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. 2021 Jan 5;14(1):64–93. doi: 10.1007/s12200-020-1081-4

Intense terahertz generation from photoconductive antennas

Elchin Isgandarov 1, Xavier Ropagnol 1,2, Mangaljit Singh 1, Tsuneyuki Ozaki 1,✉
PMCID: PMC9743868  PMID: 36637784

Abstract

In this paper, we review the past and recent works on generating intense terahertz (THz) pulses from photoconductive antennas (PCAs). We will focus on two types of large-aperture photoconductive antenna (LAPCA) that can generate high-intensity THz pulses (a) those with large-aperture dipoles and (b) those with interdigitated electrodes. We will first describe the principles of THz generation from PCAs. The critical parameters for improving the peak intensity of THz radiation from LAPCAs are summarized. We will then describe the saturation and limitation process of LAPCAs along with the advantages and disadvantages of working with wide-bandgap semiconductor substrates. Then, we will explain the evolution of LAPCA with interdigitated electrodes, which allows one to reduce the photoconductive gap size, and thus obtain higher bias fields while applying lower voltages. We will also describe recent achievements in intense THz pulses generated by interdigitated LAPCAs based on wide-bandgap semiconductors driven by amplified lasers. Finally, we will discuss the future perspectives of THz pulse generation using LAPCAs.

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Keywords: sub-cycle intense terahertz (THz) pulses, ultrafast Ti:sapphire lasers, wide-bandgap semiconductors, large-aperture photoconductive antenna (LAPCA), phase mask, interdigitated large-aperture photoconductive emitters (ILAPCA)

Footnotes

Elchin Isgandarov is a Ph.D. student at Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique Centre Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications (INRS-EMT), Canada. He received his B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees in Physics and Semiconductor Physics respectively from Azerbaijan State Pedagogical University, Baku, Azerbaijan. He also obtained an M.Sc. degree in Nanophysics from University of Montpellier, France. His current research focuses on fabrication and development of intense THz large aperture photoconductive antennas (LAPCAs) and their application in the nonlinear THz time-domain spectroscopy.

Xavier Ropagnol graduated from University of Rouen, France in 2004 and received his M.Sc. degree from Rouen University in 2006 and his Ph.D. degree from Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique Centre Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications (INRS-EMT) in Varennes, Qc, Canada in 2013 with very good mention. During his PhD, he worked on the development of table top intense THz sources from large aperture photoconductive antenna and optical rectification. He also worked on the non-linear interaction of these THz pulses with matter with a particular attention on n-doped thin film semiconductor. From 2013 to 2014, he was post-doctoral student at McGill University, Montreal, Qc, Canada and at University of Northern British Columbia, Prince Georges, BC, Canada where he keeps working on intense THz sources and especially with wide bandgap semiconductor photoconductive antennas. He came back to Montreal in 2014 as a research associate at INRS-EMT and ÉTS, Montreal, Qc, Canada, where he is developing THz measurement tools such the THz chemical microscope and the THz imaging. In parallel, he is still developing THz sources and detector which are more adapted to ytterbium laser at wavelength of 1.03 µm. Today, his main research interests include high intensity THz radiations and their applications with matters, non-linear optics and development of THz technology for industrial environment.

Mangaljit Singh is a Ph.D. student at Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique Centre Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications (INRS-EMT), Canada. He received his Master degree in Applied Optics from Indian Institute of Technology, India. He is currently involved in studying the high-intensity ultrafast laser-matter interaction, particularly the coherent extreme ultraviolet radiation from the phenomenon of high-order harmonic generation. He is also interested in the intense THz generation methods and THz time-domain spectroscopic applications.

Tsuneyuki Ozaki graduated from University of Tokyo, Japan in 1987, where he also received his M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in 1989 and 1998, respectively. From 1990 to 2000, he was a Research Associate at Institute for Solid State Physics, University of Tokyo, Japan. From 2000 to 2003, he was a Research Specialist at Nippon Telegraph and Telephone (NTT) Basic Research Laboratories, Atsugi, Japan. In 2003, he joined Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Varennes, QC, Canada, as an Assistant Professor. He is currently a Full Professor and the former Director of the Advanced Laser Light Source (ALLS) facility. His main research interests include high-intensity THz radiation sources and their applications, intense high-order harmonic generation, and the use of lasers in medicine. T. Ozaki has served on the Board of Directors of the International Committee on Ultra-high Intensity Lasers (ICUIL), and since 2018 is the Chair of Commission 17 on Laser Physics and Photonics of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP).

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