National French registry of spontaneous coronary artery dissections: prevalence of fibromuscular dysplasia and genetic analyses

Abstract

Background

Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is an increasingly reported but poorly understood condition. Few European data are available.

Aims

The aims of this study were to obtain European data on SCAD, determine the prevalence of fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) and enable genetic analyses in this population.

Methods

Data from a national French registry of SCAD cases were analysed prospectively and retrospectively. Clinical and angiographic data and management strategy were collected. Major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) were analysed after one year of follow-up. Subjects were screened for FMD and blood was collected for DNA extraction.

Results

From June 2016 to August 2018, 373 SCAD cases were confirmed by the core lab. Mean age was 51.5 years. Patients were mostly women (90.6%) and 54.7% of cases had less than two cardiovascular risk factors. At one year, 295 patients (79.1%) were treated conservatively, the MACE rate was 12.3%, and there were no cases of mortality. The recurrence rate of SCAD was 3.3%. FMD was found at ≥1 arterial site in 45.0% of cases. We also confirmed the genetic association between the PHACTR1 locus and SCAD (odds ratio=1.66, p=7.08×10–8).

Conclusions

Here we describe the DISCO registry, the largest European SCAD cohort where FMD was found in 45% of cases and the genetic association with PHACTR1 was confirmed. This nationwide cohort is a valuable resource for future clinical and genetic investigation to understand SCAD aetiology.

Introduction

Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is an underdiagnosed and poorly understood form of acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Long considered rare, SCAD is today recognised as an important cause of ACS and myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary arteries (MINOCA) in early middle-aged women1,2.

Evidence for frequent co-occurrence between SCAD and fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) has been reported3. A genetic origin of FMD was suggested by the identification of a risk locus at the phosphatase and actin regulator 1 (PHACTR1) locus for FMD (rs9349379)4. More recently, the same locus was also reported to be associated with a genetic risk for SCAD5,6, which supports shared pathophysiological mechanisms in addition to common clinical presentations.

SCAD and FMD remain poorly understood conditions. Few European data, particularly where genetic analyses can be conducted, are available. The aim of the current study was to describe clinical, angiographic and one-year follow-up characteristics of subjects with SCAD included in a national registry in France, to assess the phenotypic prevalence of FMD in the SCAD population and to evaluate the relevance for genetic studies in this cohort.

Methods

This was an observational study (DISCO; NCT02799186) conducted in 51 French cardiology centres. The design and conduct were approved by the regional committee CPP Sud-Est 6 2016 AU-1258 (IRB approval). All subjects gave their written, informed consent to participate in the study.

Patients at least 18 years of age with a diagnosis of SCAD were included in the study. Two types of inclusion were possible: 1) retrospective with a diagnostic of SCAD made from 2010, or 2) prospective at the time of hospitalisation during which the diagnosis of SCAD was made.

Exclusion criteria included age below 18 years and patients with iatrogenic or traumatic dissection or atherosclerotic disease.

ANGIOGRAPHIC DIAGNOSIS OF SCAD

SCAD was identified as an acute or chronic coronary syndrome defined according to universal recommendations with angiographic signs suggestive of SCAD7 on the initial coronary angiography. In the context of MINOCA, a pathological cardiac magnetic resonance image could lead to the diagnosis of SCAD retrospectively by rereading the angiograms. In case of ambiguity, intravascular ultrasound (IVUS), optical coherence tomography (OCT) or repeat coronary angiography was performed at the discretion of the operator to confirm the diagnosis of SCAD. All SCAD cases were subsequently confirmed by a core lab of three operators (N. Combaret, P. Motreff, G. Souteyrand) experienced in the field of SCAD and intracoronary imaging. Confirmed SCAD was classified according to the Saw classification8. Coronary segmentation was defined according to the SYNTAX classification.

BASELINE CHARACTERISTICS

Demographic data, cardiovascular risk factors, personal history of SCAD, FMD, chronic inflammatory systemic diseases or connective tissue diseases, migraine, hormonal status, treatment and possible drug consumption were collected.

IN-HOSPITAL DATA

Functional signs, initial clinical presentation, potential triggers, ECGs, initial laboratory data and emergency treatments were collected. Initial treatment strategies were classified as: 1) conservative treatment recommended in asymptomatic patients with haemodynamic and rhythmic stability and Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) 3 flow on the affected vessel; 2) percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in cases of persistent ischaemia, rhythmic or haemodynamic instability and altered TIMI ≤2 flow on the target vessel; or 3) cardiac surgery (mechanical circulatory support, coronary artery bypass grafting or transplantation).

DIAGNOSIS OF FIBROMUSCULAR DYSPLASIA

Screening for FMD was carried out at the discretion of the different centres by either computed tomography (CT) scan, magnetic resonance imaging, angiography or Doppler in the cervico-cephalic, visceral and iliac arteries. The diagnosis of FMD was considered confirmed if at least one extra-cardiac location was verified by an experienced radiologist (LC) according to established criteria9. Complete screening was defined as brain to pelvis analysis.

GENETIC DATA

DNA was extracted from whole blood using a chemagic™️ 360 device (PerkinElmer, Waltham, MA, USA). Genotyping was performed by direct sequencing or using the global genotyping screen array. Genetic analysis was carried out on participants with a confirmed diagnosis who met specific genetic quality criteria (DNA available, call rate per individual >95% and genetically determined European ancestry using PLINK 2.0)10. The genetic data were compared with a cohort of healthy individuals from the French Paris Prospective Study III database5,11.

FOLLOW-UP

For the prospective cohort, patients had conventional in-hospital follow-up. One-year follow-up was by consultation in person or by telephone contact. For each patient of the retrospective cohort, clinical events since initial SCAD were researched in medical history and confirmed by investigator centre. In both cohorts, major adverse cardiac events at one year (MACE; all-cause mortality, stroke, recurrence of SCAD, recurrence of infarction, revascularisation) were collected. If new angiograms were performed during follow-up, they were analysed by the same core lab (N. Combaret, G. Souteyrand, and P. Motreff) to affirm SCAD recurrence. SCAD recurrence was defined as new ACS related to SCAD but involving a different arterial segment than the original event.

STATISTICAL METHODS

Statistical analyses were performed using Stata software, Version 15 (StataCorp, College Station, TX, USA). Continuous data are presented as mean±standard deviation or median (interquartile range) according to statistical distribution. The assumption of normal distribution was tested using the Shapiro-Wilk test. To estimate the association between rs9349379 and SCAD, genotype distributions were compared between cases and controls, globally and stratified by FMD status using unconditional logistic regression under the additive genetic model (R, version 3.6.1; R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria).

Results

Between June 2016 and August 2018, 424 patients were included at 51 centres (202 prospectively and 222 retrospectively) and 373 SCAD were confirmed by the core lab. A flow chart of subjects is shown in Figure 1. Population characteristics are summarised in Table 1.

Figure 1.

Cohort study flow diagram.

Table 1. Population characteristics.

Population characteristics	n=373
Age, years	51.5±10.3
Female sex	338 (90.6)
Smoking	93 (24.9)
Dyslipidaemia	61 (16.3)
Diabetes mellitus	12 (3.2)
Hypertension	119 (31.9)
Cardiovascular disease in family	70 (18.8)
Obesity (BMI >30 kg/m2)	58 (15.5)
Previous ACS	25 (6.7)
Previous SCAD	9 (2.4)
Stroke – TIA	8 (2.1)
Previous extra coronary artery dissection	4 (1.1)
History of migraine	89/322 (27.6)
History of inflammatory/systemic disease	7 (1.9)
No cardiovascular risk factor	83 (22.2)
<2 cardiovascular risk factors	204 (54.7)
Peripartum	14/338 (4.4)
Contraception	62/205 (30.2)
Oral contraceptive	39/205 (19)
Intrauterine device	23/205 (7.5)
Post menopause	168/331 (50.7)
Hormone replacement therapy	27/151 (17.9)
No pregnancy or birth	23/323 (7.1)
<3 pregnancies	168/323 (52)
≥3 pregnancies	132/323 (40.9)
≥4 pregnancies	63/323 (19.5)
Assisted reproduction technique	18/327 (5.5)
Data are shown as mean±SD or n (%). ACS: acute coronary syndrome; BMI: body mass index; SCAD: spontaneous coronary artery dissection; TIA: transient ischaemic attack

Patients were admitted for ACS in 96.2% of cases (of which 45.6% were STEMI). Twenty-one patients (5.6%) experienced cardiac arrest during initial management. A triggering factor was found in 60.6% of cases (emotional stress in 45.7% and physical stress in 12.3%) (Supplementary Table 1).

Angiographic characteristics are summarised in Supplementary Table 1.

The majority of patients received conservative initial management; PCI was performed in 58 patients (15.5%). PCI failure was reported in 10.3% of cases (inability to progress a wire or TIMI 0 at the end of the procedure) and a complication in 13.8% (worsening of dissection or haematoma progression).

The median length of hospital stay was 5 (3-8) days. During hospitalisation, 6.2% of patients received an emergency angiographic control and 2.7% received emergency PCI (Table 2, Figure 2). Fifty-four patients (14.5%) underwent scheduled control angiography with a median delay of 5 days (4-7); there was angiographic improvement in 66.7% of cases. Seven iatrogenic coronary dissections (1.9%) were reported during hospitalisation (5 in the initial phase and 2 during controls) (Table 2). No in-hospital deaths were reported.

Table 2. Management and in-hospital outcomes.

Initial treatment strategy		n=373
Conservative treatment		314 (84.2)
PCI		58 (15.5)
CABG		0 (0)
LVAD		1 (0.3)
Indication for PCI		n=58
Haemodynamic instability		5 (8.6)
Persistent chest pain		14 (24.1)
TIMI 0 flow		21 (37.9)
Combined criteria		10 (17.2)
Other		3 (5.2)
NA		4 (6.9)
PCI procedure details		n=57
Wiring only		3 (5.3)
Balloon angioplasty only		17 (29.8)
Cutting balloon only		1 (1.7)
Cutting balloon before stenting		2 (3.5)
Stent		36 (63.1)
BMS		2 (5.5)
DES		33 (91.7)
BRS		1 (2.7)
PCI results		n=55
Final TIMI flow	0	6 (10.9)
	1	2 (3.6)
	2	1 (1.8)
	3	46 (83.6)
PCI failure		6 (10.3)
PCI complications		8 (13.8)
Haematoma progression		1 (1.7)
Dissection		6 (10.3)
Other		1 (1.7)
Unplanned angiographic control		23 (6.2)
NSTEMI		12 (52.2)
STEMI		9 (39.1)
Cardiogenic shock		2 (8.7)
Unplanned revascularisation		10 (2.7)
Planned angiographic control		54 (14.5)
Improvement		36 (66.7)
Complete angiographic healing		4 (7.4)
PCI results (cont'd)
Stability		9 (16.7)
Worsening		9 (16.7)
Planned angiographic control delay, days		5 (4-7)
Iatrogenic dissection		7 (1.9)
During initial angiography		5 (71.4)
During angiographic control		2 (28.6)
In-hospital outcomes		n=373
MACE		20 (5.4)
Death		0 (0)
Reinfarction		20 (5.4)
SCAD recurrence (de novo)		0 (0)
SCAD extension		10 (2.7)
Revascularisation		10 (2.7)
Stroke		0 (0)
Follow-up and 1-year outcomes
Planned angiographic control after discharge		n=200
Improvement		184/198 (93)
Complete angiographic healing		114/198 (57.6)
Stability		8/198 (4)
Worsening		6/198 (3)
Planned angiographic control delay, days		56 (36-84.5)
Iatrogenic dissection during angiographic control		0 (0)
At 1 year		n=365
MACE		45 (12.3)
Death		0 (0)
Recurrent myocardial infarction		28 (7.7)
SCAD recurrence (de novo)		12 (3.3)
SCAD extension		15 (4.1)
Other		1 (0.3)
Revascularisation		31 (8.5)
Stroke		2 (0.6)
Left ventricular ejection fraction, % (n=155)		60 (56-65)
Data are shown as n (%) or median (Q1-Q3). BMS: bare metal stent; BRS: bioresorbable scaffold; CABG: coronary artery bypass graft; DES: drug-eluting stent; LVAD: left ventricular assist device; MACE: major adverse cardiac events; NA: not available; NSTEMI: non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; SCAD: spontaneous coronary artery dissection; STEMI: ST-elevation myocardial infarction; TIMI: Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction

Figure 2.

Management flow diagram.

Scheduled control angiography post discharge was performed in 200 subjects (65.9%), with a median time of 56 days (35-84.5) post discharge. Improvement was noted in 93% of cases and complete recovery in 57.6% of cases. No iatrogenic dissection occurred.

Intracoronary imaging was used during initial angiography in 68 patients (18.2%), in the first angiographic control (if performed) in 6.2% and in the second angiographic control (if performed) in 1.3% of cases. No complication was reported with the use of intracoronary imaging.

The rate of MACE at one year was 12.3% (45 events among 365 subjects). There were no deaths. Recurrence of SCAD was recorded in 3.3% of subjects and 31 patients (8.5%) required revascularisation (Table 2). At one year, 295 patients (79.1%) received a conservative treatment strategy (Figure 2). PCI was performed in 77 patients (20.6%). In the retrospective cohort, mean follow-up was 641 days. In the PCI group, STEMI was more frequent (69.0% vs 41.1% in the conservative group; p<0.01), as was TIMI ≤1 flow (55.3% vs 20.6% in the conservative group; p<0.01). Finally, in the PCI group, the MACE rate was statistically more frequent than in the conservative group (10.2% vs 22.4%, p<0.01) with higher creatine phosphokinase (CPK) peaks (986 vs 325 U/L, p<0.01) (Supplementary Table 2).

Radiological screening for FMD at at least one arterial site was carried out in 340 patients (91.1%). A complete screening was performed in 277 patients (74.3%). FMD was found at at least one arterial site in 45.0% of subjects. The FMD was isolated in 62.1% of cases, most often in renal (28.2%) and carotid (21.9%) arteries. The findings are summarised in Table 3. Among the male population (n=35), 65.7% had FMD.

Table 3. Screening and presence of fibromuscular dysplasia.

		n=373
No screening performed		33 (8.8)
Incomplete screening (at least one location screened)		63 (16.9)
Complete screening		277 (74.3)
Screening modality		n=340
Computed tomographic angiography only		237 (69.7)
Magnetic resonance angiography only		37 (10.9)
Angiography during catheterisation only		7 (2.1)
Ultrasound only		3 (0.8)
Multimodal		56 (16.5)
Presence of FMD		n=340
FMD		153 (45)
One localisation		95 (27.9)
Multifocal FMD		58 (17.1)
FMD prevalence and complete screening		n=277
FMD		131 (47.3)
FMD localisation	Carotid	63/288 (21.9)
	Vertebral	20/289 (6.9)
	Renal	93/330 (28.2)
	Iliac	47/325 (14.5)
	Visceral	16/263 (6.1)
Data are shown as n (%). FMD: fibromuscular dysplasia

Genetic analysis was performed in 313 SCAD patients (83.9%), among whom 140 presented with FMD. All were compared to 3,468 controls from the Paris Prospective Study III (PPS3) (Supplementary Table 3). The PHACTR1 A allele was associated with increased risk of SCAD overall (OR=1.66, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.38-1.99, p=7.08 ×10-8). The increased risk estimate was higher when we analysed SCAD patients with FMD (OR=1.96, 95% CI: 1.49-1.99, p=2.31 ×10-6), compared to the sample of SCAD without FMD (OR=1.59, 95% CI: 1.24-2.06, p=3.79 ×10-4). We note that all estimates of OR were significant with overlapping 95% CI (Supplementary Table 3).

Discussion

The DISCO study is the first European multicentre analysis of SCAD patients and one of the largest in the world. In this large population of SCAD patients, the rate of FMD was 45%. There was also a significant association between variations in the PHACTR1 locus and the risk of SCAD, and a trend towards a higher estimate among patients with FMD.

SCAD PRESENTATION AND FOLLOW-UP

The population characteristics were comparable to SCAD populations previously described2,12, with a large predominance of women aged around 50 years with few cardiovascular risk factors. We also confirm a rate of more than 50% post-menopausal women (62.3% in the Canadian cohort12) and a relatively low rate (4.4%) of pregnancy-associated SCAD (<5% in a previous study13). It is interesting to note that 40% of patients in our cohort reported at least three pregnancies and 19.5% at least four, which is higher than the rates (<10%) previously reported12.

The high rate of cardiac arrest during initial SCAD management demonstrates the risk associated with this pathology (multivessel or proximal coronary artery involvement). It is likely that a substantial number of sudden deaths in younger women may be related to SCAD. Apart from pre-hospital mortality, the prognosis is favourable whether patients are treated medically or by PCI, with a MACE rate of 12.3%, mainly explained by SCAD recurrences (3.3%) and revascularisations (8.5%). These results seem to be more favourable than those recently published by Gad et al14 with a significant rate of readmission at 30 days (12.3% with half during the first week) following hospitalisation for SCAD with most readmissions due to cardiac causes.

ANGIOGRAPHIC DATA AND MANAGEMENT

Angiographic analysis identified single-vessel involvement in almost all of our cases, similar to what has been found in other cohorts12. There was a strong predominance of haematomas (type 2 in Saw's classification). No intimal rupture was found in four out of five cases. Type 2 and type 3 SCAD are the most difficult to recognise by angiography, often confused with a developing atheroma or a coronary spasm; they can be underdiagnosed in case of distal involvement. The angiographic signs described7 must be systematically sought, especially in the absence of atheroma. In case of ambiguity, IVUS or OCT may prove useful to confirm the diagnosis (in the initial phase or during systematic control). In our series, there was no increased risk of complications with intravascular imaging. On the other hand, in this context of arterial fragility, if the angiographic diagnosis is certain or if the disease is presumed to be distal, intracoronary imaging is certainly not recommended.

A conservative management strategy should be favoured when possible15. In our series, >80% were treated medically in the initial phase and almost all had a favourable clinical outcome at one year. Almost all patients with scheduled coronary angiography showed spontaneous improvement, and complete healing was reported in more than half of the cases at 56 days versus less than a tenth during in-hospital control. These data indicate that control angiography in order to evaluate healing is not useful when performed too early. Similar conclusions were drawn in the study of Hassan et al16, who reported complete healing in 95% of cases with a repeat angiogram after ≥30 days. We recommend avoiding in-hospital planned angiographic control in case of non-extensive SCAD and favourable in-hospital evolution.

In patients with SCAD, PCI is associated with a high risk of complications, as seen in our cohort and in published studies17. In addition to the risk of procedural failure, the current cohort had a relevant rate of angiographic aggravation by propagation of the haematoma or secondary iatrogenic dissection. The interventional cardiologist should be aware of certain precautions, e.g., avoidance of deep catheter engagement, non-coaxial positioning of the catheter tip, and strong contrast agent injection2,15.

FIBROMUSCULAR DYSPLASIA

The screening for FMD confirmed an enhanced prevalence of FMD in the SCAD population. At 45%, this is comparable to rates in the latest studies18,19. The predominance of cervico-cephalic, renal and iliac localisations in our cohort was in agreement with that which has been reported in North American cohorts18. In the male population (n=35), the rate of FMD was higher (65.7%) than in female subjects, even though this condition is recognised as rare in men (data from the American registry found only 9% of the 447 patients with FMD to be male and French data found 16% in a population of 394 patients20).

GENETIC DATA

Our registry is the first to perform systematic DNA collection from SCAD patients. We have previously reported significant association between rs9349379, a common variant at the PHACTR1 locus, and SCAD in a sub-sample of 189 patients from the DISCO cohort5. Turley et al recently revealed five replicated risk loci and positional candidate genes for SCAD, including this PHACTR1 locus. Once again, this association was confirmed in the current analysis that included all eligible samples in the current series. The association was not related to the phenotypic status of FMD. The OR was slightly higher in the presence of FMD, which is the opposite to what was reported in a Mayo Clinic registry5. This difference can be explained by sampling fluctuations due to the relatively small sizes of the two cohorts where the analysis was available. This is further supported by the overlap of the confidence intervals for estimates of the ORs with SCAD in subjects with and without FMD. A further reason for the disparities may be differences in FMD screening between the two registries in terms of completeness and imaging modalities. Overall, our results confirm that the genetic association between SCAD and the PHACTR1 locus is not fully explained by the association with FMD4.

Limitations

The DISCO registry has limitations in terms of data quality and completeness, especially in FMD screening. As patients were enrolled both prospectively and retrospectively, and the registry included not all interventional cardiology centres in France, the data represent a selection and it is not possible to draw conclusions on the incidence of SCAD in the French population. Moreover, the frequent favourable evolution of the disease does not exclude the possibility of missed diagnosis. Concerning genetic analysis, the prevalence of FMD in the control group from the PPS3 cohort is not known. This may represent a bias, even if the prevalence of FMD in this cohort is estimated to be the same as in the general population.

Finally, prolonged follow-up remains necessary to establish long-term recurrence rates.

Conclusions

The DISCO registry is the largest European SCAD cohort and the first European resource with prolonged follow-up where genetic analysis can be performed. The work confirmed in a European cohort the epidemiological characteristics of SCAD, which mainly affects middle-aged women with few or no cardiovascular risk factors. Conservative management, when possible, was safe with no deaths at one year. FMD was found in 45% of SCAD patients, with predominant involvement of the cervico-cephalic and renal arteries. Finally, we confirmed the genetic association between variations in the PHACTR1 locus and the occurrence of SCAD, with or without the presence of FMD. Longer-term follow-up data and further systematic genetic analysis will be needed to confirm these findings.

Impact on daily practice

Strong links between spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) and fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) are now confirmed in North American and European cohorts. Genetic associations between these two pathologies are described and some genetic loci such as PHACTR1 seem to be involved. This nationwide SCAD cohort will allow long-term follow-up to determine the prognosis and recurrence rate of this pathology. Systematic blood extraction in all patients will permit further genetic analysis to confirm the first results published with some high-risk loci and provide a better understanding of the common genetic mechanisms between SCAD and FMD.

Appendix. Study collaborators

Céline Lambert, PhD; Délégation Recherche Clinique et Innovations, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France. Christian Spaulding, MD, PhD; Department of Cardiology, European Hospital Georges Pompidou, APHP, Sudden Cardiac Death Expert Center, INSERM U 971, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France. Hakim Benamer, MD; Cardiology Department, Institut Cardiovasculaire Paris Sud, Ramsay Générale de Santé, Massy, France. Xavier Jeunemaitre, PhD, Adrien Georges, PhD; Université de Paris, PARCC, INSERM, Paris, France. Didier Bresson, MD; Department of Cardiology, ICU, Emile Muller Hospital, Mulhouse, France. Lionel Mangin, MD; Department of Cardiology, Centre Hospitalier Annecy-Genevois, Metz-Tessy, France.

Supplementary data

Supplementary Appendix 1

List of all investigators of the DISCO registry.

Supplementary Table 1

Presenting characteristics.

Supplementary Table 2

Follow-up and MACE rate in Conservative group versus PCI group.

Supplementary Table 3

Association analysis between rs9349379 (PHACTR1) and SCAD stratified according to the presence of fibromuscular dysplasia in the DISCO study.

Abbreviations

ACS

acute coronary syndrome

FMD

fibromuscular dysplasia

IVUS

intravascular ultrasound

MINOCA

myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary arteries

OCT

optical coherence tomography

PCI

percutaneous coronary intervention

SCAD

spontaneous coronary artery dissection

STEMI

ST-elevation myocardial infarction