Abstract
Kamptozoa, also known as Entoprocta, are small aquatic filter-feeders that belong to the Lophotrochozoan superphylum, which also contains other acoelomate phyla including Annelida, Nemertea, and Mollusca. The study of Kamptozoa is thus of great interest to understand the early Lophotrochozoan evolution. Moreover, many kamptozoans have been shown to possess great regeneration capacities, including whole-body regeneration. In addition, and in particular for colonial cosmopolitan species such as Barentsia benedeni, kamptozoans are highly suitable as laboratory model organisms because of their simple culture, low space requirements, transparency and rapid life cycle. This chapter provides a brief introduction into field collection, culturing techniques for both the animals as well as the algae required for their feeding, fixation, staining, and sequencing.
Full text of this article can be found in Bookshelf.
References
- Nielsen C (2010) A review of the taxa of solitary entoprocts (Loxosomatidae). Zootaxa 2395:45–56
- Schmidt-Rhaesa A (2019) Miscellaneous invertebrates. De Gruyter, Berlin
- Emschermann P (1965) Über die sexuelle Fortpflanzung und die Larve von Urnatella gracilis, Leidy (Kamptozoa). Z Morphol Oekol Tiere 55(1):100–114
- Wood TS (2005) Loxosomatoides sirindhornae, new species, a freshwater kamptozoan from Thailand (Entoprocta). Hydrobiologia 544(1):27–31
- Van Beneden PJ (1845) Recherches sur l'anatomie, la physiologie et le developpment des Bryozoaires du cote d'Ostende. Histoire naturelle du genre Pedicellina. Nouv Mem Acad R Sci Bruxelles 19(2):1–31
- Nitsche H (1869) Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Bryozoen I-II. Z Wiss Zool 20:1–36
- Cori CJ (1936) Kamptozoa. Bronns Klassen und Ordnungen des Tierreichs. Bd. 4, Abt. II. Buch 4. Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft, Leipzig
- Bleidorn C (2019) Recent progress in reconstructing lophotrochozoan (spiralian) phylogeny. Org Divers Evol 19(4):557–566
- Emschermann P (1972) Loxokalypus socialis gen. et sp. nov. (Kamptozoa, Loxokalypodidae fam. nov.), ein neuer Kamptozoentyp aus dem nördlichen Pazifischen Ozean. Ein Vorschlag zur Neufassung der Kamptozoensystematik. Mar Biol 12:237–254. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00346772 doi: 10.1007/BF00346772. [DOI]
- Wasson K (2002) A review of the invertebrate phylum Kamptozoa (Entoprocta) and synopsis of kamptozoan diversity in Australia and New Zealand. T Roy Soc South Aust 126:1–20
- Emschermann P (1969) Ein Kreislauforgan bei Kamptozoen. Z Zellforsch 97:567–607 [PubMed]
- Emschermann P (1993) On Antarctic Entoprocta: nematocyst-like organs in a Loxosomatid, adaptive developmental strategies, host specificity and bipolar occurrence of species. Biol Bull 184:153–185 doi: 10.2307/1542225. [DOI] [PubMed]
- Mukai H, Makioka T (1978) Studies on regeneration of an Entoproct, Barentsia-discreta. J Exp Zool 205(2):261–275
- Nassanoc N (1926) Arthropodaria kovalevskii n. sp. (Entoprocta) und die Regeneration ihrer Organe. Trav Lab Zool Sta Biol Séhastopol Acad Sei URSS Ser.2) 5:1–38
- Canning MH, Carlton JT (2000) Predation on kamptozoans (Entoprocta). Invertebr Biol 119(4):386–387
- Messenger JB, Nixon M, Ryan KP (1985) Magnesium chloride as an anaesthetic for cephalopods. Comp Biochem Physiol C 82(1):203–205 doi: 10.1016/0742-8413(85)90230-0. [DOI] [PubMed]
- Andersen RA (2005) Algal culturing techniques. Elsevier/Academic Press, Burlington
- Merkel J, Wanninger A, Lieb B (2018) Novel and conserved features of the Hox cluster of Entoprocta (Kamptozoa). J Phylogenetics Evol Biol 2018(6):1. https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-9002.1000194 doi: 10.4172/2329-9002.1000194. [DOI]
- Nielsen C, Rostgaard J (1976) Structure and function of an entoproct tentacle with discussion of ciliary feeding types. Ophelia 15:115–140
