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. 2022 Dec 7;14(12):e32280. doi: 10.7759/cureus.32280

Figure 2. Chondrogenesis of MSCs in vivo and in vitro.

Figure 2

(a) In vivo chondrogenesis. (a.i) Chondrogenesis begins during embryonic development with MSCs expressing collagen I. (a.ii) MSCs migrate and form mesenchymal condensations which activate molecular signalling cascades from plasma membrane receptors, including N-CAM and N-Cadherin. (a.iii) MSCs then proceed to undergo chondrogenic differentiation, depositing cartilage-ECM molecules (such as CD44, collagen II and aggrecan) under the influence of SOX9. (b) In vitro chondrogenesis. (b.i) MSCs are aggregated ex vivo in a 2D-monolayer. (b.ii) MSCs are then added to a 3D-cell aggregate and are grown in this medium. Following this, in vitro differentiation is then the same as in vivo. Adapted from [10] with permission.