Skip to main content
Journal of Peking University (Health Sciences) logoLink to Journal of Peking University (Health Sciences)
. 2022 Nov 14;54(6):1224–1228. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.19723/j.issn.1671-167X.2022.06.028

以雷诺现象为首发表现的系统性硬化症临床特征及其相关因素

Liang LUO 1,2, Qing-meng CAI 1, Xiang-jun LIU 1, Ze-lin YUN 1, Chun LI 1, Xiao-ying ZHANG 1,*
PMCID: PMC9761810

雷诺现象(Raynaud’s phenomenon,RP)是一种由寒冷暴露或精神因素等引发的血管痉挛反应,其典型的临床表现是手指变白(缺血),然后变紫(缺氧),再变红(再灌注)[1]。RP可继发于血液系统疾病、血管阻塞性疾病及多种结缔组织病,如系统性红斑狼疮、系统性硬化症(systemic sclerosis,SSc)、混合性结缔组织病等,甚至可作为患者的首发表现[2-3]。RP是SSc常见的疾病特异性表现,有研究报道96.3%的SSc患者在病程中可以出现RP[2, 4]。RP也可作为SSc最早的临床表现,患者可能在发生RP数十年后才出现特定器官的疾病表现[5-6]。RP早期出现时常被患者忽略,造成SSc诊断及治疗的延误。

SSc的患病率为1.76/10 000[7],与其相关的非致死性并发症为患者带来极其沉重的负担,影响身心健康[8]。欧洲抗风湿病联盟硬皮病试验和研究(International European Scleroderma Trials and Research,EUSTAR)数据库结果显示,在平均随访2.3年的时间里,9.6%(1 072/11 193)的SSc患者死亡,心肺受累为主要原因[9]。早期识别及干预可以降低SSc患者的死亡率,改善预后。作为SSc患者早期出现的临床症状,研究以RP为首发的SSc患者的临床及实验室特点可以为SSc患者进行疾病分层,预测受累脏器,评估预后。本研究通过分析以RP起病的SSc患者的临床及实验室特点,寻找疾病特征及相关危险因素,以期优化疾病分型,为制定个体化诊疗方案提供依据。

1. 资料与方法

1.1. 研究对象

选取2012年7月至2022年7月于北京大学人民医院风湿免疫科住院的SSc患者,所有患者均符合1988年美国风湿病学会和/或2013年美国风湿病学会/欧洲抗风湿病联盟制定的SSc分类标准[10-11],并除外可引起RP的非免疫性疾病,如红细胞增多症、副蛋白血症、乙型肝炎、丙型肝炎、血栓形成、严重动脉粥样硬化症等,以及病历数据严重缺失的患者。

本研究共纳入307例SSc患者,其中1例诊断SSc前患有慢性乙型肝炎,3例有严重的动脉粥样硬化症,2例无脏器评估客观检查信息,最终有301例患者符合研究标准。

1.2. 研究方法

收集SSc患者的临床、实验室及影像学资料,包括一般资料(性别、发病年龄、病程、吸烟、合并自身免疫病及合并症)、主要临床表现(皮肤、骨骼肌肉、心肺系统、消化系统及泌尿系统表现)、实验室检查(血脂、谷丙转氨酶、天冬氨酸转氨酶、血清肌酐、红细胞沉降率、C反应蛋白、抗核抗体、抗ENA抗体、补体、免疫球蛋白等)及影像学检查(胸部高分辨CT、肺功能测试、心脏超声、右心导管检查等)。

肺间质病变(interstitial lung disease,ILD)定义为胸部高分辨CT可见双侧肺间质网格样改变,肺功能测试显示一氧化碳弥散量和/或用力肺活量下降[12]

肺动脉高压(pulmonary arterial hypertension,PAH)定义为右心导管检查显示平均肺动脉压≥25 mmHg,肺毛细血管楔压≤15 mmHg,肺血管阻力>3 WU(Wood units),或超声心动图检查静息时肺动脉收缩压>40 mmHg[13-14]

根据是否以RP为首发表现,将SSc患者分为RP首发组和非RP(non-RP,NRP)首发组,分析RP为首发表现患者的临床、实验室特征及相关因素。

1.3. 统计学分析

采用SPSS 26.0软件进行数据分析。计量资料符合正态分布的数据以x±s表示,非正态分布数据以M(P25P75)表示,组间比较采用t检验或Mann-Whitney U检验。计数资料用百分数(%)表示,采用χ2检验或Fisher精确概率法比较。选取单因素Logistic回归分析中P < 0.1的变量按逐步向前迭代法纳入多因素Logistic回归进行相关因素分析。P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2. 结果

2.1. 一般资料

196例(61.1%)患者以RP为首发表现,NRP首发组105例(39.9%)。RP起病的SSc患者的发病年龄明显低于NRP起病患者[(42.4±15.5)岁vs. (46.1±14.6)岁,P=0.040],两组患者的性别、病程、合并症等差异无统计学意义(表 1)。

表 1.

两组患者一般资料比较

Comparisons of demographic characteristics between the two groups

Variables RP onset group (n=196) NRP onset group (n=105) Z/t/χ2 P
RP, Raynaud’s phenomenon; NRP, non-Raynaud’s phenomenon; SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus; RA, rheumatoid arthritis.
Female, n (%) 169 (86.2) 88 (83.8) 0.319 0.572
Age at onset/years, x±s 42.4±15.5 46.1±14.6 -2.064 0.040
Duration/months, M (P25, P75) 78.0 (29.0, 176.5) 52.0 (21.5, 124.5) -1.792 0.073
Smoking, n (%) 29 (14.8) 23 (21.9) 2.418 0.120
SLE, n (%) 15 (7.7) 4 (3.8) 1.708 0.191
RA, n (%) 16 (8.2) 6 (5.7) 0.605 0.437
Inflammatory myopathy, n (%) 6 (3.1) 3 (2.9) 0.000 >0.999
Hypertension, n (%) 44 (22.4) 26 (24.8) 0.205 0.651
Diabetes, n (%) 8 (4.1) 10 (9.5) 3.602 0.058
Hyperlipidemia, n (%) 16 (8.2) 9 (8.6) 0.015 0.903

2.2. RP首发组及NRP首发组临床表现上的差异

RP首发组病程中指腹变平(13.3% vs. 4.8%,P=0.021)及指尖溃疡(25.0% vs. 14.3%,P=0.030)的发生率明显高于NRP首发组,出现ILD(46.9% vs. 30.5%,P=0.006)、PAH(19.9% vs. 9.5%,P=0.020)及胃饱胀感(13.3% vs. 5.7%,P=0.043)的比例明显高于NRP首发组(表 2)。

表 2.

两组患者临床表现比较[n(%)]

Comparison of clinical manifestations between the two groups [n(%)]

Variables RP onset group (n=196) NRP onset group (n=105) χ 2 P
N/A, not available (Fisher’s exact test). RP, Raynaud’s phenomenon; NRP, non-Raynaud’s phenomenon; ILD, interstitial lung disease; PAH, pulmonary arterial hypertension. Other abbreviations as in Table 1.
Skin manifestations
  Skin hardening/thickening 174 (88.8) 99 (94.3) 2.461 0.117
  Loss of digital pad tissue 26 (13.3) 5 (4.8) 5.351 0.021
Bones/muscles manifestations
  Muscle pain 34 (17.3) 20 (19.0) 0.134 0.714
  Joint swelling 59 (30.1) 34 (32.4) 0.166 0.683
  Arthralgia 93 (47.4) 57 (54.3) 1.278 0.258
Vascular manifestations
vFingertip ulcers 49 (25.0) 15 (14.3) 4.688 0.030
  Digital gangrene 7 (3.6) 0 N/A 0.101
Cardiopulmonary system manifestations
  Palpitations 22 (11.2) 14 (13.3) 0.289 0.591
  ILD 92 (46.9) 32 (30.5) 7.649 0.006
  PAH 39 (19.9) 10 (9.5) 5.399 0.020
Digestive involvement
  Reflux/Heartburn 87 (44.4) 40 (38.1) 1.110 0.292
  Stomach fullness 26 (13.3) 6 (5.7) 4.103 0.043
  Intermittent abdominal pain 13 (6.6) 3 (2.9) 1.936 0.164
Renal involvement
  Proteinuria 14 (7.1) 7 (6.7) 0.024 0.877
  Microscopic hematuria 4 (2.0) 3 (2.9) 0.002 0.963
  Renal crisis 3 (1.5) 1 (1.0) 0.000 >0.999

2.3. RP首发组及NRP首发组实验室指标的差异

RP首发组低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(low-density lipoprotein cholesterol,LDL-C)水平显著低于NRP首发组[(2.54±0.80) mmol/L vs. (2.74±0.75) mmol/L,P=0.028],抗Scl-70抗体的阳性率显著高于NRP首发组(33.2% vs. 21.9%,P=0.041,表 3)。

表 3.

两组实验室指标比较

Comparison of laboratory indexes between the two groups

Variables RP onset group (n=196) NRP onset group (n=105) Z/t/χ2 P
RP, Raynaud’s phenomenon; NRP, non-Raynaud’s phenomenon; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; Scr, serum creatinine; ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate; CRP, C-reactive protein; ANA, antinuclear antibody; Anti-Scl-70, anti-Scl-70 antibodies; C3, complement 3; C4, complement 4; IgA, immunoglobulin A; IgG, immunoglobulin G; IgM, immunoglobulin M.
TC/(mmol/L), M (P25, P75) 4.35 (3.55, 5.13) 4.40 (3.70, 5.13) -1.016 0.310
TG/(mmol/L), M (P25, P75) 1.55 (1.07, 2.15) 1.44 (1.04, 2.19) -0.349 0.727
HDL-C/(mmol/L), x±s 1.13 ± 0.36 1.13 ± 0.31 -0.062 0.951
LDL-C/(mmol/L), x±s 2.54 ± 0.80 2.74 ± 0.75 -2.205 0.028
ALT/(U/L), M (P25, P75) 16.0 (11.0, 23.0) 15.0 (11.0, 21.5) -0.764 0.445
AST/(U/L), M (P25, P75) 22.0 (17.0, 26.0) 20.0 (15.0, 25.0) -1.180 0.238
Scr/(μmol/L), M (P25, P75) 61.5 (49.0, 69.8) 59.0 (53.0, 70.0) -0.038 0.970
ESR/(mm/h), M (P25, P75) 16.0 (8.0, 25.8) 15.0 (8.0, 23.0) -1.141 0.254
CRP/(mg/L), M (P25, P75) 3.1 (1.2, 7.3) 3.2 (1.5, 7.3) -0.275 0.784
ANA positive, n (%) 190 (96.9) 97 (92.4) 2.257 0.133
Anti-Scl-70 positive, n (%) 65 (33.2) 23 (21.9) 4.189 0.041
Anti-RNP positive, n (%) 30 (15.3) 16 (15.2) 0.000 0.988
Low C3, n (%) 45 (23.0) 22 (21.0) 0.159 0.690
Low C4, n (%) 41 (20.9) 23 (21.9) 0.040 0.842
IgA elevated, n (%) 54 (27.6) 22 (21.0) 1.577 0.209
IgG elevated, n (%) 38 (19.4) 26 (24.8) 1.180 0.277
IgM elevated, n (%) 38 (19.4) 16 (15.2) 0.800 0.371

2.4. 以RP为首发表现的SSc相关因素分析

Logistic回归分析结果显示,指腹变平(OR=3.634,95%CI: 1.306~10.118,P=0.013)、ILD(OR=1.972,95%CI: 1.179~3.299,P=0.010)、抗Scl-70抗体阳性(OR=1.814,95%CI: 1.027~3.205,P=0.040)及低LDL-C(OR=0.668,95%CI: 0.484~0.923,P=0.014)是以RP为首发表现SSc的相关因素(表 4)。

表 4.

RP为首发表现SSc相关因素的二元Logistic回归分析结果

Binary logistic analysis results of factors related to RP onset of SSc

Variables Univariate Multivariate
B Wald P OR (95%CI) B Wald P OR (95%CI)
RP, Raynaud’s phenomenon; SSc, systemic sclerosis; ILD, interstitial lung disease; PAH, pulmonary arterial hypertension; Anti-Scl-70, anti-Scl-70 antibodies; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.
Age at onset -0.016 4.024 0.045 0.984 (0.968-1.000)
Diabetes -0.906 3.406 0.065 0.040 (0.154-1.158)
Loss of digital pad tissue 1.118 4.915 0.027 3.059 (1.138-8.219) 1.290 6.103 0.013 3.634 (1.306-10.118)
Fingertip ulcers 0.693 4.576 0.032 2.000 (1.060-3.774)
ILD 0.702 7.534 0.006 2.018 (1.222-3.332) 0.679 6.688 0.010 1.972 (1.179-3.299)
PAH 0.859 5.172 0.023 2.360 (1.126-4.946)
Stomach fullness 0.926 3.875 0.049 2.524 (1.004-6.343)
Anti-Scl-70 positive 0.570 4.135 0.042 1.769 (1.021-3.066) 0.596 4.211 0.040 1.814 (1.027-3.205)
Low LDL-C -0.330 4.548 0.033 0.719 (0.531-0.974) -0.403 5.979 0.014 0.668 (0.484-0.923)

3. 讨论

SSc以炎症、纤维化及微血管病变为主要特征,累及皮肤、心脏、肺脏、肾脏等多个系统,有较高的发病率和死亡率,其潜在的发病机制仍不清楚[15-16]。RP是SSc常见的临床表现,以往关于RP起病的SSc研究较少。本研究发现以RP和NRP起病的SSc患者在发病年龄、系统受累和实验室检查上表现出不同特征。指腹变平、ILD、抗Scl-70抗体阳性及低LDL-C与以RP起病的SSc存在相关性,为SSc患者疾病分层、受累脏器预测及预后的评估提供了依据。

关于RP起病的SSc患者发病年龄的研究结果不一。西班牙的SSc队列研究结果显示,83%(1 342/ 1 625例)的患者以RP为首发症状,平均发病年龄49.0岁,高于NRP起病的SSc患者(44.7岁)[17]。而EUSTAR结果显示,RP早发患者的平均发病年龄为42.8岁[5]。本研究观察到RP为首发表现的SSc患者比例为61.1%,以女性为主,平均发病年龄较NRP起病的SSc患者更低(42.4岁vs. 46.1岁),可能与总体样本量、地域及种族差异有关。

文献报道,约有15%的SSc患者出现PAH,合并PAH的SSc患者3年生存率仅为56%[18-19]。既往研究显示,RP可表现为外周循环血管痉挛,亦可出现内脏血管痉挛,而肺血管的RP被认为是PAH发生的一种潜在机制[19-20]。然而,一项泰国的早期SSc队列研究显示RP是PAH的保护因素[21],与本研究结果不一致。这种差异可能归因于泰国队列纳入患者为早期SSc,有RP表现的患者倾向于使用血管扩张剂,对肺血管产生了保护作用,阻碍了PAH的发生。相反,本研究中以RP首发的SSc患者,起病初期未予重视及积极治疗,导致进展为PAH。结合本研究结果提示,对于以RP起病合并有PAH的SSc患者,尽早进行原发病的治疗和抗PAH药物的应用对疾病预后有重要意义。

ILD在SSc中较为常见,10年死亡率高达40%[22]。在一项实验中,研究人员采用全身降温引发手指RP,发现有78%(7/9)患者的一氧化碳弥散量净下降15%,表明RP对肺功能存在影响[20]。本研究发现RP首发的SSc患者易合并肺间质受累,需引起高度重视,对于这部分患者,应积极治疗SSc,密切随访肺功能和CT,及时应用抗肺纤维化药物。SSc-ILD的病理分型主要为非特异性间质性肺炎,约10%~15%的患者表现为普通型间质性肺炎[23],但以RP首发的SSc-ILD病理分型尚不明确,可在扩大样本后进一步分层细化以RP首发SSc患者的ILD分型,为进一步的精准治疗提供依据。此外,研究也发现,发病年龄、男性、指尖溃疡、PAH、心脏受累、ILD是SSc预后不良或死亡的危险因素[24-25]。因此,以RP起病,考虑SSc的患者,应仔细排查心肺系统病变,适时干预。

研究结果显示以RP起病的SSc患者病程中合并更多的消化系统症状,如胃饱胀感,这些患者可能存在胃肠功能受损,使胃肠动力减弱,从而出现饱胀感。既往研究表明,高达90%的SSc患者合并消化系统受累,包括胃食管反流、腹胀、腹泻等,随着时间的推移大部分患者胃肠道症状趋于稳定或改善,但仍有部分患者胃肠道症状进一步恶化,影响生活质量[26]

本研究发现RP起病的SSc患者比NRP起病的患者在病程中表现出更多的指腹变平和指尖溃疡,两组指尖溃疡的比例(25.0%和14.3%)均低于西班牙的SSc研究(40%和37%)[17],这可能是RP起病的SSc患者在中国人群中的特征性表现。一项关于种族对SSc患者表型影响的研究显示,黑人患者的皮肤和肺部受累情况比白人患者更严重[27]。因此,不同的种族亦可能形成RP起病SSc临床表现的特异性,但仍需大样本研究进一步证实。

作为SSc的标记性抗体,EUSTAR报道的血清抗Scl-70抗体在SSc患者中的阳性率为30.9%[5],与本研究的结果一致(29.2%),但RP首发的SSc更易出现抗Scl-70抗体阳性,可作为疾病分层依据及辅助鉴别。

尽管制定了相关指南,但SSc的临床复杂性和异质性使得其治疗非常具有挑战性[28],进行疾病分层和脏器受累评估具有重要的临床意义。本研究存在一定的局限性,如研究时间跨度较大,但由于SSc患者可能在RP出现数年后才累及其他器官,因此较大的时间跨度可能暴露出更多的疾病表现。将来还需更多的前瞻性、大样本的随机对照试验以延伸研究。

综上所述,RP为首发表现的SSc患者有独特的临床表现及实验室检查特征。RP可见于多种结缔组织病,临床对于以RP为首发表现的SSc患者,应定期评估心肺系统病变,出现脏器病变时应积极治疗。

Funding Statement

中华国际医学交流基金会基金(Z-2018-40-2101)及北京大学人民医院研究与发展基金(RDE 2021-18)

Supported by China International Medical Foundation (Z-2018-40-2101) and Peking University People's Hospital Scientific Research Development Funds (RDE 2021-18)

References

  • 1.Wigley FM, Flavahan NA. Raynaud's phenomenon. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(6):556–565. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra1507638. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 2.Pauling JD, Hughes M, Pope JE. Raynaud's phenomenon: An update on diagnosis, classification and management. Clin Rheumatol. 2019;38(12):3317–3330. doi: 10.1007/s10067-019-04745-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 3.刘 晶, 史 群, 徐 东, et al. 雷诺现象为首发表现的自身免疫性疾病疾病谱及临床特点. 中华临床免疫和变态反应杂志. 2013;7(4):346–350. [Google Scholar]
  • 4.Schneeberger D, Tyndall A, Kay J, et al. Systemic sclerosis without antinuclear antibodies or Raynaud's phenomenon: A multicentre study in the prospective EULAR scleroderma trials and research (EUSTAR) database. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2013;52(3):560–567. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/kes315. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 5.Walker UA, Tyndall A, Czirják L, et al. Clinical risk assessment of organ manifestations in systemic sclerosis: A report from the EULAR scleroderma trials and research group database. Ann Rheum Dis. 2007;66(6):754–763. doi: 10.1136/ard.2006.062901. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 6.Matucci-Cerinic M, Kahaleh B, Wigley FM. Review: Evidence that systemic sclerosis is a vascular disease. Arthritis Rheum. 2013;65(8):1953–1962. doi: 10.1002/art.37988. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 7.Bairkdar M, Rossides M, Westerlind H, et al. Incidence and prevalence of systemic sclerosis globally: A comprehensive syste-matic review and meta-analysis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2021;60(7):3121–3133. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/keab190. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 8.Galetti I, Nunzio SD, Brogelli L, et al. How do systemic sclerosis manifestations influence patients' lives? Results from a survey on patients and caregivers. Curr Med Res Opin. 2021;37(Suppl 2):5–15. doi: 10.1080/03007995.2021.1992371. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 9.Elhai M, Meune C, Boubaya M, et al. Mapping and predicting mortality from systemic sclerosis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2017;76(11):1897–1905. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2017-211448. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 10.Preliminary criteria for the classification of systemic sclerosis (scleroderma) Subcommittee for scleroderma criteria of the American Rheumatism Association Diagnostic and Therapeutic Criteria Committee. Arthritis Rheum. 1980;23(5):581–590. doi: 10.1002/art.1780230510. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 11.van den Hoogen F, Khanna D, Fransen J, et al. 2013 classification criteria for systemic sclerosis: An American college of rheumatology/European league against rheumatism collaborative initiative. Ann Rheum Dis. 2013;72(11):1747–1755. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-204424. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 12.Bussone G, Mouthon L. Interstitial lung disease in systemic sclerosis. Autoimmun Rev. 2011;10(5):248–255. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2010.09.012. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 13.Simonneau G, Robbins IM, Beghetti M, et al. Updated clinical classification of pulmonary hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;54(Suppl 1):S43–S54. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2009.04.012. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 14.Bruni C, De Luca G, Lazzaroni MG, et al. Screening for pulmonary arterial hypertension in systemic sclerosis: A systematic literature review. Eur J Intern Med. 2020;78:17–25. doi: 10.1016/j.ejim.2020.05.042. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 15.Denton CP, Khanna D. Systemic sclerosis. Lancet. 2017;390(10103):1685–1699. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30933-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 16.Maciejewska M, Sikora M, Maciejewski C, et al. Raynaud's phenomenon with focus on systemic sclerosis. J Clin Med. 2022;11(9):2490. doi: 10.3390/jcm11092490. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 17.Rubio-Rivas M, Corbella X, Pestaóa-Fernández M, et al. First clinical symptom as a prognostic factor in systemic sclerosis: Results of a retrospective nationwide cohort study. Clin Rheumatol. 2018;37(4):999–1009. doi: 10.1007/s10067-017-3936-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 18.Launay D, Sitbon O, Hachulla E, et al. Survival in systemic sclerosis-associated pulmonary arterial hypertension in the modern management era. Ann Rheum Dis. 2013;72(12):1940–1946. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2012-202489. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 19.Nihtyanova SI, Schreiber BE, Ong VH, et al. Prediction of pulmonary complications and long-term survival in systemic sclerosis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2014;66(6):1625–1635. doi: 10.1002/art.38390. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 20.Wise RA, Wigley F, Newball HH, et al. The effect of cold exposure on diffusing capacity in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon. Chest. 1982;81(6):695–698. doi: 10.1378/chest.81.6.695. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 21.Wangkaew S, Pota P, Prasertwittayakij N, et al. Incidence, predictors, and survival of pulmonary hypertension determined by echocardiography in Thai patients with early systemic sclerosis (SSc): Inception cohort study. Clin Rheumatol. 2021;40(3):973–980. doi: 10.1007/s10067-020-05296-w. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 22.Perelas A, Silver RM, Arrossi AV, et al. Systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease. Lancet Respir Med. 2020;8(3):304–320. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(19)30480-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 23.Khanna D, Nagaraja V, Tseng CH, et al. Predictors of lung function decline in scleroderma-related interstitial lung disease based on high-resolution computed tomography: implications for cohort enrichment in systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease trials. Arthritis Res Ther. 2015;17:372. doi: 10.1186/s13075-015-0872-2. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 24.Rubio-Rivas M, Royo C, Simeón CP, et al. Mortality and survival in systemic sclerosis: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2014;44(2):208–219. doi: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2014.05.010. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 25.Meunier P, Dequidt L, Barnetche T, et al. Increased risk of mortality in systemic sclerosis-associated digital ulcers: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2019;33(2):405–409. doi: 10.1111/jdv.15114. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 26.Bering J, Griffing WL, Crowell M, et al. Progression of gastrointestinal symptoms over time in patients with systemic sclerosis. Rheumatol Int. 2021;41(7):1281–1287. doi: 10.1007/s00296-021-04806-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 27.Steelandt A, Benmostefa N, Avouac J, et al. Ethnic influence on the phenotype of French patients with systemic sclerosis. Joint Bone Spine. 2021;88(2):105081. doi: 10.1016/j.jbspin.2020.09.013. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 28.Kowal-Bielecka O, Fransen J, Avouac J, et al. Update of EULAR recommendations for the treatment of systemic sclerosis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2017;76(8):1327–1339. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2016-209909. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Journal of Peking University (Health Sciences) are provided here courtesy of Editorial Office of Beijing Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban, Peking University Health Science Center

RESOURCES