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. 2022 Oct 26;12(11):1028. doi: 10.3390/metabo12111028

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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6-Shogaol mitigated PA-induced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in Caco-2 cells: (A) Interleukin-6 (IL-6) mRNA; (B) IL-1β mRNA; (C) Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) mRNA; (D) IL-6 level; (E) IL-1β level; (F) TNF-α level. Data are given as means ± standard deviations (n = 3). ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 vs. the control; ^# p < 0.05, ^## p < 0.01, ^### p < 0.001 vs. the PA-treated group; ns indicates no significant difference between the 6-shogaol-treated group and the control at p < 0.05.