Table 1.

Application of 3D printed Medical Devices.

Type of Use	Examples	Advantages	Ref
Personalized therapy	Personalized compounding	Suitable for geriatric use, pediatric use, or for patients with Alzheimer’s disease	[98,99,100]
Wearable devices	3DP-ed electronics for MD	Enables real-time monitoring of chronic medical conditions and transmission of data to a patient’s mobile device	[101,102]
Alternative drug delivery system	Topical masks and wound dressings, transdermal needles	Drug-eluting patches for transdermal application	[100,103]
Personalized MD	Orthodontics, prosthetics, implants vascular stents, orthopedic implants, artificial joints, and heart valves	Drug-eluting implants, resorbable or permanent implants	[73,74,104]
Tissue engineering	Scaffold-based bioprinting for tissues and organs	Potential alternative to transplantation due to lack of human donors	[100,105]
Surgical models	Pre-operative planning and intra-operative guides	Enhances success of surgeries, reduces complications such as blood loss or even patient loss	[106]
Drug Discovery	Drug screening on printed tumor cell lines or other cell lines	Alternative to human or animal models	[107,108]
Microfluidic bioprinting for organ-on-a-chip models	They reflect the structural, microenvironmental and physiological function of human organs	Drug validation testing as an alternative to animal and human models	[109]
Surgical tools	Forceps, hemostats, scalpel and clamps	Low-cost production	[110]