Skip to main content
NCBI home page
Mitochondrial DNA. Part B, Resources logoLink to Mitochondrial DNA. Part B, Resources
. 2022 Dec 7;7(12):2051–2055. doi: 10.1080/23802359.2022.2151324

Phylogenetic relationship and characterization of the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of Opsarius caudiocellatus (Cypriniformes: Danionidae: Chedrinae)

Xiao Jiang Chen 1,✉, Lin Song 1, You Wen Cao 1, Quan Wang 1
PMCID: PMC9744206  PMID: 36518734

Abstract

In this paper, we first report the complete mtDNA sequence of Opsarius caudiocellatus with the main aim of providing a basis for further researches of this species. Assembly circular mitogenome was 16,534 bp long encoded 13 protein-coding genes, two ribosomal RNA genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, and one control region. The gene nucleotide composition was estimated to be 28.1% A, 25.2% T, 18.6% G, 28.1% C. A maximum-likelihood (ML) phylogenetic tree was reconstructed using the 13 concatenated mitochondrial protein-coding genes of O. caudiocellatus and other 19 species of the subfamily Chedrinae. Result of the phylogenetic analysis revealed that O. caudiocellatus was well grouped with Barilius barila. This study could enrich genetic resources and be helpful to studies on evolution and conservation genetics for O. caudiocellatus.

Keywords: Opsarius caudiocellatus, Chedrinae, Barilius caudiocellatus, Barilius barila, Opsarius canarensis

1. Introduction

Opsarius caudiocellatus (Chu 1984; Cypriniformes: Danionidae: Chedrinae) is an endemic small freshwater cyprinid fish (∼111 mm), which inhabits medium to fast flowing rivers or mountain streams with rich dissolved oxygen, medium to low slope, the substrate of gravel, cobbles and large pebbles. It is mainly distributed in the Nujiang River and Lancang River in China, and it is also distributed in India, Thailand, Vietnam, and Laos. In the past, Barilius caudiocellatus was treated as the synonym name of O. caudiocellatus. The main morphological features of O. caudiocellatus are similar to those of Barilius barila such as dorsal fin iii, 7–8; anal fin ii, 9–11; pectoral fin i, 11–12; ventral fin i, 7, anal fin origin opposite the 4th–7th branching dorsal fin. O. caudiocellatus can be distinguished from Barilius barila as follows: black spots at the base of the caudal fin for O. caudiocellatus not for B. barila, and the black area is positioned in the middle of the dorsal fin for O. caudiocellatus, while on both sides of B. barila (Figure 1) (Chu 1984). The complete mitochondrial genome is regularly used in detailed distribution surveys which are urgently required for this species, and thus could more precisely reveal the taxonomic status (Qin et al. 2019). Nevertheless, up to the present, the complete mitochondrial genome of only four species in the genus Opsarius (O. caudiocellatus, O. canarensis, O. pulchellus, and O. bernatziki) can be retrieved in CNBI. In this paper, we firstly report the complete mtDNA sequence of O. caudiocellatus, with the main aim of providing a basis for further research and conservation of this species.

Figure 1.

Figure 1.

Open in a new tab

Opsarius caudiocellatus was collected from Nujiang River in Lushui County, Yunnan Province of China in May 2021 (photo by Xiao Jiang CHEN).

2. Materials and methods

2.1. Sample collection and preservation

The specimens were collected by gill nets from Nujiang River in Lushui County, Yunnan Province of China (25°84′75.91″ N, 98°86′69.44″ E) in May 2021, under the permission granted by Jiangsu Agri-animal Husbandry Vocational College (NSF2021ZR14). Research involving laboratory animals followed the ARRIVE guidelines (https://arriveguidelines.org/). The dead fish were selected while the live fish were released into the river. Samples were fixed in 95% ethanol and stored at the Aquatic Science and Technology Institution Herbarium (https://www.jsahvc.edu.cn/, Voucher number ASTIH-21b1108d30, Chen Xiao Jiang, 2007020030@jsahvc.edu.cn). According to the morphological characteristics description of O. caudiocellatus by Chu (1984), with tools such as vernier calipers and an anatomical microscope, we identified the species by morphometry and meristematic counts.

2.2. Mitochondrial genome sequencing

In this paper, high-throughput sequencing technology was used. Genomic DNA was extracted from a specimen muscle using the Tguide Cell/tissue genomic DNA Extraction Kit (OSR-M401) (Tiangen, Beijing, China). The main experimental steps are as follows: (1) DNA sample quality control; (2) DNA Library Construction; (3) PCR Amplification; (4) Size Selection; (5) Library Quality Check; (6) Library Pooling and Sequencing, the amplified original library was submitted to Illumina HiSeq 4000 Sequencing platform (Illumina, CA, USA).

2.3. Assembly, annotation, and analysis

The quality check process was conducted on FastQC Version 0.11.8 (Andrews 2015) to obtain clean data, and the mitogenome was assembled from the clean data (2.46 GB) by MetaSPAdes 3.13.0 (Nurk et al. 2017) with Barilius malabaricus MN650735.1 as reference (Prabhu et al. 2020). The resulting circular contig consensus sequence was annotated and verified with MITOS WebServer (http://mitos.bioinf.uni-leipzig.de/index.py) (Bernt et al. 2013). Genome Map was drawn by OGDRAW (https://chlorobox.mpimp-golm.mpg.de/OGDraw.html) (Greiner et al. 2019). MEGA X was used for alignments, analyses, model calculation, and phylogeny reconstruction (Kumar et al. 2018). Maximum-likelihood (ML) phylogenetic tree was reconstructed using the concatenated mitochondrial protein-coding genes of O. caudiocellatus and 19 published species. Rasbora lateristriata (Kusuma and Kumazawa 2016), and Rasbora steineri (Chang et al. 2013) were used as outgroups to root the tree. The best evolutionary model obtained the lowest Bayesian information standard scores (Nei and Kumar 2000).

3. Results and discussion

3.1. Genomic analysis results

The sequenced mtDNA of O. caudiocellatus was 16,534 bp in length, comprised of typical vertebrates’ mitogenome components: 13 protein-coding genes, two ribosomal RNA genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, and one control region (CR or D-loop) (Figure 2). The data was deposited at the GenBank with accession No. OM617729. Like other Chedrinae mitogenomes (Luo et al. 2019; Tan et al. 2020), nine of the thirty-seven genes (ND6, tRNAGln, tRNAAla, tRNAAsn, tRNACys, tRNATyr, tRNASer(UCN), tRNAGlu, and tRNAPro) were observed to be encoded on the L-strand (Prabhu et al. 2020; Chen et al. 2022). The overall nucleotides composition for A, T, G, and C was estimated to be 28.1%, 25.2%, 18.6%, and 28.1%, reflecting the relatively higher percentage of AT (53.3%) than GC (46.7%). CO1 and ND4L set the non-canonical GTG as the start codon as the other protein-coding genes initiated with the same ATG. Four types of stop codon usage were found, including typical termination codon TAA (ND1, CO1, ATP8, ATP6, CO3, ND3, ND4L, and ND5), TAG (ND2 and ND6), and incomplete termination codon T (CO2 and CYTB), TA (ND4). As for the protein-coding genes, the longest was ND5 (1812 bp) while the shortest was ATP8 (165 bp). Similar to most vertebrate mitogenomes, four pairs of protein-coding genes, namely ATP8-ATP6, ATP6-CO3, ND4L-ND4, and ND5-ND6, showed the overlapping which spanned 7, 1, 7,4, respectively (Wang et al. 2019; Yang et al. 2020). 22 tRNAs ranged from 65 bp of cysteine to 76 bp of lysine in length. 12S rRNA (953 bp) and 16S rRNA (1,658 bp) were the two subunits of rRNA, which were positioned between tRNAPhe and tRNALeu(UUR). The CR spanned 361 bp length and was commonly located between tRNAPro and tRNAPhe.

Figure 2.

Figure 2.

Open in a new tab

Mitochondrial genome map of Opsarius caudiocellatus. The arrows represents direction of transcription, H-strand is located in the outer ring and L-strand is located in the inner ring.

3.2. Phylogenetic analysis

The phylogenetic position of O. caudiocellatus in subfamily Chedrinae was shown in Figure 3. The phylogeny demonstrated that O. caudiocellatus clustered together with Barilius barila, Opsarius bernatziki (Yu et al. 2022), Opsarius pulchellus (Chen et al. 2022), and Opsarius bendelisis (Tang et al. 2010) to form a sister group of the other clade clustered by Opsaridium ubangiense (Miya et al. 2016), Raiamas buchholzi (Miya et al. 2016), Leptocypris sp. (Tang et al. 2010), Raiamas senegalensis (Saitoh et al. 2011), Raiamas steindachneri (Miya et al. 2016), Raiamas guttatus (Miya et al. 2016), Barilius ardens, Barilius malabaricus (Prabhu et al. 2020), and Opsarius canarensis. Further, O. caudiocellatus was closely genetically related to Barilius barila. Howes (1980) divided Barilius (sensu lato) into Barilius and Opsarius (Howes 1980). Based on morphology (Tang et al. 2010) and molecular phylogeny (Liao et al. 2011), Qin et al. proposed that the genus Barilius from South Asia should be changed to Opsarius (Qin et al. 2019), so the Barilius canarensis be changed to Opsarius canarensis. Phylogenetic tree in this paper shows that Barilius and Opsarius are not monophyletic, and they gather in their respective branches. It is more reasonable that Barilius barila belongs to the genus Opsarius rather than Barilius, while Opsarius canarensis belongs to the genus Barilius rather than Opsarius.

Figure 3.

Figure 3.

Open in a new tab

Maximum-likelihood (ML) phylogenetic tree was reconstructed using the concatenated mitochondrial protein-coding genes of O. caudiocellatus and other 19 fish species. Accession numbers were given next to the species’ names. The tree topology was evaluated by 1000 bootstrap replicates. Bootstrap values at the nodes correspond to the support values for ML methods.

4. Conclusions

The complete mitochondrial genome of O. caudiocellatus was sequenced and annotated via high-throughput sequencing technology. The assembly circular mitogenome was 16,534 bp long. The phylogenetic analysis results supported that O. caudiocellatus was clustered together with B. barila. It is suggested that Barilius barila belongs to Opsarius, while Opsarius canarensis belongs to Barilius. This requires more data for further analysis and confirmation. The fundamental genetic data presented here could be beneficial for further genetic and evolutionary researches on O. caudiocellatus.

Supplementary Material

Supplemental Material
Click here for additional data file. (417.1KB, jpg)

Funding Statement

This work was funded by the research project of Jiangsu Agri-animal Husbandry Vocational College [NSF2021ZR14]; the excellent teaching team of Jiangsu University Blue Project [2021 − 11].

Ethical approval

Experiments were performed in accordance with the requirement of the Ethics Committee for Animal Experiments of Jiangsu Agri-animal Husbandry Vocational College. These policies were enacted according to the Chinese Association for the Laboratory Animal Sciences and the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) protocols.

Authors’ contributions

Xiao Jiang Chen and Lin Song make substantial contributions to the conception or design of the work, and drafting the paper, and Final approval of the version to be published, and agreement to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved; You Wen Cao and Quan Wang were involved in the acquisition, analysis and interpretation of the data; the drafting of the paper, and the final approval of the version to be published, and agreement to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved. The contributions are ranked in order.

Disclosure statement

The authors declare no potential conflict of interest.

Data availability statement

The genome sequence data that support the findings of this study are openly available in GenBank of NCBI at (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) under the reference number OM617729. The associated ‘BioProject,’ ‘Bio-Sample’ and ‘SRA’ numbers are PRJNA808199, SAMN26036050, and SRR18066620 respectively.

References

  1. Andrews S. 2015. FastQC: a quality control tool for high throughput sequence data. Available from http://www.bioinformatics.babraham.ac.uk/projects/fastqc/.
  2. Bernt M, Donath A, Juhling F, Externbrink F, Florentz C, Fritzsch G, Pütz J, Middendorf M, Stadler PF.. 2013. MITOS: improved de novo metazoan mitochondrial genome annotation. Mol Phylogenet Evol. 69(2):313–319. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Chang CH, Tsai CL, Jang-Liaw NH.. 2013. Complete mitochondrial genome of the Chinese rasbora Rasbora steineri (Teleostei, Cyprinidae). Mitochondrial DNA. 24(3):183–185. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Chen XJ, Song L, Liu WZ, Gao P.. 2022. Characterization of the complete mitochondrial genome and phylogenetic analysis of Opsarius pulchellus (Cypriniformes, Danionidae, Chedrinae). Mitochondrial DNA B. 7(4):666–668. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Chu XL. 1984. Provisional revision of the genus Barilius in China (Pisces: Cyprinidae). Zool Res. 5(1):95–102. [Google Scholar]
  6. Greiner S, , Lehwark P, , Bock R. 2019. OrganellarGenomeDRAW (OGDRAW) version 1.3.1: expanded toolkit for the graphical visualization of organellar genomes. Nucleic Acids Res. 47(W1):W59–W64. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkz238. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Howes GJ. 1980. The anatomy, phylogeny, and classification of bariliine cyprinid fishes. Bull Br Mus (Nat Hist) Zool. 37:129–198. [Google Scholar]
  8. Kumar S, Stecher G, Li M, Knyaz C, Tamura K.. 2018. MEGA X: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis across computing platforms. Mol Biol Evol. 35(6):1547–1549. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Kusuma WE, Kumazawa Y.. 2016. Complete mitochondrial genome sequences of two Indonesian rasboras (Rasbora aprotaenia and Rasbora lateristriata). Mitochondrial DNA A. 27(6):4222–4223. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Liao TY, Ünlü E, Kullander SO.. 2011. Western boundary of the subfamily Danioninae in Asia (Teleostei, Cyprinidae): derived from the systematic position of Barilius mesopotamicus based on molecular and morphological data. Zootaxa. 2880(1):31–40. [Google Scholar]
  11. Luo F, Huang J, Luo T, Yang J, Zhou H, Wen Y.. 2019. Complete mitochondrial genome and phylogenetic analysis of Yunnanilus pulcherrimus (Cypriniformes, Nemacheilidae). Mitochondrial DNA B. 4(1):1269–1270. [Google Scholar]
  12. Miya M, Minamoto T, Yamanaka H, Oka S-I, Sato K, Yamamoto S, Sado T, Doi H.. 2016. Use of a filter cartridge for filtration of water samples and extraction of environmental DNA. Jove-J Vis Exp. (117), e54741. doi: 10.3791/54741. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Nei M, Kumar S.. 2000. Molecular evolution and phylogenetics. New York (NY): Oxford University Press. [Google Scholar]
  14. Nurk S, Meleshko D, Korobeynikov A, Pevzner PA.. 2017. MetaSPAdes: a new versatile metagenomic assembler. Genome Res. 27(5):824–834. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Prabhu VR, Singha HS, Kumar RG, Gopalakrishnan A, Nagarajan M.. 2020. Characterization of the complete mitochondrial genome of Barilius malabaricus and its phylogenetic implications. Genomics. 112(3):2154–2163. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Qin T, Maung KW, Chen XY.. 2019. Opsarius putaoensis, a new species of subfamily Danioninae (Actinopterygii, Cyprinidae) from the Irrawaddy River basin in northern Myanmar. Zootaxa. 4615(3):zootaxa.4615.3.11–593. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Saitoh K, Sado T, Doosey MH, Bart HL, Jr Inoue JG, Nishida M, Mayden RL, Miya M.. 2011. Evidence from mitochondrial genomics supports the lower Mesozoic of South Asia as the time and place of basal divergence of cypriniform fishes (Actinopterygii: ostariophysi). Zool J Linn Soc. 161(3):633–662. [Google Scholar]
  18. Tan HY, Yang YY, Zhang M, Chen XL.. 2020. The complete mitochondrial genome of Rhinogobius duospilus (Gobiidae: gobionellinae). Mitochondrial DNA B. 5(3):3406–3407. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Tang KL, Agnew MK, Hirt MV, Sado T, Schneider LM, Freyhof J, Sulaiman Z, Swartz E, Vidthayanon C, Miya M, et al. 2010. Systematics of the subfamily danioninae (Teleostei: cypriniformes: Cyprinidae). Mol Phylogenet Evol. 57(1):189–214. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Wang D, Dai CX, Li Q, Li Y, Liu ZZ.. 2019. Complete mitochondrial genome and phylogenic analysis of Rhinogobius cliffordpopei (Perciformes, Gobiidae). Mitochondrial DNA B. 4(2):2473–2474. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Yang CJ, Chen Y, Chen Z, He GH, Zhong ZL, Xue WB.. 2020. The next-generation sequencing reveals the complete mitochondrial genome of Rhinogobius formosanus (Perciformes: Gobiidae). Mitochondrial DNA B. 5(3):2673–2674. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Yu P, Zhou L, Yang XL, Li LL, Jin H, Li Z, Wang ZW, Li XY, Zhang XJ, Wang Y, et al. 2022. Comparative mitogenomic analyses unveil conserved and variable mitogenomic features and phylogeny of Chedrinae fish. Zool Res. 43(1):30–32. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Associated Data

This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.

Supplementary Materials

Supplemental Material
Click here for additional data file. (417.1KB, jpg)

Data Availability Statement

The genome sequence data that support the findings of this study are openly available in GenBank of NCBI at (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) under the reference number OM617729. The associated ‘BioProject,’ ‘Bio-Sample’ and ‘SRA’ numbers are PRJNA808199, SAMN26036050, and SRR18066620 respectively.

Articles from Mitochondrial DNA. Part B, Resources are provided here courtesy of Taylor & Francis

RESOURCES