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. 2022 Dec 2;66(4):679–710. doi: 10.1007/s11427-022-2230-4

Current progress in the development of prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines

Tingting Li 1,2,3,#, Ciying Qian 1,2,3,#, Ying Gu 1,2,3, Jun Zhang 1,2,3, Shaowei Li 1,2,3,✉, Ningshao Xia 1,2,3,4,✉
PMCID: PMC9734355  PMID: 36469218

Abstract

Vaccines are essential public health tools and play an important role in reducing the burden of infectious diseases in the population. Emerging infectious diseases and outbreaks pose new challenges for vaccine development, requiring the rapid design and production of safe and effective vaccines against diseases with limited resources. Here, we focus on the development of vaccines in broad fields ranging from conventional prophylactic vaccines against infectious diseases to therapeutic vaccines against chronic diseases and cancer providing a comprehensive overview of recent advances in eight different vaccine forms (live attenuated vaccines, inactivated vaccines, polysaccharide and polysaccharide conjugate vaccines, recombinant subunit vaccines, virus-like particle and nanoparticle vaccines, polypeptide vaccines, DNA vaccines, and mRNA vaccines) and the therapeutic vaccines against five solid tumors (lung cancer breast cancer colorectal cancer liver cancer and gastric cancer), three infectious diseases (human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus-induced diseases) and three common chronic diseases (hypertension, diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia). We aim to provide new insights into vaccine technologies, platforms, applications and understanding of potential next-generation preventive and therapeutic vaccine technologies paving the way for the vaccines design in the future.

Keywords: prophylactic vaccine, therapeutic vaccine, immune response, infectious diseases, cancers, chronic diseases

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2021YFC2301404), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81991490, 82001756), the Health Education Joint Project of Fujian Province (2019-WJ-05), the President Foundation of Xiamen University (20720200062), and CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences of China (2019RU022).

Data Availability Statement

All relevant data are within the manuscript.

Footnotes

Compliance and ethics

The author(s) declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Contributed equally to this work

Contributor Information

Shaowei Li, Email: shaowei@xmu.edu.cn.

Ningshao Xia, Email: nsxia@xmu.edu.cn.

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