Table 7.
Association between total legumes and soybean intake and incidences of some major chronic diseases/mortality of major disease groups (RR, 95% C.I.). The dose-response meta-analysis always refers to an additional serving of a food per day relative to the average intake of that food observed in a cohort study (50 g both for total legumes and soybean).
| Health Outcomes | Unit of Intake | RR (95% C.I.) | N° of Prospective Studies | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total Legumes | ||||
| All-cause mortality |
Highest vs. Lowest | 0.96 (0.94–1.00) | 17 | [114] |
| Dose-Response | 0.96 (0.90–1.01) | 6 | ||
| 0.88 (0.73–1.03) | / | [115] | ||
| Total CVDs mortality |
Highest vs. Lowest | No data | ||
| Dose-Response | No data | |||
| CHD | Highest vs. Lowest | 0.91 (0.84–0.99) | 10 | [118] |
| 0.91 (0.83–1.00) | 6 | [176] | ||
| Dose-Response | 0.86 (0.78–0.94) | 5 | [177] | |
| 0.96 (0.92–1.01) | 8 | [118] | ||
| 0.88 (0.78–1.03) | / | [115] | ||
| Stroke | Highest vs. Lowest | / / |
6 6 |
[176] [118] |
| Dose-Response | / / / |
5 6 / |
[177] [118] [115] |
|
| HBP | Highest vs. Lowest | 0.92 (0.86–0.98) | 6 | [120] |
| Dose-Response | 0.98 (0.95–1.01) | 5 | ||
| CHF | Highest vs. Lowest | No data | ||
| Dose-Response | No data | |||
| T2D | Highest vs. Lowest | / | 13 | [176] |
| Dose-Response | / / / |
2 / 12 |
[177] [115] [122] |
|
| Overweight/Obesity | Highest vs. Lowest | 0.87 (0.81–0.94) | 1 | [123] |
| Dose-Response | 0.88 (0.84–0.93) | 1 | ||
| MetS | Highest vs. Lowest | No data | ||
| Dose-Response | No data | |||
| Total cancer mortality |
Highest vs. Lowest | No data | ||
| Dose-Response | No data | |||
| Total cancer incidence |
Highest vs. Lowest | 0.97 (0.93–1.01) | ||
| Dose-Response | No data | |||
| CRC | Highest vs. Lowest | / | 11 | [124] |
| Dose-Response | / / / |
4 10 / |
[125] [124] [115] |
|
| Breast cancer | Highest vs. Lowest | No data | ||
| Dose-Response | No data | |||
| Gastric cancer | Highest vs. Lowest | / | 9 | [128] |
| Dose-Response | No data | |||
| Soybean | ||||
| All-cause mortality |
Highest vs. Lowest | No data | ||
| Dose-Response | No data | |||
| Total CVDs mortality |
Highest vs. Lowest | No data | ||
| Dose-Response | No data | |||
| CHD | Highest vs. Lowest | / | 7 | [178] |
| Dose-Response | No data | |||
| Stroke | Highest vs. Lowest | / | 8 | [178] |
| Dose-Response | No data | |||
| HBP | Highest vs. Lowest | No data | ||
| Dose-Response | No data | |||
| CHF | Highest vs. Lowest | No data | ||
| Dose-Response | No data | |||
| T2D | Highest vs. Lowest | 0.87 (0.74–1.01) | 7 | [121] |
| Dose-Response | No data | |||
| Overweight/Obesity | Highest vs. Lowest | No data | ||
| Dose-Response | No data | |||
| MetS | Highest vs. Lowest | No data | ||
| Dose-Response | No data | |||
| Total cancer mortality |
Highest vs. Lowest | / | 10 | [179] |
| Dose-Response | No data | |||
| Total cancer incidence |
Highest vs. Lowest | 0.90 (0.83–0.96) | 35 | [179] |
| Dose-Response | No data | |||
| CRC | Highest vs. Lowest | 0.88 (0.76–1.02) | 4 | [179] |
| Dose-Response | No data | |||
| Breast cancer | Highest vs. Lowest | 0.96 (0.90–1.02) | 10 | [179] |
| 0.92 (0.84–1.00) | 10 | [127] | ||
| Dose-Response | 0.91 (0.84–1.00) | 7 | ||
| 0.89 (0.79–0.99) a | 14 | [180] | ||
| Gastric cancer | Highest vs. Lowest | No data | ||
| Dose-Response | No data | |||
a To be referred only to soy isoflavones.