Table 1.

Comparison: features of different forms of RCD.

	Morphological Features	Biochemical Features	Core genes	Inducers	Inhibitors
Ferroptosis	Mitochondrial shrinkage and morphological abnormalities (increased membrane density, diminished or vanished cristae, ruptured outer membrane), with normal nucleus	Iron accumulation, lipid peroxidation, inhibition of SLC7A11/GSH/GPX4	GPX4, TFR1, SLC7A11, NRF2, NCOA4, P53, ALOXs, ACSL4, FSP1	Erastin, RSL3	Ferrostatin-1, liproxstatin-1, vitamin E, desferoxamine
Apoptosis	Cell shrinkage, plasma membrane blebbing, chromatin agglutination, nuclear fragmentation, apoptotic bodies	DNA fragmentation, activation of caspase pathway	Caspase, Bcl-2, Bax, P53, Fas	FASL, DCC, UNC5B	zVAD-FMK, XIAP, c-IAP1
Necroptosis	Swelling and rupture of cells and organelles, leakage of cell contents, moderate condensation of chromatin	Drop in ATP levels	RIP1, RIP3, LEF1	zVAD-fmk, TNF-α	Necrostatin-1, NSA
Pyroptosis	Cell swelling and plasma membrane bubbling, formation of inflammasome, release of cellular components	Activation of caspase-1 and GSDMD, release of pro-inflammatory cytokines	Caspase-1, IL-1β, IL-18, GSDMD	Lipopolysacc-haride, ivermectin	NAC, GSH
Autophagy	Formation of double-membraned autolysosomes	Increased lysosomal activity	ATG5, ATG7, LC3, BECN1, DRAM3, AMPK, mTOR	Rapamycin, valproate	Chloroquine, 3-methyladenine, wortmannin, Spautin-1, bafilomycin A1