Secondary Acute Myeloid Leukemia in a Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Patient in Deep Molecular Response—An Unusual Case Report

Abstract

Perumal Kalaiyarasi Jayachandran

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a clonal myeloproliferative disorder that develops from the stem cell compartment. The classical translocation ( BCR-ABL1 ) is present in approximately 95% of CML patients. Through disease progression, clonal evolution with additional chromosomal abnormalities (ACAs) start appearing. Although relatively rare, chromosomal abnormalities can exist or develop in the Philadelphia (Ph)-negative clones, which may lead to the evolution of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) or acute myeloid leukemia (AML). We hereby present a case of AML which emerged from a Ph-negative clone in a patient with a history of CML who was in deep molecular response. The possible mechanisms of ACAs have been discussed.

Introduction

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a clonal myeloproliferative hematologic disorder that develops from aberrancy in the stem cell compartment. The hallmark of CML is the presence of Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome which is an abnormally smaller 22nd chromosome formed due to an unbalanced translocation between the Abelson ( ABL1 ) gene in the long arm of 9th chromosome and the breakpoint cluster region ( BCR ) gene in the long arm of the 22nd chromosome (t(9;22)(q34;q11)). This classical translocation ( BCR-ABL1 ) is present in approximately 95% of CML patients. ¹ Over time, when the disease progression happens, clonal evolution with additional chromosomal abnormalities (ACAs) emerge. ² ACAs are seen in approximately 30% of cases in the accelerated phase and 50 to 80% of cases in the blast phase. Common ACAs are trisomy of chromosome 8, an extra copy of the Ph-chromosome, isochromosome of 17q, and trisomy of chromosome 19. ³ Although relatively rare, chromosomal abnormalities can exist or develop in the Ph-negative clones, which may lead to the development of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) or acute myeloid leukemia (AML).

We present a case of AML that had emerged from a Ph – negative clone in a patient with a history of CML who was in deep molecular response and have discussed the potential mechanisms of the chromosomal abnormalities in Ph-negative cells.

Case Presentation

A 59-year-old female presented to us with complaints of loss of appetite and weight. She was found to have massive splenomegaly and leukocytosis and was diagnosed as Ph-positive CML. Conventional cytogenetics showed t(9;22) (q34;q11.2). Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for BCR-ABL1 was positive. The BCR-ABL1 qualitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) showed an e14a2 transcript. She was started on Imatinib 400 mg once daily. She achieved complete hematological response (CHR) and major molecular response (MMR) at 2 months and 6 months, respectively. She was compliant with the drug and was on regular follow-up with regular monitoring by real-time polymerase chain reaction PCR (RT-PCR) with international standardization (IS). After 3.5 years of imatinib therapy, she presented to us with thrombocytopenia. Her hemoglobin, white cell count, and platelet counts were 9.7 g/dl, 2500 cells/mm ³ and 60000 cells/ mm ³ , respectively. She did not have any lymphadenopathy or hepatosplenomegaly. She did not have any preceding history of a viral illness. Bone marrow aspiration showed an abnormal blast population of 25%. Immunophenotyping analysis by flow cytometry showed that the blast population was abnormal with the expression of CD13, CD34, CD38, CD58, CD123, HLA-DR, and CD117. Conventional cytogenetics showed trisomy of the 8th chromosome with the absence of a Ph chromosome in all the 20 metaphases. FISH for BCR-ABL1 on bone marrow aspirate was negative. RT-PCR showed a ratio of BCR-ABL1/ABL1 of 0.005% (IS). Hence, she was diagnosed as secondary AML with CML in deep molecular response. She was given decitabine-based induction with the continuation of imatinib. At the end of four cycles of decitabine, bone marrow evaluation did not show any response with 44% blasts. She was offered an option of intensive induction chemotherapy with cytarabine and daunorubicin. She denied further treatment and opted for oral palliative therapy. She did not come back for a follow-up.

Discussion

Despite available literature, the exact mechanisms which lead to the development of ACAs in Ph-negative cells are not completely understood. One possible mechanism is that tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) used in the treatment, which can cause chromosomal changes in Ph-negative cells by the inhibition of cellular ABL kinase (c-ABL) activity. c-ABL has an important role in the DNA repair mechanism. ⁴ On the inhibition of c-ABL activity, susceptibility to DNA damage increases which, in turn, leads to chromosomal abnormalities.

The next possible mechanism is that the pathogenesis of CML is a multiple-step process, in which the primary translocation involving chromosome 9 and 22 is not the earliest event. It rather originates from a Ph-negative hematopoietic stem cell clone. The genetic abnormality in the early Ph-negative clone governs the development of t(9;22) and also other ACAs. The emergence of t(9;22), leads to the production of BCR-ABL1 kinase, which is a potent activator of the growth of the Ph-positive clone which, in turn, leads to masking of the cells with other chromosomal changes. On the use of targeted therapy, Ph-positive cells are suppressed and eliminated and hence there is the reemergence of Ph negative cells with ACAs. ^{5 6 7 8}

There was a report of a high frequency of somatic mutations in genes that were associated with myeloid disorders in Ph-negative cells of CML patients treated with TKI. ⁸ A report from the pre-TKI era suggested that multiple events were required for leukemogenesis in CML. ⁹ The early genetic abnormality that cooperates with BCR–ABL1 could also cooperate with other genetic aberrations, which may lead to the development of AML. Thus, an early genetic clone could predispose to both the leukemias. Alternatively, abnormal marrow stroma in some CML patients may influence both the acquirement of BCR–ABL1 and other genetic mutations without BCR-ABL1 , which may lead to MDS or AML. ¹⁰

To conclude, CML has very complex pathogenesis during evolution and also during treatment. ACAs can be associated with both Ph-positive clones and also Ph-negative clones. Patients with ACAs in Ph clones are more likely to become nonresponsive and also highly likely to progress to the next phase. If an ACA is identified in Ph-negative clone, such patients might be candidates for closer follow-up for looking for the development of secondary MDS and AML.

Funding Statement

Funding There were no external sources of funding for this project.