雷诺现象(Raynaud’s phenomenon,RP)是一种由寒冷暴露或精神因素等引发的血管痉挛反应,其典型的临床表现是手指变白(缺血),然后变紫(缺氧),再变红(再灌注)[1]。RP可继发于血液系统疾病、血管阻塞性疾病及多种结缔组织病,如系统性红斑狼疮、系统性硬化症(systemic sclerosis,SSc)、混合性结缔组织病等,甚至可作为患者的首发表现[2-3]。RP是SSc常见的疾病特异性表现,有研究报道96.3%的SSc患者在病程中可以出现RP[2, 4]。RP也可作为SSc最早的临床表现,患者可能在发生RP数十年后才出现特定器官的疾病表现[5-6]。RP早期出现时常被患者忽略,造成SSc诊断及治疗的延误。
SSc的患病率为1.76/10 000[7],与其相关的非致死性并发症为患者带来极其沉重的负担,影响身心健康[8]。欧洲抗风湿病联盟硬皮病试验和研究(International European Scleroderma Trials and Research,EUSTAR)数据库结果显示,在平均随访2.3年的时间里,9.6%(1 072/11 193)的SSc患者死亡,心肺受累为主要原因[9]。早期识别及干预可以降低SSc患者的死亡率,改善预后。作为SSc患者早期出现的临床症状,研究以RP为首发的SSc患者的临床及实验室特点可以为SSc患者进行疾病分层,预测受累脏器,评估预后。本研究通过分析以RP起病的SSc患者的临床及实验室特点,寻找疾病特征及相关危险因素,以期优化疾病分型,为制定个体化诊疗方案提供依据。
1. 资料与方法
1.1. 研究对象
选取2012年7月至2022年7月于北京大学人民医院风湿免疫科住院的SSc患者,所有患者均符合1988年美国风湿病学会和/或2013年美国风湿病学会/欧洲抗风湿病联盟制定的SSc分类标准[10-11],并除外可引起RP的非免疫性疾病,如红细胞增多症、副蛋白血症、乙型肝炎、丙型肝炎、血栓形成、严重动脉粥样硬化症等,以及病历数据严重缺失的患者。
本研究共纳入307例SSc患者,其中1例诊断SSc前患有慢性乙型肝炎,3例有严重的动脉粥样硬化症,2例无脏器评估客观检查信息,最终有301例患者符合研究标准。
1.2. 研究方法
收集SSc患者的临床、实验室及影像学资料,包括一般资料(性别、发病年龄、病程、吸烟、合并自身免疫病及合并症)、主要临床表现(皮肤、骨骼肌肉、心肺系统、消化系统及泌尿系统表现)、实验室检查(血脂、谷丙转氨酶、天冬氨酸转氨酶、血清肌酐、红细胞沉降率、C反应蛋白、抗核抗体、抗ENA抗体、补体、免疫球蛋白等)及影像学检查(胸部高分辨CT、肺功能测试、心脏超声、右心导管检查等)。
肺间质病变(interstitial lung disease,ILD)定义为胸部高分辨CT可见双侧肺间质网格样改变,肺功能测试显示一氧化碳弥散量和/或用力肺活量下降[12]。
肺动脉高压(pulmonary arterial hypertension,PAH)定义为右心导管检查显示平均肺动脉压≥25 mmHg,肺毛细血管楔压≤15 mmHg,肺血管阻力>3 WU(Wood units),或超声心动图检查静息时肺动脉收缩压>40 mmHg[13-14]。
根据是否以RP为首发表现,将SSc患者分为RP首发组和非RP(non-RP,NRP)首发组,分析RP为首发表现患者的临床、实验室特征及相关因素。
1.3. 统计学分析
采用SPSS 26.0软件进行数据分析。计量资料符合正态分布的数据以x±s表示,非正态分布数据以M(P25,P75)表示,组间比较采用t检验或Mann-Whitney U检验。计数资料用百分数(%)表示,采用χ2检验或Fisher精确概率法比较。选取单因素Logistic回归分析中P < 0.1的变量按逐步向前迭代法纳入多因素Logistic回归进行相关因素分析。P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2. 结果
2.1. 一般资料
196例(61.1%)患者以RP为首发表现,NRP首发组105例(39.9%)。RP起病的SSc患者的发病年龄明显低于NRP起病患者[(42.4±15.5)岁vs. (46.1±14.6)岁,P=0.040],两组患者的性别、病程、合并症等差异无统计学意义(表 1)。
表 1.
两组患者一般资料比较
Comparisons of demographic characteristics between the two groups
| Variables | RP onset group (n=196) | NRP onset group (n=105) | Z/t/χ2 | P |
| RP, Raynaud’s phenomenon; NRP, non-Raynaud’s phenomenon; SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus; RA, rheumatoid arthritis. | ||||
| Female, n (%) | 169 (86.2) | 88 (83.8) | 0.319 | 0.572 |
| Age at onset/years, x±s | 42.4±15.5 | 46.1±14.6 | -2.064 | 0.040 |
| Duration/months, M (P25, P75) | 78.0 (29.0, 176.5) | 52.0 (21.5, 124.5) | -1.792 | 0.073 |
| Smoking, n (%) | 29 (14.8) | 23 (21.9) | 2.418 | 0.120 |
| SLE, n (%) | 15 (7.7) | 4 (3.8) | 1.708 | 0.191 |
| RA, n (%) | 16 (8.2) | 6 (5.7) | 0.605 | 0.437 |
| Inflammatory myopathy, n (%) | 6 (3.1) | 3 (2.9) | 0.000 | >0.999 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 44 (22.4) | 26 (24.8) | 0.205 | 0.651 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 8 (4.1) | 10 (9.5) | 3.602 | 0.058 |
| Hyperlipidemia, n (%) | 16 (8.2) | 9 (8.6) | 0.015 | 0.903 |
2.2. RP首发组及NRP首发组临床表现上的差异
RP首发组病程中指腹变平(13.3% vs. 4.8%,P=0.021)及指尖溃疡(25.0% vs. 14.3%,P=0.030)的发生率明显高于NRP首发组,出现ILD(46.9% vs. 30.5%,P=0.006)、PAH(19.9% vs. 9.5%,P=0.020)及胃饱胀感(13.3% vs. 5.7%,P=0.043)的比例明显高于NRP首发组(表 2)。
表 2.
两组患者临床表现比较[n(%)]
Comparison of clinical manifestations between the two groups [n(%)]
| Variables | RP onset group (n=196) | NRP onset group (n=105) | χ 2 | P |
| N/A, not available (Fisher’s exact test). RP, Raynaud’s phenomenon; NRP, non-Raynaud’s phenomenon; ILD, interstitial lung disease; PAH, pulmonary arterial hypertension. Other abbreviations as in Table 1. | ||||
| Skin manifestations | ||||
| Skin hardening/thickening | 174 (88.8) | 99 (94.3) | 2.461 | 0.117 |
| Loss of digital pad tissue | 26 (13.3) | 5 (4.8) | 5.351 | 0.021 |
| Bones/muscles manifestations | ||||
| Muscle pain | 34 (17.3) | 20 (19.0) | 0.134 | 0.714 |
| Joint swelling | 59 (30.1) | 34 (32.4) | 0.166 | 0.683 |
| Arthralgia | 93 (47.4) | 57 (54.3) | 1.278 | 0.258 |
| Vascular manifestations | ||||
| vFingertip ulcers | 49 (25.0) | 15 (14.3) | 4.688 | 0.030 |
| Digital gangrene | 7 (3.6) | 0 | N/A | 0.101 |
| Cardiopulmonary system manifestations | ||||
| Palpitations | 22 (11.2) | 14 (13.3) | 0.289 | 0.591 |
| ILD | 92 (46.9) | 32 (30.5) | 7.649 | 0.006 |
| PAH | 39 (19.9) | 10 (9.5) | 5.399 | 0.020 |
| Digestive involvement | ||||
| Reflux/Heartburn | 87 (44.4) | 40 (38.1) | 1.110 | 0.292 |
| Stomach fullness | 26 (13.3) | 6 (5.7) | 4.103 | 0.043 |
| Intermittent abdominal pain | 13 (6.6) | 3 (2.9) | 1.936 | 0.164 |
| Renal involvement | ||||
| Proteinuria | 14 (7.1) | 7 (6.7) | 0.024 | 0.877 |
| Microscopic hematuria | 4 (2.0) | 3 (2.9) | 0.002 | 0.963 |
| Renal crisis | 3 (1.5) | 1 (1.0) | 0.000 | >0.999 |
2.3. RP首发组及NRP首发组实验室指标的差异
RP首发组低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(low-density lipoprotein cholesterol,LDL-C)水平显著低于NRP首发组[(2.54±0.80) mmol/L vs. (2.74±0.75) mmol/L,P=0.028],抗Scl-70抗体的阳性率显著高于NRP首发组(33.2% vs. 21.9%,P=0.041,表 3)。
表 3.
两组实验室指标比较
Comparison of laboratory indexes between the two groups
| Variables | RP onset group (n=196) | NRP onset group (n=105) | Z/t/χ2 | P |
| RP, Raynaud’s phenomenon; NRP, non-Raynaud’s phenomenon; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; Scr, serum creatinine; ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate; CRP, C-reactive protein; ANA, antinuclear antibody; Anti-Scl-70, anti-Scl-70 antibodies; C3, complement 3; C4, complement 4; IgA, immunoglobulin A; IgG, immunoglobulin G; IgM, immunoglobulin M. | ||||
| TC/(mmol/L), M (P25, P75) | 4.35 (3.55, 5.13) | 4.40 (3.70, 5.13) | -1.016 | 0.310 |
| TG/(mmol/L), M (P25, P75) | 1.55 (1.07, 2.15) | 1.44 (1.04, 2.19) | -0.349 | 0.727 |
| HDL-C/(mmol/L), x±s | 1.13 ± 0.36 | 1.13 ± 0.31 | -0.062 | 0.951 |
| LDL-C/(mmol/L), x±s | 2.54 ± 0.80 | 2.74 ± 0.75 | -2.205 | 0.028 |
| ALT/(U/L), M (P25, P75) | 16.0 (11.0, 23.0) | 15.0 (11.0, 21.5) | -0.764 | 0.445 |
| AST/(U/L), M (P25, P75) | 22.0 (17.0, 26.0) | 20.0 (15.0, 25.0) | -1.180 | 0.238 |
| Scr/(μmol/L), M (P25, P75) | 61.5 (49.0, 69.8) | 59.0 (53.0, 70.0) | -0.038 | 0.970 |
| ESR/(mm/h), M (P25, P75) | 16.0 (8.0, 25.8) | 15.0 (8.0, 23.0) | -1.141 | 0.254 |
| CRP/(mg/L), M (P25, P75) | 3.1 (1.2, 7.3) | 3.2 (1.5, 7.3) | -0.275 | 0.784 |
| ANA positive, n (%) | 190 (96.9) | 97 (92.4) | 2.257 | 0.133 |
| Anti-Scl-70 positive, n (%) | 65 (33.2) | 23 (21.9) | 4.189 | 0.041 |
| Anti-RNP positive, n (%) | 30 (15.3) | 16 (15.2) | 0.000 | 0.988 |
| Low C3, n (%) | 45 (23.0) | 22 (21.0) | 0.159 | 0.690 |
| Low C4, n (%) | 41 (20.9) | 23 (21.9) | 0.040 | 0.842 |
| IgA elevated, n (%) | 54 (27.6) | 22 (21.0) | 1.577 | 0.209 |
| IgG elevated, n (%) | 38 (19.4) | 26 (24.8) | 1.180 | 0.277 |
| IgM elevated, n (%) | 38 (19.4) | 16 (15.2) | 0.800 | 0.371 |
2.4. 以RP为首发表现的SSc相关因素分析
Logistic回归分析结果显示,指腹变平(OR=3.634,95%CI: 1.306~10.118,P=0.013)、ILD(OR=1.972,95%CI: 1.179~3.299,P=0.010)、抗Scl-70抗体阳性(OR=1.814,95%CI: 1.027~3.205,P=0.040)及低LDL-C(OR=0.668,95%CI: 0.484~0.923,P=0.014)是以RP为首发表现SSc的相关因素(表 4)。
表 4.
RP为首发表现SSc相关因素的二元Logistic回归分析结果
Binary logistic analysis results of factors related to RP onset of SSc
| Variables | Univariate | Multivariate | |||||||
| B | Wald | P | OR (95%CI) | B | Wald | P | OR (95%CI) | ||
| RP, Raynaud’s phenomenon; SSc, systemic sclerosis; ILD, interstitial lung disease; PAH, pulmonary arterial hypertension; Anti-Scl-70, anti-Scl-70 antibodies; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. | |||||||||
| Age at onset | -0.016 | 4.024 | 0.045 | 0.984 (0.968-1.000) | |||||
| Diabetes | -0.906 | 3.406 | 0.065 | 0.040 (0.154-1.158) | |||||
| Loss of digital pad tissue | 1.118 | 4.915 | 0.027 | 3.059 (1.138-8.219) | 1.290 | 6.103 | 0.013 | 3.634 (1.306-10.118) | |
| Fingertip ulcers | 0.693 | 4.576 | 0.032 | 2.000 (1.060-3.774) | |||||
| ILD | 0.702 | 7.534 | 0.006 | 2.018 (1.222-3.332) | 0.679 | 6.688 | 0.010 | 1.972 (1.179-3.299) | |
| PAH | 0.859 | 5.172 | 0.023 | 2.360 (1.126-4.946) | |||||
| Stomach fullness | 0.926 | 3.875 | 0.049 | 2.524 (1.004-6.343) | |||||
| Anti-Scl-70 positive | 0.570 | 4.135 | 0.042 | 1.769 (1.021-3.066) | 0.596 | 4.211 | 0.040 | 1.814 (1.027-3.205) | |
| Low LDL-C | -0.330 | 4.548 | 0.033 | 0.719 (0.531-0.974) | -0.403 | 5.979 | 0.014 | 0.668 (0.484-0.923) | |
3. 讨论
SSc以炎症、纤维化及微血管病变为主要特征,累及皮肤、心脏、肺脏、肾脏等多个系统,有较高的发病率和死亡率,其潜在的发病机制仍不清楚[15-16]。RP是SSc常见的临床表现,以往关于RP起病的SSc研究较少。本研究发现以RP和NRP起病的SSc患者在发病年龄、系统受累和实验室检查上表现出不同特征。指腹变平、ILD、抗Scl-70抗体阳性及低LDL-C与以RP起病的SSc存在相关性,为SSc患者疾病分层、受累脏器预测及预后的评估提供了依据。
关于RP起病的SSc患者发病年龄的研究结果不一。西班牙的SSc队列研究结果显示,83%(1 342/ 1 625例)的患者以RP为首发症状,平均发病年龄49.0岁,高于NRP起病的SSc患者(44.7岁)[17]。而EUSTAR结果显示,RP早发患者的平均发病年龄为42.8岁[5]。本研究观察到RP为首发表现的SSc患者比例为61.1%,以女性为主,平均发病年龄较NRP起病的SSc患者更低(42.4岁vs. 46.1岁),可能与总体样本量、地域及种族差异有关。
文献报道,约有15%的SSc患者出现PAH,合并PAH的SSc患者3年生存率仅为56%[18-19]。既往研究显示,RP可表现为外周循环血管痉挛,亦可出现内脏血管痉挛,而肺血管的RP被认为是PAH发生的一种潜在机制[19-20]。然而,一项泰国的早期SSc队列研究显示RP是PAH的保护因素[21],与本研究结果不一致。这种差异可能归因于泰国队列纳入患者为早期SSc,有RP表现的患者倾向于使用血管扩张剂,对肺血管产生了保护作用,阻碍了PAH的发生。相反,本研究中以RP首发的SSc患者,起病初期未予重视及积极治疗,导致进展为PAH。结合本研究结果提示,对于以RP起病合并有PAH的SSc患者,尽早进行原发病的治疗和抗PAH药物的应用对疾病预后有重要意义。
ILD在SSc中较为常见,10年死亡率高达40%[22]。在一项实验中,研究人员采用全身降温引发手指RP,发现有78%(7/9)患者的一氧化碳弥散量净下降15%,表明RP对肺功能存在影响[20]。本研究发现RP首发的SSc患者易合并肺间质受累,需引起高度重视,对于这部分患者,应积极治疗SSc,密切随访肺功能和CT,及时应用抗肺纤维化药物。SSc-ILD的病理分型主要为非特异性间质性肺炎,约10%~15%的患者表现为普通型间质性肺炎[23],但以RP首发的SSc-ILD病理分型尚不明确,可在扩大样本后进一步分层细化以RP首发SSc患者的ILD分型,为进一步的精准治疗提供依据。此外,研究也发现,发病年龄、男性、指尖溃疡、PAH、心脏受累、ILD是SSc预后不良或死亡的危险因素[24-25]。因此,以RP起病,考虑SSc的患者,应仔细排查心肺系统病变,适时干预。
研究结果显示以RP起病的SSc患者病程中合并更多的消化系统症状,如胃饱胀感,这些患者可能存在胃肠功能受损,使胃肠动力减弱,从而出现饱胀感。既往研究表明,高达90%的SSc患者合并消化系统受累,包括胃食管反流、腹胀、腹泻等,随着时间的推移大部分患者胃肠道症状趋于稳定或改善,但仍有部分患者胃肠道症状进一步恶化,影响生活质量[26]。
本研究发现RP起病的SSc患者比NRP起病的患者在病程中表现出更多的指腹变平和指尖溃疡,两组指尖溃疡的比例(25.0%和14.3%)均低于西班牙的SSc研究(40%和37%)[17],这可能是RP起病的SSc患者在中国人群中的特征性表现。一项关于种族对SSc患者表型影响的研究显示,黑人患者的皮肤和肺部受累情况比白人患者更严重[27]。因此,不同的种族亦可能形成RP起病SSc临床表现的特异性,但仍需大样本研究进一步证实。
作为SSc的标记性抗体,EUSTAR报道的血清抗Scl-70抗体在SSc患者中的阳性率为30.9%[5],与本研究的结果一致(29.2%),但RP首发的SSc更易出现抗Scl-70抗体阳性,可作为疾病分层依据及辅助鉴别。
尽管制定了相关指南,但SSc的临床复杂性和异质性使得其治疗非常具有挑战性[28],进行疾病分层和脏器受累评估具有重要的临床意义。本研究存在一定的局限性,如研究时间跨度较大,但由于SSc患者可能在RP出现数年后才累及其他器官,因此较大的时间跨度可能暴露出更多的疾病表现。将来还需更多的前瞻性、大样本的随机对照试验以延伸研究。
综上所述,RP为首发表现的SSc患者有独特的临床表现及实验室检查特征。RP可见于多种结缔组织病,临床对于以RP为首发表现的SSc患者,应定期评估心肺系统病变,出现脏器病变时应积极治疗。
Funding Statement
中华国际医学交流基金会基金(Z-2018-40-2101)及北京大学人民医院研究与发展基金(RDE 2021-18)
Supported by China International Medical Foundation (Z-2018-40-2101) and Peking University People's Hospital Scientific Research Development Funds (RDE 2021-18)
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