Abstract
Hemophagocytic syndrome (HPS) is a severe disease characterized by excessive release of inflammatory cytokines caused by abnormal activation of lymphocytes and macrophages, which can cause multiple organ damage and even death. Panniculitis is a disease characterized by inflammation of subcutaneous adipose tissue. We effectively treated 2 patients with panniculitis-associated HPS with ruxolitinib. Case 1: A 70-year-old male started with intermittent plantar swelling and pain, and then developed leukocytosis, mild anemia, multiple red maculopapules with painless subcutaneous nodules on the forehead, neck and bilateral lower legs. The patient was treated with prednisone and leflunomide for improvement. After that, repeated fever and rash occurred again. After admission to our hospital, we found his leukocyte and hemoglobin decreased, ferritin raised, fibrinogen and natural killer (NK) cell activity decreased, and hemophagocytic cells were found in bone marrow aspiration. The skin pathology was consistent with non-suppurative nodular panniculitis. He was diagnosed with nodular panniculitis associa-ted HPS. He was treated with glucocorticoid, cyclosporine, etoposide and gamma globule, but the disease was not completely controlled. After adjusting etoposide to ruxolitinib, his symptoms and abnormal laboratory findings returned to normal. After 2 months he stopped using ruxolitinib due to repeated infections. During the follow-up, though the prednisone dose was tapered, his condition was stable. Case 2: A 46-year-old female patient developed from intermittent fever, erythematous nodular rash with tenderness, leukopenia, and abnormal liver function. antibiotic therapy was ineffective. She improved after glucocorticoid treatment, and relapsed after glucocorticoid reduction. There were fever, limb nodules, erythema with ulcerative necrosis, intermittent abdominal pain when she came to our hospital. Blood examination showed that her white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets were decreased, fibrinogen was decreased, triglyceride was increased, ferritin and soluble interleukin-2 receptor(SIL-2R/sCD25) were significantly raised, and hemophagocytic cells were found in bone marrow aspiration. It was found that Epstein-Barr virus DNA was transiently positive, skin Staphylococcus aureus infection, and pulmonary Aspergillus flavus infection, but C-reactive protein (CRP) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) were normal, and no evidence of tumor and other infection was found. Skin pathology was considered panniculitis. The diagnosis was panniculitis, HPS and complicated infection. Antibiotic therapy and symptomatic blood transfusion were given first, but the disease was not controlled. Later, dexamethasone was given, and the condition improved, but the disease recurred after reducing the dose of dexamethasone. Due to the combination of multiple infections, the application of etoposide had a high risk of infection spread. Ruxolitinib, dexamethasone, and anti-infective therapy were given, and her condition remained stable after dexamethasone withdrawal. After 2 months of medication, she stopped using ruxolitinib. One week after stopping using ruxolitinib, she developed fever and died after 2 weeks of antibiotic therapy treatment in a local hospital. In conclusion, panniculitis and HPS are related in etiology, pathogenic mechanism and clinical manifestations. Abnormal activation of Janus-kinase and signal transduction activator of transcription pathway and abnormal release of inflammatory factors play an important role in the pathogenesis of the two diseases. The report suggests that ruxolitinib is effective and has broad prospects in the treatment of panniculitis associated HPS.
Keywords: Panniculitis, Hemophagocytic syndrome, Ruxolitinib
噬血细胞综合征(hemophagocytic syndrome,HPS),又称噬血细胞性淋巴组织增多症(hemo-phagocytic lymphohistiocytosis,HLH),是一种因免疫调节异常引起的严重炎症反应综合征,其特点为淋巴细胞和巨噬细胞的异常激活导致炎性细胞因子过度释放,从而造成多器官损伤甚至死亡[1]。脂膜炎是一类以皮下脂肪层炎症为主要表现的疾病,通常表现为炎性结节或斑块[2]。脂膜炎病因复杂,包括免疫介导、感染、创伤、恶性肿瘤、脂质沉积及酶促破坏等[3]。脂膜炎相关HLH相对罕见,目前以个案报道为主[4-8]。JAK-STAT(Janus-kinase and signal transduction activator of transcription)通路在HLH的发病中有着重要作用[9-11],芦可替尼作为JAK(Janus-kinase)1/2抑制剂对脂膜炎相关HLH有效。本文对应用芦可替尼成功治疗的2例脂膜炎相关HLH患者进行病例总结和文献回顾。
1. 病例资料
病例1,男性,70岁,主因“足底肿痛6年,皮疹1年,发热2周”入院。患者6年前出现双侧足底肿胀疼痛,彩超提示足底筋膜炎,局部注射复方倍他米松注射液(商品名: 得宝松),症状稍减轻。3年前发现白细胞低(2.28×109/L~3.6×109/L)、轻度贫血(小细胞低色素性),外周血细胞形态、自身抗体阴性,给予对症升白细胞治疗。1年前患者出现额面、颈部及双侧小腿皮肤多发红色斑丘疹伴无痛性皮下结节,直径约2~4 cm,边界清楚,可自行消退(图 1A),行小腿皮肤组织病理检查,考虑脂膜炎,予泼尼松及来氟米特治疗好转。2周前无明显诱因出现午后及夜间间歇发热(体温最高39.0 ℃),伴腹痛、腹泻,予抗感染治疗后腹痛、腹泻好转,但发热未见减轻,并再次出现全身皮疹伴结节,性质同前,遂于我科住院治疗。患者入院查血常规示两系降低(白细胞计数1.30×109/L、血红蛋白80 g/L)、铁蛋白升高、纤维蛋白原及自然杀伤(natural killer,NK)细胞活性降低,骨髓穿刺检查见噬血现象(吞噬成熟红细胞及有核红细胞),甘油三酯、可溶性白细胞介素-2受体(soluble interleukin-2 receptor, SIL-2R/sCD25)、乳酸脱氢酶正常,C反应蛋白(C-reactive protein,CRP)及红细胞沉降率(erythrocyte sedimentation rate,ESR)升高,正电子发射计算机断层显像(positron emission tomography-computed tomography, PET-CT)检查未见恶性病变征象(图 1B)。左下肢皮肤组织病理检查报告: 表皮轻度角化亢进,伴有网状化,棘层未见明显异常,基底层色素沉积,真皮浅层血管扩张,周围可见散在淋巴细胞浸润,皮下脂肪组织可见变性坏死,小叶间隔增宽,其间可见组织细胞反应,未见豆袋样细胞,部分间质小血管管壁纤维素样变性,散在淋巴细胞浸润,符合非化脓性结节性脂膜炎病理表现(图 1C、D)。依据脂膜炎诊治指南[12]及HLH-2004诊断标准[13],患者诊断为结节性脂膜炎、噬血细胞综合征。给予患者甲泼尼龙琥珀酸钠(商品名: 甲强龙)500 mg每日一次×3 d,序贯地塞米松15 mg每日一次,加用环孢素、依托泊苷150 mg×2次以及丙种球蛋白治疗,患者皮肤病变好转,监测铁蛋白、纤维蛋白原较稳定,复查骨髓穿刺未见噬血现象,但白细胞仍持续降低、NK细胞活性未恢复正常,考虑HLH未完全控制,后在原糖皮质激素+环孢素基础上,将依托泊苷调整为芦可替尼,复查白细胞升至正常,评估患者病情达到完全缓解。患者出院2个月后因反复多部位感染停用芦可替尼,给予泼尼松7.5 mg每日一次,联合环孢素50 mg每日一次维持,随访至2022年8月病情平稳。
图 1.
病例1皮疹、影像及皮肤组织病理
The rashes, imaging and skin pathology of case 1
A, red patches on face; B, PET-CT point out the FDG intake of plantar skin is increased; C and D, leg skin pathology suggests non suppurative nodular panniculitis (C, HE ×40; D, HE ×100). PET-CT, positron emission tomography-computed tomography; FDG, β-2-[18F]-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose.
病例2,女性,46岁,因“间断发热2年,皮疹、白细胞减低18个月,加重1个月”入院。患者2年前间断出现畏寒、发热,体温最高39.0 ℃,自行服用非甾体类抗炎药,发热症状反复。18个月前出现全身多发结节性红斑样皮疹伴压痛,累及面部、四肢、躯干,以双下肢为著,直径0.5~3.0 cm,白细胞降低(2.10×109/L),肝功能异常(谷丙转氨酶58.8 U/L,谷草转氨酶110.3 U/L),铁蛋白、ESR、CRP、sCD25及NK细胞活性均未见异常,PET-CT检查示皮下散在淡薄片影,骨髓穿刺涂片检查可见噬血细胞,皮肤活检病理提示真皮、皮下小血管及皮肤附属器周围可见淋巴细胞及单核细胞浸润,感染、肿瘤筛查未见异常,抗感染无效,后予甲泼尼龙20 mg每日一次治疗,病情好转,激素减量后复发。1个月前患者再次出现畏寒、发热,两颧部红色斑块样皮疹,左下肢结节性红斑样皮疹伴溃破坏死,局部窦道形成并渗液(图 2A),有间断腹痛,体质量明显下降,查血常规提示三系降低,纤维蛋白原降低,甘油三酯升高,铁蛋白、sCD25明显升高,骨髓穿刺可见噬血现象(图 2B、C)。NK细胞活性正常,转氨酶升高,(1, 3)-β-D葡聚糖检测(G试验)和半乳甘露聚糖检测(GM试验)阳性,EB病毒(Epstein-Barr virus,EBV)DNA 7.13×102/L(后复查转阴)。皮肤分泌物培养见金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus),痰培养见黄曲霉菌(Aspergillus flavus)。CRP、ESR正常,自身抗体检测均为阴性。PET-CT检查: 双肺上叶高实性结节,考虑真菌感染可能性大,右侧肺门淋巴结增大;面部、颈背部、双下肢皮下氟代脱氧葡萄糖(β-2-[18F]-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose,18F-FDG)代谢增高条片影,考虑炎性病变。左下肢皮肤组织病理检查: 鳞状上皮增生伴角化,棘层增生,皮下纤维脂肪组织中可见散在淋巴细胞、中性粒细胞浸润,脂肪坏死及组织细胞反应,未见豆袋样细胞,EBER(-),TB GeneXpert(-),考虑为脂膜炎。依据HLH诊断标准[13],患者诊断为脂膜炎、噬血细胞综合征、肺曲霉菌感染、左下肢蜂窝组织金黄色葡萄球菌感染、EB病毒感染。先予抗感染、对症保肝、输血治疗,效果欠佳,后予地塞米松7.5 mg每12小时一次×14 d,患者发热、皮疹、下肢水肿、腹痛好转,复查HLH及感染指标均有好转,但激素减量后体温再次升高。因患者合并多种感染,应用依托泊苷感染扩散的风险较大。给予芦可替尼10 mg每日两次+地塞米松早4.5 mg晚3.0 mg联合抗感染治疗。患者出院后随访情况: 芦可替尼治疗1周后复查白细胞、血小板、铁蛋白、甘油三酯、纤维蛋白原恢复至正常范围,血红蛋白恢复至90 g/L,患者用药2个月后自行停用芦可替尼,停药1周后出现发热,当地医院考虑感染,给予抗感染治疗2周后死亡。
图 2.
病例2下肢皮损及骨髓病理
The limbs skin lesions and bone marrow pathology of case 2
A, skin lesions of lower limbs; B and C, hemophagocytic cells were found in bone marrow aspiration (Wright's stain ×400).
2. 讨论
自身免疫病相关噬血细胞综合征亦称巨噬细胞活化综合征(macrophage activation syndrome,MAS),常见于全身性幼年特发性关节炎、成人Still病、系统性红斑狼疮、坏死性淋巴结炎等[14]。脂膜炎发病率相对较低,关于脂膜炎相关HLH的发病率尚缺乏相关数据。本研究报道的病例1及病例2均满足HLH-2004诊断标准[13],两例患者的脂膜炎表现均早于HLH出现,在脂膜炎病情活动时出现HLH,且经治疗后脂膜炎和HLH同步好转,考虑脂膜炎和HLH具有相关性。
HLH分为原发性及继发性,原发性多由遗传基因缺陷所致,继发性多由肿瘤、自身免疫病、感染等多种诱因所致,成人HLH多为继发[15-16],其中,感染是继发性HLH最常见的诱因,除常见的EB病毒感染外,其他病毒、细菌、真菌、原虫均可触发HLH,尤其当宿主有免疫功能受损时更易触发[1]。本文的病例1及病例2虽有脂膜炎基础,但在病程中均曾出现感染,除考虑HLH过程中容易出现感染外,不除外感染参与了HLH的发生及加重。
脂膜炎是一类以皮下脂肪组织炎性病变引起脂肪组织变性坏死为主要特点的疾病,通常表现为皮肤炎性结节或斑块,常伴有发热,可伴有皮肤溃破、肝损伤、脾肿大、血液系统损伤、淋巴结肿大及消化系统受累[7-8, 12]。根据是否有明确的发病原因,脂膜炎可分为特发性及继发性。根据组织病理学特点,脂膜炎分为间隔性、小叶性、混合性及脂膜炎伴血管炎等类型。临床上又分为结节性脂膜炎(又称为Weber-Christian病)、组织细胞吞噬性脂膜炎(cytophagic histiocytic panniculitis,CHP)及嗜酸性脂膜炎,其中结节性脂膜炎最常见[17]。CHP被认为是一种特殊类型的脂膜炎,其与皮下脂膜炎样T细胞淋巴瘤(subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma,SPTCL)关系密切,甚至部分学者主张CHP与SPTCL是同一种疾病或是同一种疾病的不同临床阶段[18-19]。脂膜炎的病理特征为组织细胞反应性吞噬脂肪,有研究报道大部分患者有表皮受累及血管炎表现,部分患者可见发热、铁蛋白增高、甘油三酯升高、纤维蛋白原降低伴ESR正常,骨髓检查可见组织细胞噬血现象[20],其中CHP患者更易出现骨髓噬血现象[4]。目前,国内外对于脂膜炎相关HLH的研究报道多以CHP相关HLH为主[4, 7-8],共报道了不足50例,结节性脂膜炎相关HLH仅见于个案报道[4-6]。脂膜炎可单独存在,亦可与系统性红斑狼疮、系统性硬化症、皮肌炎、结节性多动脉炎合并存在。免疫缺陷、感染、肿瘤都可作为脂膜炎和HLH共同的发病基础及诱因。脂膜炎相关HLH的发病机制可能与免疫调节异常,淋巴细胞增生浸润脂肪组织、肝、脾、淋巴结、骨髓,产生大量细胞因子,进一步刺激淋巴细胞和巨噬细胞所致[4]。先天性遗传基因异常也可能参与了脂膜炎的发生,据报道,一些常染色体隐性遗传性原发性HLH综合征患者可出现广泛的皮下和内脏周围脂膜炎[21-22]。曾有研究报道一例儿童CHP相关HLH与穿孔素基因突变有关[23],提示部分脂膜炎的发生可能和HLH一样与穿孔素的基因突变具有相关性。临床表现上,脂膜炎可伴有发热、肝损伤、肝脾及淋巴结肿大、血液系统损伤、骨髓噬血现象[20],而这些症状也是HLH的常见表现,提示两种疾病在症状上亦有较强相关性,脂膜炎如出现上述临床表现往往预示着出现HLH的高风险。脂膜炎合并HLH除有上述两疾病共有的表现外,还可见皮肤斑块、腹痛、腹胀等皮肤和腹部脂膜炎表现。实验室指标方面,除三系减少、肝功能异常、高甘油三酯血症外,大量患者可出现发热但ESR正常,伴纤维蛋白原降低。铁蛋白升高、NK细胞活性减低及sCD25升高见于部分患者[4]。
两例患者的皮肤组织病理均符合脂膜炎表现,都有血管炎表现,且有表皮层累及,但未见豆袋样改变及肿瘤细胞,不符合典型CHP及SPTCL的病理表现。病例1在HLH前3年即出现血液系统两系降低,病例2在入院前1年已出现发热、肝损伤、白细胞低、铁蛋白增高及骨髓噬血现象,当时已具备较明显的HLH倾向,随病情进展出现纤维蛋白原、血脂及sCD25异常,HLH最终诊断成立。
脂膜炎相关HLH相对罕见,目前无统一治疗方案。临床上多参照脂膜炎诊疗规范[12]及HLH诊疗指南[1]给予HLH-1994方案或HLH-2014方案,但部分患者应用传统一线方案治疗后病情仍不能完全控制或对相关治疗不能耐受,可考虑选择应用JAK1/2抑制剂。JAK-STAT是由多种细胞和生长因子激活的信号转导途径,酪氨酸激酶及其下游转录因子STAT在此途径中发挥关键作用[10, 24],芦可替尼通过抑制JAK1/2信号通路、抑制细胞因子分泌而改善炎性状态,无论是在动物模型还是临床研究中都已经显现出对HLH良好的治疗作用。试验证明,芦可替尼通过抑制JAK1/2可抑制信号转导和转录激活依赖基因的表达,抑制体外细胞增殖并诱导程序性死亡,减少CD8+T细胞活化、增殖,降低γ-干扰素(Interferon-γ, IFN-γ)、白细胞介素(interleukin,IL)-2、IL-6和IL-12等多种细胞因子及炎症标志物的活性[10, 24],且不增加T细胞正常脱颗粒和细胞毒性,不增加病毒感染滴度[10]。Albeituni等[25]的研究显示,芦可替尼对HLH小鼠IFN-γ抑制作用明显,可靶向抑制T细胞和嗜中性粒细胞活化和组织浸润。目前,大剂量芦可替尼作为难治性HLH的挽救治疗,小剂量芦可替尼作为复发/难治性HLH缓解后、异基因造血干细胞移植治疗前的桥接治疗已被临床证实[26-27]。还有研究报道,芦可替尼作为一线治疗方案可用于不适合传统化疗方案的继发性HLH老年危重患者,以及不适于强免疫抑制治疗的EB病毒和巨细胞病毒感染继发性HLH合并人类免疫缺陷病毒感染的患者[28-29]。与细胞毒药物依托泊苷相比,芦可替尼在破坏异常激活淋巴细胞及清除EB病毒等方面虽不及依托泊苷,但芦可替尼通过抑制JAK-STAT通路在减轻炎症因子释放、抑制炎性细胞激活方面起效更快、更有优势,且用药后不易引起血细胞降低。
目前虽无JAK-STAT通路激活在脂膜炎发病过程中的相关机制研究,但脂膜炎发病机制中淋巴细胞浸润及IL-6、IFN-γ炎性因子释放占有重要作用[4],且JAK-STAT通路激活及炎性因子在血管炎的发病中有着重要作用已有相关论述,应用JAK1/2抑制剂可减轻血管炎性反应[30]。本研究两例脂膜炎患者的皮肤组织病理都有血管炎性浸润,皮肤血管炎症可能继发脂膜炎症反应[31],故应用芦可替尼可能对脂膜炎及HLH都有治疗作用。目前关于应用JAK1/2抑制剂巴瑞替尼治疗脂膜炎继发HLH有1例报道[6],与巴瑞替尼相比,芦可替尼还有抑制炎性细胞增殖、活化并诱导凋亡的作用[10, 25],理论上对HLH的治疗作用更稳定,但需要临床进一步观察。
本研究的两例患者联合应用芦可替尼后HLH病情均有好转。病例1应用激素+环孢素+依托泊苷方案,白细胞及NK细胞活性未恢复正常,将依托泊苷替换为芦可替尼后HLH达到完全缓解,但规范用药过程中出现严重感染,原发病稳定,抗感染后停用芦可替尼并继续应用激素及环孢素控制,病情稳定。病例2单用激素控制HLH时出现激素撤减后病情再次加重,在激素未加量情况下联合芦可替尼后病情稳定,自行停用芦可替尼后出现发热,考虑HLH复发的可能性大,不除外合并感染。在HLH病情活动合并感染情况下,如不治疗HLH,仅抗感染治疗往往难以取得较好疗效。
综上所述,脂膜炎患者可出现HLH,两者在发病诱因、遗传学特点、临床症状、发病机制上有所重叠,芦可替尼治疗脂膜炎相关HLH是有效的,但需要依据具体病情合理用药并警惕感染的风险。
Funding Statement
中华国际医学交流基金会基金(Z-2018-40-2101)
Supported by the China International Medical Foundation (Z-2018-40-2101)
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