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. 2022 Nov 20;14(11):2533. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14112533

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Different analytical techniques that are currently applied for characterization of protein and peptide drugs. Abbreviations: AUC: analytical ultracentrifugation, DSC: differential calorimetry, CE: Capillary electrophoresis, CD: circular dichroism, DSF: differential scanning fluorimetry, UV: ultraviolet, DLS: dynamic light scattering, FAPS: fluorescence-activated particle sorter, AFF: asymmetrical flow-field flow fractionation, NTA: nanoparticle tracking analysis, RMM: resonant mass measurement, SEC: size-exclusion chromatography, SDS-PAGE: sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, MS: mass spectrometry, RP-HPLC: reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, IEF: isoelectric focusing, IEX: ion exchange chromatography, FM: Fluorescence microspcopy, FI: Fluorescence imaging, and FS: Fluorescence signal.