Table 3.

Difference between eukaryotic-derived hEVs and gut-microbiota-derived bEVs.

Category	Eukaryotic-Derived hEVs	Gut-Microbiota-Derived bEVs
Biogenesis	Generally produced from plasma membrane except exosomes, which originate from endocytic pathway	Gram-negative bacteria: decreased protein linkages between the OM and peptidoglycan, accumulation of unfolded proteins and/or peptidoglycan in the periplasmic space, and explosive cell lysis Gram-positive bacteria: turgor pressure by accumulation of bEVs and the action of cell-wall-degrading enzymes
Composition (Cargo)	Multivesicular bodies composed of endosomal proteins; RNA and miRNA are regularly incorporated	Proteins, peptidoglycans, lipids, LPS, lipoteichoic acids (LTA), nucleic acids, and metabolites
Major functions	Intercellular communications (cell proliferation, matrix formation, and phagocytosis)	Innate and adaptive immunity, bacterial communications, interaction with host miRNA for movement across intestinal barrier
Size	40–100 nm (exosomes) [124]; 500–2000 nm (apoptotic bodies) and 100–500 nm (microvesicles) [125]	10–300 nm [126]