Fig. 1. Preparation and characterization of CM-NTUs.

a, Diameters of thylakoid (TK) organelles and NTUs. b, Cryo-TEM images of thylakoid organelles and NTUs. c, Schematic illustration of photosynthesis light reaction-associated proteins and the photosynthetic electron transport chain in NTUs. FD, ferredoxin; PC, plastocyanin; PSI, photosystem I; PSII, photosystem II; PQ, plastoquinone. d, Proteomics analysis of NTUs. The identified proteins were classified according to their cellular components and biological processes and analysed using protein analysis through evolutionary relationships (PANTHER) overrepresentation test with Fisher’s exact test for significance. e, ATP and NADPH production capacity of NTUs in vitro (n = 3, mean ± s.d.). f, Immunodetection of D1 and D2 abundance in NTUs under light illumination for 0–32 h (80 µmol photons m⁻² s⁻¹) or darkness for 0–7 days (at room temperature). Uncropped gel is in Supplementary Fig. 1a. Similar results were obtained from three biologically independent samples. g,h, ATP production of NTUs was measured under light illumination (g) for 0–32 h (80 µmol photons m⁻² s⁻¹) or in the dark (h) for 0–7 days (at room temperature) (n = 3, mean ± s.d.). i, Proteomics analysis of CM. The identified proteins were classified according to their cellular components. j, Content and categories of proteins in the CM involved in vesicle targeting and membrane fusion. k, Western blot analysis of Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase and β-tubulin in CM and cytoplasm. Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase was significantly enriched, and β-tubulin was present at low levels on the CM. Uncropped gel is in Supplementary Fig. 1b. l, Diameters of NTUs, CM, LNP-NTUs and CM-NTUs. m, Zeta potential of NTUs, CM, LNP-NTUs and CM-NTUs (n = 3, mean ± s.d.). n, Cryo-TEM images of LNPs, LNP-NTUs, CM and CM-NTUs. n represents the number of biologically independent samples. P values are indicated on the graph and were determined using two-tailed t-test (e). Scale bars, 50 nm (n) or 100 nm (b).

Source data