
性别
Gender
年龄(岁)
Age (years)
侧别
Affected side
病理诊断
Pathology diagnosis
病变长度(mm)
Lesion length (mm)
骨缺损占病变骨全长(%)
Percentage of bone defect (%)
截骨长度(mm)
Osteotomy length (mm)
1 12 骨肉瘤 111 45.10 175
2 18 骨肉瘤 166 49.88 215
3 10 骨肉瘤 240 79.02 275
4 7 尤文肉瘤 76 37.36 130
5 17 骨肉瘤 97 40.16 200
6 8 骨肉瘤 105 45.33 160
7 12 骨肉瘤 100 39.91 170
8 12 骨肉瘤 165 48.95 210
9 15 骨肉瘤 145 45.26 210
10 14 尤文肉瘤 175 63.37 240

表 2.

序号
No.
截骨远端与骺线
距离(mm)
Distance between
distal osteotomy end
and epiphyseal line (mm)
随访时间(月)
Follow-up time
(months)
术后6个月
MSTS93评分
Postoperative MSTS93 score
at 6 months
VAS评分
VAS score
身高增长(cm)
Growth stature (cm)
双下肢长度差(cm)
Length difference
of lower limb (cm)
术前
Preoperative
术后
Postoperative
1 10 8 24 6 1 2 0
2 15 8 26 5 0 2 0
3 15 16 26 5 0 8 1
4 13 10 28 4 0 5 0
5 10 8 24 6 0 1 0
6 0 20 24 6 1 9 2
7 0 26 24 7 1 12 2
8 10 7 22 7 2 2 0
9 15 8 24 6 1 3 1
10 0 7 19 7 3 2 0

1.3. 治疗方法

1.3.1. 术前化疗

术前患者均接受新辅助化疗(骨肉瘤化疗方案为MAPI,尤文肉瘤为VACIE)2个周期,瘤体均不同程度缩小、坏死。

1.3.2. 手术规划及假体设计

患者入院及术前化疗后常规行X线片、CT、MRI、骨扫描等检查,了解病变情况;确定病变未明显突破骺线,具有保留骺软骨及关节面的可能性。以薄层CT(层厚0.625 mm)及三维重建为主要数据源,将MRI检查数据与其融合,并根据入院后首次(化疗前)MRI检查判断肿瘤范围及水肿反应区,以进行截骨平面手术规划[7-8]。为了达到既切除肿瘤又保留股骨远端骨骺及关节面的目的,确定在距离肿瘤边界1~3 cm处进行截骨(图1)。

图 1.

Preoperative planning of osteotomy range

术前规划截骨范围

a. MRI;b. CT三维重建

a. MRI; b. CT three-dimensional reconstruction

图 1

在模拟完整切除后,根据局部骨缺损情况并参考健侧股骨长度设计个体化3D打印钛合金假体。将3D打印技术与传统组配式假体技术相结合,假体两端采用短力臂固定技术来完成超长假体的设计和制作。假体设计:超长假体主体部分采用传统机械加工方式保证其力学支撑稳定性;骨结合端采用3D打印多孔结构设计模仿骨小梁结构满足骨长入需要,利于股骨长期稳定性的建立;两端保留骨骺的短力臂设计,配合辅助钢板及交锁螺钉,可增强假体与骨结合面的稳定性,并保证了青少年骨骺的正常功能;假体近端髓内针采用生物固定,其中3例因病变范围较长,近端设计为牛角形3D打印骨小梁多孔结构[9]。见图2

图 2.

Schematic diagram of 3D printed femoral prosthesis

3D打印股骨假体示意图

a. 假体整体设计示意图;b. 假体近端牛角形结构示意图;c. 假体远端侧翼钢板辅助交锁螺钉示意图;d. 假体整体实物图;e. 假体远端骨接触面微孔结构实物图

a. Overall schematic diagram of prosthesis design; b. Schematic diagram of the horn structure of the proximal end of the ultra-long prosthesis; c. Schematic diagram of the prosthesis distal flank plate assisted interlocking screw; d. Overall physical image of the prosthesis; e. Physical image of microporous structure on bone contact surface of distal prosthesis

图 2

1.3.3. 手术方法

手术均采用全身麻醉,8例患者采用传统股骨前外侧手术入路;2例因软组织包块靠内侧,采用股骨前正中手术入路。均梭形切除原活检手术通道,术中充分保护主干神经血管,于病变周围正常肌肉组织内分离暴露病变部位,术中精确定位骺线位置,结合术前设计及截骨导板进行术中截骨。本组截骨长度(即定制假体长度)为130~275 mm,平均198.5 mm;截骨远端与骺线距离0~15 mm,平均8.8 mm;瘤段骨截骨后骨缺损占病变骨全长37.36%~79.02%,平均49.43%。

保留完整关节面结构,处理剩余骨髓腔和假体结合骨面,利用术前个性化3D打印假体重建肿瘤切除后骨缺损并用辅助钢板螺钉固定,过程中注意保护骨骺;最后行软组织重建覆盖假体,为3D打印假体骨长入及预防感染提供充足血运。术中假体匹配情况均良好。瘤段骨剖开后肉眼可见两端截骨面切缘干净,无明显肿瘤侵犯。

1.4. 术后处理

术后患肢弹力绷带适当加压包扎,并嘱患者行踝泵等下肢肌肉等长收缩运动以预防血栓形成;术后待引流量<50 mL/24 h时拔除负压引流管;术后14 d切口愈合且无明显异常情况下,参照术前新辅助化疗方案进行化疗。术后3~6周拄双拐部分负重行走,12~16周开始逐步完全负重。

1.5. 疗效评价指标

术后2年半内每隔3个月定期随访。术后即刻复查双下肢全长X线片,每3个月复查胸部CT、患肢X线片、手术区域增强CT及腹部彩超,每6个月复查放射性核素断层扫描(ECT)。记录患者手术时间、术中出血量、并发症发生情况、肿瘤转归及双下肢不等长情况。其中,肿瘤转归参照RESIST1.1实体瘤疗效评价标准进行评价:完全缓解(complete response,CR),所有靶病灶消失,无新病灶出现;部分缓解(partial response,PR),靶病灶直径之和比基线水平减少至少30%;疾病稳定(stable disease,SD),靶病灶减小程度未达PR,增加程度未达疾病进展(progressive disease,PD),介于两者之间;PD,靶病灶最大径之和至少增加20%,或出现新病灶。术后6个月采用肌肉骨骼肿瘤学会(MSTS)93评分进行功能评价,手术前后疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)进行疼痛评价。

1.6. 统计学方法

采用SPSS20.0统计软件进行分析。计量资料行正态性检验,均符合正态分布,手术前后VAS评分比较采用配对t检验;检验水准α=0.05。

2. 结果

10例患者手术均顺利实施,术后病理检查结果与术前活检病理检查结果相符。手术时间165~440 min,平均263 min;术中出血量100~800 mL,平均350 mL。所有患者均获随访,随访时间7~26个月,平均11.8个月。截骨面均未见肿瘤累及;定制假体均安装牢固,与保留关节面匹配紧密。肿瘤转归显示4例SD、6例PR。术后辅助化疗后9例均未发现局部复发或远处转移等情况;1例术后12个月发现肺部转移情况,联合胸外科行胸腔镜病灶切除术并追加化疗2个周期(方案同术前),目前术后15个月病情平稳,未再出现新发转移灶。术后14 d 2例患者出现局部切口脂肪液化、切口浅表感染延迟愈合,给予对症抗生素治疗+清创缝合处理后,切口正常愈合;1例术后7个月复查发现假体接触面局部疑似骨质吸收,但螺钉假体均未松动,目前仍在继续随访。其余患者术后切口愈合良好,无感染及假体松动、断裂等并发症发生。术后6个月,MSTS93评分为19~28分,平均24.1分;获优8例,良2例。VAS评分为(0.9±1.0)分,较术前(5.9±1.0)分明显改善,差异有统计学意义(t=23.717,P<0.001)。患者身高增长1~12 cm,平均4.6 cm。末次随访时,4例患者出现双下肢不等长,长度差为1 cm 2例,2 cm 2例。见表1图3

图 3.

A 10-year-old girl with osteosarcoma of the right femur

患儿,女,10岁,右股骨骨肉瘤

a. 术前MRI冠状位;b. 术前MRI矢状位;c. 术中截骨情况;d. 术中假体实物与截除瘤段骨对比;e. 瘤段骨剖开肉眼可见两端切缘干净;f. 术后3个月双下肢全长X线片;g、h. 术后6个月患肢功能良好

a. Preoperative MRI coronal view; b. Preoperative MRI sagittal view; c. Intraoperative osteotomy; d. Comparison of intraoperative prosthesis and tumor resection bone; e. The tumor bone was opened and the margins of both ends were clean; f. The full-length X-ray film of both lower limbs at 3 months after operation; g, h. The function of the affected limb was good at 6 months after operation

图 3

3. 讨论

在新辅助化疗出现以前,对于大多数下肢恶性骨肿瘤,尤其是骨肉瘤、尤文肉瘤等恶性程度较高的原发恶性骨肿瘤,截肢是治疗第一选择。这类致残手术会给患者身心带来巨大创伤,而且截肢手术并未降低患者发生肺部转移概率[10-12]。20世纪70年代末,Rosen等[13]提出新辅助化疗理论后,新辅助化疗成为提高患者保肢率及生存率的关键,并形成了目前四肢原发恶性骨肿瘤的治疗标准模式:术前新辅助化疗→手术治疗→术后化疗。同时,随着手术技巧提高、化疗药物及方案不断优化、生物材料飞速发展,越来越多四肢原发恶性骨肿瘤患者得到了保肢治疗机会。在严格按照Enneking分期指导下切除肿瘤,保肢治疗的安全性已得到广泛证实[14]

3.1. 肿瘤切除后骨缺损重建方法的选择

原发恶性骨肿瘤好发于青少年长骨干骺端,由于青少年仍处于生长发育阶段,干骺端尚未闭合,所以对于瘤段骨切除后重建方式选择一直是争论焦点。目前国内外有多种重建骨缺损的方法,但每种方法都存在局限性与不足[15]。传统关节假体置换会损伤至少一侧甚至双侧骨骺,且无法保留关节附属韧带结构,进而造成术后患者关节功能不理想,患肢生长障碍,严重者甚至出现双下肢不等长、关节畸形等情况,二次手术率极高[16-17]。大段同种异体骨移植修复骨缺损存在排斥反应,感染、骨吸收、骨不连、骨折等并发症较多,且术后患肢禁止负重运动时间较长[18-19]。瘤段骨灭活再植技术对于瘤段骨的强度有一定要求,适应证有限,且灭活的方法、时长、可靠性等要素尚无明确标准。其他如自体腓骨移植、骨搬运等方法均存在一定局限性。自体腓骨移植创伤较大,骨愈合周期较长;骨搬运修复长节段骨缺损非常困难,且恢复时间长,干扰因素较多,并发症多。

寻求一种既能满足关节活动度及功能要求,又可最大限度减小对骨骼生长发育影响的重建方式成为研究目标。随着医疗技术飞速发展、个体化方案定制、医工结合观念的提出,3D打印假体成为骨肿瘤大段切除后重建的又一重要选择。组配式3D打印假体、3D打印肿瘤模型、截骨导板、侧翼钢板等多种元素的出现,帮助临床医生更好地制定术前规划,精准完成肿瘤切除重建工作,使得3D打印技术在临床工作中得到越来越广泛应用。

3.2. 3D打印假体治疗下肢原发恶性骨肿瘤切除后大段骨缺损的临床疗效

原发恶性骨肿瘤好发于青少年骨骼生长活跃的干骺端,因骨骺尚未闭合,传统重建方式需切除一端甚至两端骨骺,势必造成患肢生长障碍,出现双侧肢体不等长等情况。在保证肿瘤切除边界前提下,保留骨骺在保肢手术中的重要性已经达成共识[1620-22]。Manfrini等[23]发现保留5 mm厚骨骺患者术后即可继续生长直至骨骼成熟;该报道随访期内患者身高平均增高22 cm,与健侧相比患肢平均短2.2 cm(0.5~3.3 cm)。但保留骨骺带来的问题是剩余骨量少,短力臂固定稳定性差。王臻教授团队使用新鲜猪股骨实验得出结论,在保留骨骺的保肢术中,采用螺钉垂直固定或交叉固定,能够提供骨骺端更好的稳定性[24]

与传统肿瘤型假体相比,3D打印假体具有力学稳定性强、生物结合性优、精准稳固、保留骨骺关节面、重建术后关节功能影响更小等优势。个体化假体设计使得每例患者均可获得最佳定制植入物,更符合精准治疗原则;并且在保留骨骺的同时也保留了关节面及其相关附属结构,对于术后患肢功能恢复提供了重要支持。假体置换术后出现问题较多的部位为假体与骨接触面,也是影响假体使用寿命以及治疗效果的一大因素。微孔骨长入设计及侧翼钢板等技术的出现,极大限度地加强了接触面稳定性,据文献报道,接触面骨长入效果受钛合金接触面的孔隙尺寸、孔隙率、孔隙形状和表面处理方式等参数影响,合适的孔隙尺寸和孔隙率对于支架内组织的氧供和血管生成有着促进作用;孔隙形状和表面处理方式则对成骨细胞起着调控作用,影响细胞的黏附、增殖、分化等[25]

本组10例患者术后6个月MSTS93评分平均24.1分,患肢功能恢复较好,其中8例评分达优;VAS评分较术前显著降低,患肢疼痛得到明显改善。患者身高平均增长4.6 cm,虽然仍有4例出现双下肢不等长,但相较于传统关节置换或全股骨置换手术,保留骨骺对于预防、延缓双侧肢体不等长的效果是肯定的[26-28]

综上述,3D打印假体应用于青少年股骨原发恶性骨肿瘤切除重建中可实现保留骨骺及关节面的目的,并取得良好疗效。本研究仍存在一定不足,病例数量较少,随访时间较短,远期骨吸收、假体松动、内固定物断裂等相关并发症发生情况有待纳入更多患者、进行更长时间随访加以评估。

利益冲突 在课题研究和文章撰写过程中不存在利益冲突;经费支持没有影响文章观点和对研究数据客观结果的统计分析及其报道

伦理声明 研究方案经河南省肿瘤医院医学伦理委员会批准(2022-200-001)

作者贡献声明 牛晓颖、张鹏:研究设计;高世磊、屈国新、李柘黄、姚伟涛:研究实施;梁潇潇:数据收集整理及统计分析;牛晓颖:文章撰写

Funding Statement

2021年河南省中青年卫生健康科技创新领军人才培养项目(YXKC2021031)

2021 Henan Province Young and Middle-aged Health Science and Technology Innovation Outstanding Young Talents Training Project (YXKC2021032)

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Articles from Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery are provided here courtesy of Sichuan University

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