Abstract
目的
探究类风湿关节炎(RA)患者miR-342-3p的表达,及其对类风湿性关节炎滑膜成纤维细胞细胞(RA-FLS)炎症和迁移的影响。
方法
收集正常人30例、RA患者50例外周血单个核细胞(PBMCs),检测PBMCs中miR-342-3p的表达,并研究其与临床指标RF、ESR、anti-CCP、hs-CRP、C3、DAS-28、SAS、SDS的相关性。建立RA-FLS细胞系,20 ng/mL TNF-α刺激细胞,构建mimics-miR-342-3p和inhibitor-miR-342-3p及空转组,转染至RA-FLS中;实验分为6组:RA-FLS组,TNF-α+RA-FLS组,mimics-NC组,mimics-miR-342-3p组,inhibitor-NC组和inhibitor-miR-342-3p组;采用定量实时聚合酶链反应(RT-qPCR)检测miR-342-3p的表达;酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测白介素-1β(IL-1β)、白介素-6(IL-6)、白介素-10(IL-10)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)的表达。CCK8检测细胞活力。Transwell小室检测滑膜细胞的迁移。
结果
与正常组相比,RA患者miR-342-3p表达显著降低(P<0.05),ROC曲线结果显示AUC 97.53%。miR-342-3p与RF(r=-0.321)、ESR(r=-0.284)、anti-CCP(r=-0.355)、hs-CRP(r=-0.320)、C3(r=-0.294)、DAS-28(r=-0.395)、SAS(r=-0.366)、SDS(r=-0.397)呈显著负相关(P<0.05)。miR-342-3p与anti-CCP、DAS-28、SDS、SAS的升高有较强的关联,规则支持均大于85%、置信度均大于88%和提升均大于1;与RA-FLS组相比,TNF-α刺激后细胞活力显著升高(P<0.05),IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α表达显著升高,IL-10的表达显著降低(P<0.05);与mimics-NC组相比,mimics-miR-342-3p组细胞活力显著降低(P<0.05);与inhibitor-NC组相比,inhibitor-miR-342-3p组细胞活力显著升高(P<0.05);与mimics-NC组相比,mimics-miR-342-3p组IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α表达显著降低,IL-10的表达显著升高(P<0.05);与inhibitor-NC组相比,inhibitor-miR-342-3p组IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α表达显著升高,IL-10的表达显著降低(P<0.05)。
结论
miR-342-3p在RA患者中表达降低,通过促进RA-FLS炎症和迁移,参与RA的发病机制。
Keywords: 类风湿关节炎, miR-342-3p, 炎症, 迁移
Abstract
Objective
To investigate the expression level of miR-342-3p in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and its effect on inflammatory response and migration of synovial fibroblasts in RA (RA-FLS).
Methods
PBMCs were collected from 30 healthy individuals and 50 RA patients for detecting the expression of miR-342-3p, and its correlation with the clinical indicators RF, ESR, anti-CCP, hs-CRP, C3, DAS-28, SAS, and SDS was analyzed. In RA-FLS cultures, the effect of transfection of miR-342-3p mimics and inhibitor on TNF-α-induced inflammatory response of the cells was evaluated by detecting the expressions of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α using ELISA. CCK8 assay and Transwell assay were used for detecting the changes in cell viability and migration ability of the synovial cells.
Results
In RA patients, the expression level of miR-342-3p was significantly lowered in the PBMCs (P < 0.05) with an area under the ROC curve of 97.53% and showed inverse correlations with RF (r=-0.321), ESR(r=-0.284), anti-CCP (r=-0.355), hs-CRP (r=-0.320), C3 (r=-0.294), DAS-28 (r=-0.395), SAS (r=-0.366), and SDS (r=-0.397) (all P < 0.05); a low expression of miR-342-3p was strongly associated with elevated levels of anti-CCP, DAS-28, SDS, and SAS (all with a rule support greater than 85%, confidence greater than 88%, and lift greater than 1). In cultured RA-FLS, TNF-α stimulation significantly increased the cell viability (P < 0.05), upregulated the expressions of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, and lowered the expression of IL-10 (P < 0.05). These changes were significantly suppressed by transfection of the cells with miR-342-3p mimics (P < 0.05) but enhanced by transfection with miR-342-3p inhibitor (P < 0.05).
Conclusion
The expression of miR-342-3p is decreased in the PBMCs of RA patients. A lowered expression of miR-342-3p contributes to the pathogenesis of RA by promoting inflammatory responses and migration of RA-FLS.
Keywords: rheumatoid arthritis, miR-342-3p, inflammation, migration
类风湿关节炎(RA)患病率高达1%[1],其主要表现为对称性多关节炎,是一种常见的自身免疫性关节炎。在RA的病理变化过程中,越来越多的证据证明,滑膜成纤维细胞(FLS)起着关键的作用。RA-FLS具有包括细胞增殖的增加、大量促炎细胞因子的分泌,以及促进迁移等的肿瘤样特性,进而引起局部和全身炎症[2-4]。RA以其病程长,不可治愈、病情难愈,并且在疾病发展过程会有致残的风险等特点,严重降低患者的生活质量,伴随着不同程度的患者感受(SPP)的改变,在临床研究中患者感受和疾病的发展、药物的干预作用的关联越来越受关注[5, 6]。
在RA的复杂发病机制中miRNAs起着关键作用[7-9]。作为miR-342家族中的一员,miR-342-3p是定位于14号染色体14q32上的一段非编码序列,位于宿主基因EVL的第3个内含子中[10, 11]。目前国内外关于miR-342-3p在RA中研究不多,既往仅有少量研究报道miR-342-3p的异常表达可能与RA的免疫炎症相关[12],但未见与RA患者临床指标相关分析。本研究关联规则分析miR-342-3p与RA患者临床指标的相关性,并纳入患者感受指标,研究miR-342-3p的表达与焦虑抑郁指标的相关性,及探索其对滑膜细胞炎症和迁移的影响。
本研究旨在观察miR-342-3p在RA患者中的表达,分析其与临床指标、患者感受的相关性,然后通过体外培养RA-FLS,探究miR-342-3p干扰或过表达状态下对RA-FLS炎症和迁移的影响。
1. 材料和方法
1.1. 病例来源
50例RA患者来自安徽中医药大学第一附属医院风湿免疫科住院患者(2021年3月~2022年6月),其中男性9例,女性41例,年龄52(48,65.25)岁;病程为7(2.75, 17.25),30例正常对照者(HC)来自同一时间安徽中医药大学第一附属医院健康体检中心,其中男性3例,女性27例,年龄53(47.75,61.25)岁,两组基线比较一致,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05,表 1)。本研究经安徽中医药大学第一附属医院科学研究伦理委员会批准(2019AH-12)。
1.
两组受试者一般情况
General information of subjects in the two groups
Characteristic | RA | HC | P |
Note: P50 (P25, P75). | |||
Male/Female | 9/41 | 3/27 | 0.520 |
Age (year) | 52(48, 65.25) | 53(47.75, 61.25) | 0.815 |
Course of disease (year) | 7(2.75, 17.25) | - | - |
1.2. 诊断及纳入标准
1.2.1. 诊断标准
西医诊断标准:所有患者均符合2010年美国风湿病学会(ACR) 联合欧洲抗风湿病联盟(EULAR)提出的RA诊断标准[12]。
1.2.2. 纳入标准
(1)符合上述诊断标准;(2)年龄在18~70岁之间;(3)所有患者均签署知情同意书。
1.2.3. 排除标准
(1)不符合上述诊断标准;(2)合并有心、肝、肾等严重疾病的患者;(3)年龄在18岁以下,70岁以上者;(4)孕妇或正值哺乳期的女性;(5)观察期间应用生物制剂的患者;(6)关节严重畸形,完全丧失关节功能的患者;(7)合并有精神病,不能配合治疗的患者。
1.3. 观察指标
1.3.1. 免疫炎症指标
类风湿因子(RF),抗环瓜氨酸肽抗体IgG(anti-CCP),血沉(ESR),超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP),免疫球蛋白A(IgA),免疫球蛋白G(IgG),免疫球蛋白(IgM),补体C3(C3),补体C4(C4)。
1.3.2. 患者感受指标
28个关节疾病活动度评分(DAS-28)、焦虑自评量表(SAS),抑郁自评量表(SDS)。
1.4. RA-FLS培养
将培养的RA患者滑膜成纤维细胞[赛百慷(上海)生物技术股份有限公司]用PBS洗2次,在37 ℃的温度下,加入1 mL胰酶,显微镜下观察到细胞明显收缩,变圆后,加入新鲜培养基终止消化,移液枪吹打,使细胞脱落,收集细胞至15 mL离心管,以1000 r/min的转速,超速离心5 min,再弃上清,加入适量新鲜DMEM培养基重悬,继续进行细胞传代培养,并收集备用。
1.5. 实验分组与细胞转染
取对数生长的传代培养的RA-FLS细胞铺板在六孔板里面,待细胞贴壁后进行如下分组的处理:(1)RA-FLS组:细胞不做任何处理;(2)TNF-α+RA-FLS组:20 ng/mL TNF-α刺激细胞24 h;(3)TNF-α + RA-FLS+ mimics-NC:20 ng/mL TNF-α刺激细胞24 h后转染mimics-NC 48 h;(4)TNF-α+RA-FLS+mimics-miR-342-3p:20 ng/mL TNF-α刺激细胞24h后转染mimics-NC 48 h;(5)TNF-α+RA-FLS+inhibitor-NC:20 ng/mL TNF-α刺激细胞24 h后转染inhibitor-NC 48 h;(6)TNF-α+RA-FLS+inhibitor-miR-342-3p组:20 ng/mL TNF-α刺激细胞24 h后转染si-miR-342-3p 48 h。根据制造商的说明,将mimics-miR-342-3p、inhibitor-miR-342-3p与各自阴性对照转染至RA-FLS中,继续孵育48 h。
其中mimics-miR-342-3p、inhibitor-miR-342-3p与各自阴性对照购自上海GenePharma。
1.6. 实验试剂及仪器
DMEM培养基(Hyclone);Transwell小室(Millicell);胎牛血清(浙江天杭生物公司);二甲基亚砜(Sigma);ELISA试剂盒(武汉基因美生物科技公司);PBS(BI);超净工作台(苏州佳宝净化工程设备有限公司),荧光定量PCR仪(Thermo Scientific),培养箱(Thermo),普通PCR仪(杭州晶格科学仪器有限公司);荧光显微镜(Motic)等。
1.7. 实验方法
1.7.1. RT-qPCR检测miR-342-3p的表达
收集外周血单个核细胞、RA-FLS做RT-qPCR检测,Trizol提取各组细胞总RNA,逆转录、扩增、琼脂糖凝胶电泳,再采用Gelpro32凝胶图像分析软件对PCR产物进行半定量分析,以U6表达量为参照采用2-△△Ct进行相对定量分析(表 2)。
2.
RT-qPCR定量分析miR-342-3p引物
Primers for RT-qPCR amplification of miR-342-3p and U6
Gene | Amplicon size (bp) | Forward primer (5'→3') | Reverse primer (5'→3') |
U6 | 94 | CTCGCTTCGGCAGCACA | AACGCTTCACGAATTTGCGT |
miR-342-3p | GCTCTCACACAGAAATCGC | AGTGCAGGGTCCGAGGTATT |
1.7.2. ELISA检测
采用ELISA方法,收集以上各组RA-FLS培养的上清液,以2000 r/min的转速离心20 min,再弃沉淀。将上清液加入酶标板中,37 ℃温度下孵育1.5 h,严格按照各试剂盒说明书进行操作,检测介素(IL)-1β、IL-6、IL-10、TNF-α的表达。
1.7.3. CCK8检测RA-FLS细胞活力
将RA-FLS细胞接种到96孔板中并培养。将培养板在培养箱中分别孵育0、24、48 h,每孔加入10 μL CCK-8溶液,避免气泡生成,将培养板置于培养箱内孵育4 h,用酶标仪测定450 nm处的吸光度。
1.7.4. Transwell检测RA-FLS细胞迁移
在37 ℃和5% CO2条件下,将transwell小室放入培养板中,将RA-FLS细胞消化后,洗涤、重悬,取100 μL细胞悬液置于上室,下室盛装800 μL含10%胎牛血清的DMEM培养基,以聚碳酸酯膜相隔,培养48 h,加入PBS缓冲液,固定、结晶紫染色,随机取3个视野。
1.8. 统计学分析
采用SPSS 23. 0软件进行统计学处理,符合正态分布,则采用两独立样本t检验,并采用均数±标准差表示;不符合正态分布,则采用秩和检验,并采用四分位数间距表示。多组数据比较采用one-way ANOVA检验,以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2. 结果
2.1. 两组受试者的临床特征
RA患者的DAS28评分为4.80(4.20,5.40)分,SAS评分为48.75(35,62.75)分,SDS评分为58.75(53.75,67.50)分。与健康对照组(HC)对比,RA患者免疫炎症指标RF、ESR、anti-CCP、hs-CRP均显著升高(P<0.01),差异有统计学意义;而两组IgA、IgG无明显差异,IgM、C3、C4差异无统计学意义(P>0.05,表 3)。
3.
受试者临床指标特征
Clinical data and SPP of RA patients
Clinical index | HC (n=30) | RA (n=50) | P |
RF (U/mL) | 7.88±2.97 | 109.70(46.13, 233.63) | <0.01 |
ESR (mm/h) | 5.20(3.27, 8.92) | 37.50(28.25, 64.00) | <0.01 |
anti-CCP (U/mL) | 2.88±1.06 | 86.05(33.38, 270.50) | <0.01 |
hs-CRP (mg/L) | 1.47±1.03 | 9.86(2.42, 43.42) | <0.01 |
IgA (g/L) | 1.32±0.67 | 2.69(1.97, 3.63) | <0.01 |
IgG (g/L) | 8.39±2.24 | 9.76(8.42, 12.52) | <0.01 |
IgM (g/L) | 1.51±0.50 | 1.25(1.08, 1.72) | 0.141 |
C3 (g/L) | 1.08±0.24 | 1.14(0.99, 1.35) | 0.154 |
C4 (g/L) | 0.27±0.09 | 0.31(0.25, 0.39) | 0.141 |
DAS-28 | - | 4.75(3.70, 5.60) | - |
SAS | - | 52.50(43.94, 60.31) | - |
SDS | - | 56.88(44.56, 66.25) | - |
2.2. MiR-342-3p在RA患者中的表达
与正常组相比,miR-342-3p在RA患者PBMCs中表达显著降低(图 1A);ROC曲线结果显示,曲线下面积为97.53%(P<0.0001),95%的置信区间为0.9495~1,其中精确度为96.67%,灵敏度为86%,Cut-off值为0.535(图 1B),说明miR-342-3p可作为RA协助诊断标志物。
1.
MiR-342-3p在RA患者中的表达
Expression of miR-342-3p the PBMCs of RA patients. A: Expression of miR-342-3p in PBMCs of healthy controls and RA patients detected by qRT-PCR. B: ROC curve. ***P < 0.01.
2.3. MiR-342-3p与RA患者免疫炎症指标及患者感受指标的相关性分析
Spearman相关性分析结果显示,RA患者miR-342-3p与RF(r=-0.321)、ESR(r=-0.284)、anti-CCP(r=-0.355)、hs-CRP(r=-0.320)、C3(r=-0.294)、DAS-28(r=-0.395)、SAS(r=-0.366)、SDS(r=-0.397)呈显著负相关(P<0.05,图 2)。
2.
MiR-342-3p与RA患者临床指标的相关性分析
Correlation analysis of miR-342-3p and clinical indicators in RA patients.
2.4. MiR-342-3p与RA患者临床指标的关联规则分析
关联规则结果显示,miR-342-3p的降低与RA患者anti-CCP、DAS-28、SDS、SAS的升高有较强的关联,规则支持均大于85%、置信度均大于88%和提升均大于1(表 4)。
4.
MiR-342-3p与RA患者临床指标的关联规则分析
Analysis of association rules between miR-342-3p and clinical indicators in RA patients
Items (LHS⇒RHS) | Rule support% | Confidence% | Lift |
{ miR-342-3p↓ } ⇒ { anti-CCP ↑ } | 86 | 90.698 | 1.031 |
{ miR-342-3p↓ } ⇒ { DAS-28↑ } | 86 | 95.349 | 1.014 |
{ miR-342-3p↓ } ⇒ { SDS↑ } | 86 | 88.372 | 1.004 |
{ miR-342-3p↓ } ⇒ { SAS ↑ } | 86 | 88.372 | 1.004 |
2.5. MiR-342-3p对RA-FLS细胞活力的影响
通过qRT-PCR检测miR-342-3p的表达,我们成功转染了mimics-miR-342-3p或inhibitor-miR-342-3p在RA-FLS中(图 3A)。为了探讨miR-342-3p对TNF-α诱导的RA-FLS的影响,使用CCK8检测RA-FLS的细胞活力,与RA-FLS组对比,TNF-α刺激后RA-FLS细胞活力显著升高(P<0.05);与mimics-NC组相比,mimics-miR-342-3p组细胞活力显著降低(P<0.05);与inhibitor-NC组相比,inhibitor-miR-342-3p组细胞活力显著升高(P<0.05);并且24h时细胞活力变化最明显(图 3B)。
3.
MiR-342-3P对细胞活力的影响.
Effect of modulation of miR-342-3p expression levels on viability of cultured RA-FLS. A: Verification of miR-342-3p expression in RA-FLS after transfection using qRT-PCR. B: CCK8 assay for assessing cell viability at 0, 24, and 48 h after transfection. *P < 0.05 vs blank control group; #P < 0.05 vs mimics-NC group, P < 0.05; and ^P < 0.05 vs inhibitor-NC group.
2.6. MiR-342-3p对RA患者PBMCs中细胞因子表达的影响
与RA-FLS组对比,TNF-α刺激后,IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α表达显著升高,IL-10的表达显著降低(P<0.05);与mimics-NC组相比,mimics-miR-342-3p组IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α表达显著降低,IL-10的表达显著升高(P<0.05);与inhibitor-NC组相比,inhibitor-miR-342-3p组IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α表达显著升高,IL-10的表达显著降低(P<0.05,图 4)。
4.
MiR-342-3p对细胞因子的影响
Effect of modulation of miR-342-3p expression levels on production of IL-1β (A), IL-6 (B), IL-10 (C) and TNF-α (D) in cultured RA-FLS. *P < 0.05 vs RA-FLS; #P < 0.05 vs mimics-NC; ^P < 0.05 vs inhibitor.
2.7. MiR-342-3p对RA患者滑膜细胞迁移的影响
采用Transwell检测细胞迁移功能,采用0.1%结晶紫染色,结果显示,与RA-FLS相比,TNF-α刺激后,细胞迁移能力显著增强(P<0.05);与mimics-NC组相比,mimics-miR-342-3p组细胞迁移能力显著减弱(P<0.05);与inhibitor-NC组相比,inhibitor-miR-342-3p组细胞迁移能力显著增强(P<0.05,图 5)。
5.
MiR-342-3p对RA患者滑膜细胞迁移的影响
Effect of modulation of miR-342-3p expression levels on migration of RA-FLS (crystal violet staining).
3. 讨论
在RA的发病过程中始终伴随着炎性细胞的浸润,FLS是滑膜细胞的主要组成部分,是滑膜关节的间充质细胞[12],是一种炎性细胞,FLS在RA中过度激活,分泌大量炎性细胞因子,加重疾病的发展[13]。炎性信号的刺激可以使FLS异常增殖、凋亡不足,从而产生多种炎性细胞因子,如TNF-α、IL-1β等,产生的炎性因子反过来又不断地激活FLS,两者相互促进,形成恶性循环[14, 15]。
欧曼颖等[16]发现,miR-342-3p上调后,子痫前期的胎盘组织中滋养细胞增殖和迁移等能力明显降低。朱亚蕊等[17]发现,miR-342-3p在非小细胞肺癌中表达下调,通过过表达进而影响非小细胞肺癌细胞的增殖和迁移等。本研究以miR-342-3p为研究对象,通过35例RA患者和30例正常对照组的小样本的临床验证发现,miR-342-3p在RA患者PBMCs中表达显著降低(P<0.05),ROC曲线结果表明,miR-342-3p的AUC为84.76%,说明miR-342-3p具有潜在诊断价值;有研究发现[11, 18-21]miR-342-3p在鼻咽癌细胞和组织中、多发性骨髓瘤细胞、自身免疫性肝炎等均呈低表达状态,miR-342-3p低表达与乳腺癌内分泌治疗的耐药性相关。miR-342-3p在牦牛卵母细胞减数分裂成熟中起着至关重要的作用。
相关性分析结果显示,RA患者miR-342-3p与炎症指标:RF、ESR、anti-CCP、hs-CRP、C3及患者感受指标:DAS-28、SAS、SDS具有显著相关性(P<0.05);关联规则结果表明,miR-342-3p与炎症指标:anti-CCP,及患者感受指标:DAS-28、SDS、SAS具有较高的规则支持、置信度和提升。有研究发现抑郁、焦虑、慢性疼痛和阿片类药物使用在炎症性关节炎患者中很常见[22]。Cozad Melanie等[23]通过对15名诊断为RA的患者的随访调查发现,RA患者伴有不同程度的消极情绪。本研究发现RA患者不仅伴有免疫炎症的异常,还会有一定程度的焦虑抑郁,而这些患者感受指标的升高与miR-342-3p的降低有一定的相关性及关联性。
研究结果显示,对RA-FLS的刺激以20 ng/mL浓度的TNF-α在24 h最佳,经TNF-α刺激后,细胞活力显著上升,同时促进了促炎因子IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α的表达,并抑制了IL-10的表达,及滑膜细胞的迁移。为了进一步探究miR-342-3p在RA中发挥的潜在机制作用,我们在RA-FLS中进行了体外实验,以TNF-α+RA-FLS为模型。通过构建miR-342-3p的过表达质粒和小干扰RNA,转染至FLS中,inhibitor-miR-342-3p组miR-342-3p表达显著降低,mimics-miR-342-3p组miR-342-3p表达显著升高(P<0.05),说明转染成功。ELISA结果显示,inhibitor-miR-342-3p组促炎因子IL-1β、TNF-α、IL-6表达显著升高、抑炎因子IL-10表达下降,mimics-miR-342-3p组促炎因子IL-1β、TNF-α、IL-6表达显著下降,抑炎因子IL-10表达上升(P<0.05)。此外,我们采用transwell小室检测的细胞的迁移,发现mimics-miR-342-3p组细胞迁移能力显著减弱,而inhibitor-miR-342-3p组细胞迁移能力显著增强(P<0.05),说明miR-342-3p对滑膜细胞的迁移有一定的抑制作用,并且有研究表明[24-26],miR-342通过调节炎症和细胞死亡来控制结核分枝杆菌的易感性。通过靶向MAP1LC3B抑制促生存自噬和通过肿瘤抑制基因去甲基化和再表达下调DNMT1来介导对B细胞淋巴瘤的抑制作用;过表达miR-342-3p对宫颈癌细胞系的增殖、迁移和侵袭有一定的抑制作用。
综上所述,本研究表明,miR-342-3p在RA患者中低表达,与免疫炎症指标、SPP具有显著相关性,及较强的关联。MiR-342-3p是参与RA发病的重要miRNA,通过调控RA-FLS炎症以及迁移,参与RA的发病机制,可作为RA潜在诊断靶点。
Biography
周琴,在读硕士研究生,E-mail: zhouqin@stu.ahtcm.edu.cn
Funding Statement
科技部国家重点研发计划中医药现代化研究(2018YFC1705204);国家自然科学基金(82074373,81973655);安徽省高校协同创新项目(GXXT-2020-025);安徽现代中医内科应用基础与开发研究省级实验室项目(2016080503B041);安徽省第12批“115”创新团队(皖人才办[2019]1号);安徽省重大疑难病中西医协同攻关项目(皖中医药发展秘[2021]70号)
Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (82074373, 81973655)
Contributor Information
周 琴 (Qin ZHOU), Email: zhouqin@stu.ahtcm.edu.cn.
刘 健 (Jian LIU), Email: liujianahzy@126.com.
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