Table 1.
Sources and components of central nervous system cell-derived exosomes, and their mechanism and functions.
| Source of Exosomes | Component | Mechanism | Function | Experiment Type | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NSCs | Transferred into ischemic cells, and repair tissue | Reduce injury and protect neurons | In vitro | [34] | |
| NSCs | miR-150-3p | Inhibit CASP2 signaling pathway | Anti-apoptosis, promote neurogenesis | In vitro and in vivo | [35] |
| Cortical neuron | miR-181c-3p | Inhibit the expression CXCL1 | Anti-inflammation | In vitro | [36] |
| NPC-EVs | Anti-inflammation, suppressing cell apoptosis | In vitro and in vivo | [26] | ||
| iPSC-NPCs | PTEN/AKT signaling pathway and neurite outgrowth | Promote neurogenesis | In vitro | [39] | |
| Microglia | Inhibition of PDE1-D | Anti-inflammatory, enhance autophagic flux | In vitro and in vivo | [45] | |
| Microglia | miR-424-5p | Inhibit STAT3 pathway | Injure microvascular endothelial cells | In vitro and in vivo | [46] |
| M2 microglia | miR-124 | Target USP14 | Attenuate neuronal apoptosis and promote neurogenesis | In vitro | [16] |
| M2 microglia | miR-137 | Target gene Notch1 | Attenuate neuronal apoptosis | In vitro and in vivo | [44] |
| M2 microglia | miR-26a | Promote angiogenesis | In vitro and in vivo | [43] | |
| Astrocyte | Inhibit autophagy | In vitro and in vivo | [49] | ||
| Astrocyte | circular RNA circSHOC2 | Regulate autophagy and miR-7670-3p/SIRT1 | Suppress neuronal apoptosis | In vitro and in vivo | [50] |
| Astrocyte | miR-22-3p | Suppress KDM6B-mediated effects on the BMP2/BMF axis | Enhance neuron viability, anti-apoptosis | In vitro and in vivo | [51] |
| Astrocyte | miR-17-5p | Anti-apoptosis, anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation | In vitro and in vivo | [52] | |
| Astrocytes | Axonal neuronal outgrowth | In vitro and in vivo | [53] | ||
| Astrocytes | miR-92b-3p | Attenuated neuron death and apoptosis | In vitro | [54] | |
| Astrocyte | Deliver GJA1 | Anti-apoptosis | In vitro and in vivo | [55] | |
| ECs | Anti-apoptosis and promote neurogenesis | In vitro and in vivo | [56] | ||
| ECs | miR-126-3p | Anti-apoptosis and increase neurite outgrowth | In vivo | [57] | |
| CECs | miRNAs | Target RhoA | Facilitate axonal growth | In vitro | [58] |
| VECs | Anti-apoptosis and promote neurogenesis | In vitro and in vivo | [59] | ||
| EPCs | Inhibit apoptosis and promote angiogenesis | In vivo | [60] |
NSCs, neural stem cells; NPC-EVs, neural progenitor cell-derived extracellular vesicles; iPSC-NPCs, human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neural progenitor cells; ECs, endothelial cells; CECs, cerebral endothelial cells; VECs, vascular endothelial cells; EPCs, endothelial progenitor cells.