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. 2022 Nov 1;119(5):732–733. [Article in Portuguese] doi: 10.36660/abc.20220676
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Análise de Prevalência de Fibrilação Atrial e a Saúde Cardiovascular em Coorte Derivada do Projeto ELSA-Brasil

Henrique Tria Bianco 1,
PMCID: PMC9750223  PMID: 36453763

Este interessante estudo1 de prevalência analisou a associação entre a fibrilação (FA) e o flutter atrial (FT), com o status da saúde cardiovascular, em coorte derivado do projeto ELSA-BRASIL, em desenho observacional e do tipo transversal. Foram incluídos nesta análise 13.141 participantes. Métricas de biomarcadores e dados epidemiológicos foram inseridos, com posterior análise de associação, em modelo ajustado e em regressão logística para as variáveis de interesse.

Os mecanismos de associação entre FA e o risco de acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) são bem conhecidos. A FA está associada à estase sanguínea anormal, que envolve hipocontratilidade atrial, remodelação estrutural atrial, ativação plaquetária e da cascata de coagulação, promovendo a formação de trombos e isquemia.2,3 Desta forma, a FA é preditor independente de doenças isquêmicas, notadamente o AVC. O risco estimado de FA durante a vida é entre 22% e 26%.4,5 Métricas para avaliar o impacto desta associação são constantemente publicadas em documentos, como as recomendações do Comitê de Metas e Métricas da Força-Tarefa de Planejamento Estratégico da American Heart Association, que desenvolveu estratégias de monitoramento contínuo e em longo prazo.6 Dentro de um conceito generalista, a saúde cardiovascular deve conter aspectos clínicos e comportamentais, como o estilo de vida adequado (não fumar, evitar a obesidade), concomitante a correção e adequação de biomarcadores metabólicos, como níveis de colesterol e triglicérides; glicemia; e controle adequado da pressão arterial. Desta forma, este comitê propôs um desafio para o alcance destas metas: “Até 2020, melhorar a saúde cardiovascular de todos os americanos em 20%, reduzindo as mortes por doenças cardiovasculares e AVC em 20%”. Desta forma, a identificação de indivíduos com risco para desenvolver FA é um imperativo clínico, pois a modificação de algumas variáveis pode reduzir a incidência desta afecção.7,8

Em estudo recentemente publicado, foi demonstrado que, em modelo utilizando “machine learning”, usando o eletrocardiograma (ECG) para estimar o risco de FA, foram robustos e validados em várias populações utilizando-se de rigorosas métricas epidemiológicas. A previsão de FA pode ser realizada pela avaliação dos fatores de risco clínicos ou análise de ECGs baseada em inteligência artificial. Entretanto, a combinação de ambos fornece maior precisão preditiva.9

No estudo intitulado: Saúde Cardiovascular e Fibrilação ou Flutter Atrial: Um Estudo Transversal do ELSA-Brasil,1 não foram observadas associações significativas entre os escores globais (saúde cardiovascular ideal) e o diagnóstico de FA, pelo menos parcialmente, em virtude de correlações antagônicas com a pressão arterial e com o colesterol total, dados estes extensivamente discutidos neste manuscrito. Este paradoxo entre o colesterol e a FA, foi consistente com dados previamente publicados. Em revisão sistemática, Guan et al. apontaram que níveis elevados de colesterol total (definidos em estudos com pontos de corte entre 220 e 260 mg/dL), estavam associados à FA, [HR 0,81 (IC 95%: 0,72-0,92)]. Na mesma revisão sistemática, análises usando LDL-C em vez de níveis de colesterol total, produziram resultados semelhantes.10 Entretanto, existem robustas evidências de que estatinas têm um benefício potencial na saúde incidência de FA ou FT.11,12 Desta maneira, métricas devem considerar um perfil não ideal de saúde cardiovascular se os pacientes estiveram sob medicação hipolipemiante, independentemente de seus níveis de colesterol total.

Com relação à hipertensão arterial, o presente manuscrito proveniente da coorte ELSA-BRASIL, analisou de forma separada as métricas dos escores globais de saúde. Os autores deste encontraram uma forte e inversa associação da pressão arterial com a presença de FA. Destacando desta forma, a relevância do controle e do tratamento adequado deste importante fator de risco, em consonância com dados da literatura.1315

Os autores declaram algumas limitações que poderiam impactar nos resultados obtidos, como o pequeno número de participantes e sobretudo pela alta proporção de indivíduos com menos de 60 anos, havendo possível influência dos achados de “não associação” entre o diagnóstico FA e os escores de saúde global avaliados.

Footnotes

Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Saúde Cardiovascular e Fibrilação ou Flutter Atrial: Um Estudo Transversal do ELSA-Brasil

Referências

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Arq Bras Cardiol. 2022 Nov 1;119(5):732–733. [Article in English]

Analysis of Atrial Fibrillation Prevalence and Cardiovascular Health in Cohort Derived from the ELSA-Brasil Project

Henrique Tria Bianco 1,

This interesting study1 of prevalence analyzed the association between atrial fibrillation (AF) and atrial flutter (AFL) with cardiovascular health status, in a cohort derived from the ELSA-BRASIL project, in an observational, cross-sectional design. A total of 13,141 participants were included in this analysis. Biomarker metrics and epidemiological data were entered with subsequent association analysis in an adjusted model and logistic regression for the variables of interest.

The mechanisms of association between AF and cerebrovascular accident (CVA) risk are well known. AF is associated with abnormal blood stasis that involves atrial hypocontractility, atrial structural remodeling, platelet activation and the coagulation cascade, promoting thrombus formation and ischemia.2,3 Thus, AF is an independent predictor of ischemic diseases, notably stroke. The estimated lifetime risk of AF is between 22% and 26%.4,5 Metrics to assess the impact of this association are constantly published in documents, such as the recommendations of the American Heart Association Strategic Planning Task Force Goals and Metrics Committee, which developed continuous and long-term monitoring strategies.6 Within a general concept, cardiovascular health must contain clinical and behavioral aspects, such as an adequate lifestyle (no smoking, avoiding obesity), concomitant with the correction and adequacy of metabolic biomarkers, such as cholesterol and triglyceride levels; blood glucose; and adequate blood pressure control. Thus, this committee proposed a challenge to reach these goals: “By 2020, improve the cardiovascular health of all Americans by 20%, reducing deaths from cardiovascular disease and stroke by 20%”. So, identifying individuals at risk for developing AF is a clinical imperative, as modifying some variables can reduce the incidence of this condition.7,8

In a recently published study, it was demonstrated that, in a model using “machine learning”, using the electrocardiogram (ECG) to estimate the risk of AF, they were robust and validated in several populations using rigorous epidemiological metrics. AF can be predicted by assessing clinical risk factors or analyzing ECGs based on artificial intelligence. However, the combination of both provides greater predictive accuracy.9

In the study entitled: Cardiovascular health and atrial fibrillation or flutter: A cross-sectional study from ELSA-Brasil,1 no significant associations were observed between global scores (ideal cardiovascular health) and the diagnosis of AF, at least partially due to antagonistic correlations with blood pressure and total cholesterol, data which are extensively discussed in this manuscript. This paradox between cholesterol and AF was consistent with previously published data. In a systematic review, Guan et al. pointed out that high levels of total cholesterol (defined in studies with cut-off points between 220 and 260 mg/dL) were associated with AF [HR 0.81 (95% CI: 0.72-0.92)]. In the same systematic review, analyses using LDL-C rather than total cholesterol levels produced similar results.10 However, there is robust evidence that statins have a potential health benefit in the incidence of AF or AFL.11,12 Therefore, metrics should consider a non-ideal cardiovascular health profile if patients were on lipid-lowering medication, regardless of their total cholesterol levels.

Regarding arterial hypertension, the present manuscript from the ELSA-BRASIL cohort analyzed the metrics of global health scores separately. The authors of this study found a strong and inverse association between blood pressure with the presence of AF. Thus, highlighting the relevance of control and adequate treatment of this important risk factor, in line with data in the literature.1315

The authors state some limitations that could impact the results obtained, such as the small number of participants and, above all, the high proportion of individuals under 60 years, with a possible influence of the findings of “non-association” between the AF diagnosis and the assessed global health scores.

Footnotes

Short Editorial related to the article: Cardiovascular Health and Atrial Fibrillation or Flutter: A Cross-Sectional Study from ELSA-Brasil


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