Abstract
目的
探讨肱骨近端锁定内固定系统(proximal humerus internal locking system,PHILOS)钢板结合肩袖加强缝合治疗肱骨近端Neer Ⅳ型骨折的临床效果。
方法
回顾分析2016年1月—2020年12月收治的48例肱骨近端骨折患者临床资料,其中男18例,女30例;年龄28~69岁,平均56.3岁。致伤原因:摔伤39例,交通事故伤9例。受伤至手术时间2~5 d,平均2.8 d。均为完全移位的肱骨近端Neer Ⅳ型粉碎骨折,其中合并脱位11例。患者均在解剖复位大结节后,用PHILOS钢板行内固定,然后将肩袖缝合于钢板上以加强固定。记录手术时间,观察切口愈合、骨折愈合及并发症发生情况。术前、术后3个月、末次随访时采用疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)、Constant-Murley肩关节评分、美国加州大学洛杉矶分校(UCLA)评分、美国肩肘外科协会(ASES)评分评估肩关节功能。
结果
手术时间65~90 min,平均76.9 min。术后切口均Ⅰ期愈合。48例均获随访,随访时间9~16个月,平均12个月。骨折复位良好并且均正常愈合,愈合时间2~6个月,平均4.6个月。随访期间患者均未出现肩峰下撞击、骨块再移位、螺钉切出等并发症;1例患者发生肱骨头坏死,但肩关节基本功能尚可,症状较轻,未行处理。术后3个月患者基本恢复上肢功能,术后3个月及末次随访时VAS评分、Constant-Murley评分、UCLA评分、ASES评分均较术前显著改善,末次随访时较术后3个月进一步改善,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。
结论
PHILOS钢板结合肩袖加强缝合治疗肱骨近端Neer Ⅳ型骨折,有利于患者术后早期康复功能锻炼,提高术后肩关节功能,减少并发症的发生。
Keywords: 肱骨近端骨折, 肱骨大结节, 肩袖, 内固定
Abstract
Objective
To investigate the effectiveness of proximal humerus internal locking system (PHILOS) plate combined with rotator cuff reinforcement suture in the treatment of Neer type Ⅳ proximal humerus fracture.
Methods
The clinical data of 48 patients with proximal humeral fractures admitted between January 2016 and December 2020 were retrospectively analyzed, including 18 males and 30 females. The age ranged from 28 to 69 years (mean, 56.3 years). The causes of injury included falling in 39 cases and traffic accident in 9 cases. The time from injury to operation was 2-5 days (mean, 2.8 days). All of them were Neer type Ⅳ proximal humerus fractures, including 11 patients with dislocation. All patients underwent internal fixation with a PHILOS plate after anatomical reduction of the greater nodule, and the rotator cuff was sutured to the plate to reinforce fixation. The operation time was recorded, the wound healing, fracture healing, and complications were observed. The visual analogue scale (VAS) score, Constant-Murley shoulder score, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) score, and American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score were used to evaluate shoulder function before operation, at 3 months after operation, and at last follow-up.
Results
The operation time ranged from 65 to 90 minutes (mean, 76.9 minutes). All incisions healed by first intention. All patients were followed up 9-16 months (mean, 12 months). Fracture reduction was good and all fractures healed, the healing time was 2-6 months (mean, 4.6 months). There was no complication such as subacromial impingement, fracture redisplacement, and screw removal during follow-up. One patient had humeral head necrosis, but the basic function of the shoulder joint was acceptable, the symptoms were mild, and no treatment was performed. At 3 months after operation, the upper limb function of the patients basically recovered. The VAS score, Constant-Murley score, UCLA score, and ASES score significantly improved at 3 months after operation and at last follow-up when compared with preoperative, and further improved at last follow-up than at 3 months after operation (P<0.05).
Conclusion
PHILOS plate combined with rotator cuff reinforcement suture in the treatment of Neer type Ⅳ proximal humerus fracture has the advantages of promoting early postoperative rehabilitation exercise, improving postoperative function of shoulder joint, and reducing complications.
Keywords: Proximal humeral fracture, greater tuberosity of humerus, rotator cuff, internal fixation
肱骨近端骨折是指肱骨大结节基底及以上部位骨折,占全身骨折的4%~5%[1-2],青壮年患者多由极速运动或外伤暴力所致。肱骨近端骨折无移位或轻度移位的患者可采用非手术治疗,对于Neer Ⅳ型严重粉碎骨折患者,若需获得较好肩关节功能,必须行手术治疗。目前主要有内固定保肩治疗与关节置换两种手术方案[3-5],考虑到关节置换术后并发症,如假体周围骨折、假体松动、肩胛盂磨损等[6],临床上更倾向于选择钢板内固定保肩治疗,尤其适用于较年轻骨折患者。但对于复杂肱骨近端4部分骨折,行钢板内固定治疗时易发生骨折难以复位、术后骨折再移位等情况,影响患者术后肩关节功能。故如何实现精准复位及预防早期功能锻炼时因肩袖牵拉导致的骨折再移位,引起了越来越多骨科医生关注。现回顾分析2016年1月—2020年12月我们收治的48例肱骨近端Neer Ⅳ型骨折患者临床资料,术中均精准复位大结节,利用肱骨近端锁定内固定系统(proximal humerus internal locking system,PHILOS)钢板固定后再对肩袖加强缝合,取得了满意临床疗效。报告如下。
1. 临床资料
1.1. 一般资料
纳入标准:① 肱骨近端Neer Ⅳ型骨折或合并脱位;② 年龄25~70岁。排除标准:① 合并不可修复的巨大肩袖撕裂;② 合并严重肱骨骨性关节病或严重肱骨头坏死;③ 合并颈椎病、重症肌无力等其他影响肩关节功能评分的疾病。
本组男18例,女30例;年龄28~69岁,平均56.3岁。左侧19例,右侧29例。致伤原因:摔伤39例,交通事故伤9例。所有患者术前均行X线片、CT等检查,均为完全移位的肱骨近端Neer Ⅳ型粉碎骨折,其中合并脱位11例。受伤至手术时间2~5 d,平均2.8 d。
1.2. 手术方法
患者于全身麻醉加臂丛阻滞麻醉后,取平卧位,患侧肩下垫枕以抬高肩关节。常规消毒、铺巾,手术切口始于肩锁关节前上方,沿锁骨向内侧走行,随后沿三角肌向远端延伸,长度10~15 cm;切开皮肤、皮下组织及深筋膜等,于三角肌前缘钝性分离三角肌。
首先寻找移位的大结节,由于骨折后的大结节受附着其上的冈上肌、冈下肌等牵拉,一般情况下均位于肩关节后上方。接着将大结节牵拉至前方,用布巾钳钳夹冈上肌附着大结节处稍上方,应避免直接钳夹大结节,以免引起大结节再骨折;此时牵引保持肩袖张力,在冈上肌前缘打开肩关节囊并清除关节腔内碎骨块和血凝块等;生理盐水冲洗后,复位肱骨头,然后解剖复位大结节,并用克氏针临时固定,再通过大结节骨块远端寻找肱骨近端骨缺损进行复位(图1a)。如肱骨头下方干骺端空隙较大,可选用自体骨或人工骨材料填充(本组6例)。透视复位满意后,选择规格合适的PHILOS钢板(强生公司,美国)置于肱骨头外侧距肱骨大结节上缘5~8 mm并位于结节间沟外侧2~4 mm。于锁定板滑动孔植入1枚拉力螺钉,透视并微调钢板位置至满意后,在近端植入4~5枚、远端3~4枚锁定钉;然后采用不可吸收强力缝线(双固定螺钉系统;施乐辉公司,美国),在肱骨大、小结节骨块处肩袖肌腱附着点上方约0.5 cm进行缝合,采用“8”字缝合法以确保牢固缝合肩袖组织;然后将缝线打结固定于钢板的缝合孔上,从而增加缝线对肩袖内翻应力的抵抗(图1b)。去除临时固定克氏针,再次透视确认螺钉植入适当。被动活动肩关节以确认骨折端稳定,冲洗切口并逐层缝合。
图 1.
Schematic illustration of intraoperative operation
术中操作示意图
a. 肱骨大结节及肱骨头与肱骨近端术中复位;b. 术中肩袖加强缝合
a. Intraoperative operation reduction of the greater humeral tuberosity and the humeral head and proximal humerus; b. Intraoperative enhanced rotator cuff suture
1.3. 术后处理及疗效观测指标
术后三角巾悬吊患肢4~6周。麻醉清醒后患者可行手、腕、肘主动活动,术后3 d即可行肩关节被动外展和前伸活动。术后4周复查X线片,开始肩关节主、被动功能训练,如患肢外旋、外展、前伸、后伸等;术后3个月可负重3 kg进行功能康复锻炼,定期骨科门诊随访复查。
记录手术时间,观察切口愈合、骨折愈合及并发症发生情况。术前、术后3个月、末次随访时采用疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)、Constant-Murley肩关节评分、美国加州大学洛杉矶分校(UCLA)评分、美国肩肘外科协会(ASES)评分评估肩关节功能[7-9]。
1.4. 统计学方法
采用SPSS20.0统计软件进行分析。计量资料经正态性检验符合正态分布,数据以均数±标准差表示,手术前后各时间点比较采用单因素重复测量方差分析,两两比较采用LSD检验;检验水准α=0.05。
2. 结果
本组患者手术时间65~90 min,平均76.9 min。术后切口均Ⅰ期愈合。48例均获随访,随访时间9~16个月,平均12个月。骨折复位良好并且均愈合,愈合时间2~6个月,平均4.6个月。随访期间患者均未出现肩峰下撞击、骨块再移位、螺钉切出等并发症;1例患者发生肱骨头坏死,但肩关节基本功能尚可,症状较轻,未行处理。术后3个月患者基本恢复上肢功能,术后3个月及末次随访时VAS评分、Constant-Murley、UCLA评分、ASES评分均较术前显著改善,末次随访时较术后3个月进步一改善,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表1,图2。
表 1.
Comparison of functional scores between pre- and post-operation (n=48,
)
患者手术前后各时间点各功能评分比较(n=48,
)
| 时间 Time |
VAS评分 VAS score |
Constant-Murley评分 Constant-Murley score |
UCLA评分 UCLA score |
ASES评分 ASES score |
|
*与术前比较P<0.05,#与术后3个月比较P<0.05 *Compared with preoperative value, P<0.05; #compared with postoperative value at 3 months, P<0.05 | ||||
| 术前 Preoperative |
6.9±0.9# | 44.6±1.9# | 15.5±2.4# | 37.6±1.1# |
| 术后3个月 Postoperative at 3 months |
2.4±1.2* | 72.2±4.2* | 28.7±1.4* | 73.0±3.6* |
| 末次随访 Last follow-up |
1.5±0.8*# | 77.1±3.0*# | 30.7±1.2*# | 78.3±3.4*# |
| 统计值 Statistic |
F=696.200 P<0.001 |
F=1 987.000 P<0.001 |
F=1 217.000 P<0.001 |
F=3 825.000 P<0.001 |
图 2.
A 45-year-old male patient with Neer type Ⅳ fracture and dislocation of the proximal left humerus caused by traffic accident
患者,男,45岁,交通事故伤致左侧肱骨近端Neer Ⅳ型骨折合并脱位
a~c. 术前肩关节CT及正位X线片;d. 术中精准复位大结节后植入PHILOS钢板,将肩袖加强缝合于钢板上;e. 术后3 d正位X线片示骨折复位良好,大结节在位;f. 术后3个月正位X线片示骨折基本愈合,无骨块再移位、螺钉切出、肱骨头坏死;g. 术后13个月正位X线片示骨折线不可见,无螺钉切出、肱骨头坏死;h. 术后16个月去除内固定装置后正位X线片;i~l. 术后17个月(去除内固定装置后1个月)肩关节活动度可
a-c. Preoperative CT and anteroposterior X-ray film of shoulder joint; d. The PHILOS plate was implanted after accurate reduction of the greater tuberosity during operation, and the rotator cuff was reinforced and sutured on the plate; e. Anteroposterior X-ray film at 3 days after operation showed good fracture reduction and presence of greater tuberosity; f. Anteroposterior X-ray film at 3 months after operation showed that the fracture almost healed, without fracture redisplacement, screw cutting, humeral head necrosis, and other complications; g. Anteroposterior X-ray film at 13 months after operation showed that the fracture line was not visible, without screw cutting, humeral head necrosis, and other complications; h. Anteroposterior X-ray film after removal of internal fixator at 16 months after operation; i-l. The range of shoulder motion was acceptable at 17 months after operation (1 month after removal of internal fixator)

3. 讨论
肱骨近端Neer Ⅳ型骨折因骨折粉碎严重,复位固定困难,处理相当棘手。既往常用治疗方法包括钢板内固定、肩关节置换、肱骨头切除等。随着生活水平提高,人们对于运动康复理念认知逐渐加深,患者对术后肩关节功能要求越来越高。虽然不少文献报道肱骨头置换、反式肩关节置换治疗老年肱骨近端Neer Ⅳ型骨折疗效尚可[10-13],但是针对相对年轻的患者,无论从个人意愿还是考虑到关节置换术后并发症情况,医生更倾向于采用PHILOS钢板内固定保肩治疗。由于此类患者为严重粉碎骨折甚至合并肱骨头脱位,既往报道内固定治疗疗效并不令人满意[14]。近年来,我们主张针对肱骨近端Neer Ⅳ型骨折行内固定治疗时首先精准复位大结节,然后在PHILOS钢板内固定后再将肩袖加强缝合于钢板上,术后疗效满意。本组48例患者术后均未发生骨折再移位、螺钉切出、肩峰下撞击等并发症,且术后肩关节功能恢复良好。
3.1. 本术式在内固定治疗中的优势
肱骨近端Neer Ⅳ型骨折为严重粉碎骨折,复位及有效固定难度较大[15]。因此,我们认为肱骨大结节精准复位及内固定后肩袖加强缝合主要优势在于:① 大结节骨块精准复位后,恢复了肱骨近端正常力学结构及肱骨头高度,而且在手术过程中,复位的大结节可以作为解剖参考点,有利于术中对其他骨块进行解剖复位。② 肩袖加强缝合后既有利于降低大结节张力,防止术后功能锻炼大结节切割,又有利于维持大、小结节复位,增强肩关节稳定性,便于早期康复功能锻炼。③ 最大限度地保留了患者肩关节功能,这一点对于相对年轻的患者尤为重要。本组48例患者均保留了完整的肩关节功能,术后3个月随访时疗效满意,基本恢复正常功能;末次随访时Constant-Murley肩关节评分、UCLA评分、ASES评分及VAS评分较术后3个月进一步改善。
3.2. 本术式的适应证及局限性
保肩治疗的手术适应证包括:① 非手术治疗无效的Neer Ⅱ、Ⅲ型肱骨近端骨折;② 年龄相对年轻,保留肩关节意愿较为强烈的Neer Ⅳ型肱骨近端骨折患者。然而内固定治疗也有局限性,即肩关节功能的恢复仍有赖于肩袖组织的质量。对于存在肩袖退变情况者,术前行MRI检查,若是肩袖部分撕裂,可在术中对肩袖进行修补,刘敬锋等[16]对此类患者长期随访显示均获得满意效果。若是肩袖严重退变合并不可修复的巨大肩袖撕裂或合并肱骨头骨性关节病、肱骨头坏死者,此术式效果不佳,患者术后肩关节功能不能满足日常生活要求,这时往往需行反式肩关节置换[17]。本组48例患者均无不可修复的巨大肩袖撕裂、肱骨头骨性关节病、肱骨头坏死,且平均年龄56.3岁,相对年轻,是PHILOS钢板内固定保肩治疗的最佳适应证,术后取得了满意效果。
3.3. 手术操作要点
① 内固定手术成败的关键在于能否精准找到大结节并进行解剖复位。肱骨大、小结节是肩袖组织附着点,肱骨近端发生骨折后,肩袖附着点骨块会被肩袖牵拉移位。所以术中应先从肩关节后外上方寻找被冈上肌、冈下肌、小圆肌牵拉至后上方的大结节,然后用布巾钳钳夹冈上肌附着大结节处稍上方,避免直接钳夹大结节,以免引起大结节再骨折。复位时应尽可能将大结节进行精准复位,以此维持肩袖的有效张力。同时在复位肱骨头时,移位的肱骨头可直接复位,而外展嵌插的肱骨头需先将其抬起,复位后若存在较大空隙,可行自体骨或人工骨材料填充以加强稳定性。② 肩袖加强缝合非常重要,PHILOS钢板固定骨块后,在肱骨大、小结节骨块的肩袖附着点处上方约0.5 cm缝合肩袖,采用“8”字缝合以确保牢固缝合肩袖组织,然后将缝线打结固定在钢板缝合孔上,至少打4个结以上,从而增加缝线对于肩袖内翻应力的抵抗,使其对大结节骨块起到加强稳定的作用,对骨折早期愈合及患者早期康复锻炼有重要意义,能减少大结节骨块再移位、螺钉切出等并发症的发生。③ 关于术后可能并发肱骨头坏死问题,我们分析可能与骨折时或手术过程中损伤肱骨头动脉血供有关。肱骨头血供主要来自旋肱前动脉和旋肱后动脉,但是个体差异较大[18],术中应注意尽量避免损伤位于肱二头肌长头腱附近的旋肱前动脉及其前外侧支。本组1例发生肱骨头坏死,但患者症状较轻,肩关节功能活动尚可。
综上述,肱骨大结节解剖复位及肩袖加强缝合是肱骨近端Neer Ⅳ型骨折PHILOS钢板内固定保肩治疗成功的关键,有利于早期功能锻炼,降低术后并发症,促进肩关节功能恢复,尤其适用于相对年轻的患者。但本研究样本量和随访时间有限,对于术后患者肱骨头坏死的评价缺乏一定客观性,今后将加大此类患者的资料收集并进行更长时间随访,评估该手术方式的临床疗效。
利益冲突 在课题研究和文章撰写过程中不存在利益冲突
伦理声明 研究方案获南通大学附属医院医学伦理委员会批准(2022-K072-01);患者均知情同意
作者贡献声明 马金权:参与研究设计、统计分析及论文撰写;倪颖辰、陈民浩、张维东:数据采集;徐华:手术技术支持;王友华:研究设计,对文章的知识性内容作批评性审阅及文章修改
References
- 1.周道斌, 宁仁德, 方闰, 等 可吸收线缝合肩袖骨块技术辅助PHILOS钢板治疗肱骨近端粉碎性骨折的早期疗效. 创伤外科杂志. 2021;23(10):728–733. [Google Scholar]
- 2.Wendt KW, Jaeger M, Verbruggen J, et al ESTES recommendations on proximal humerus fractures in the elderly. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg. 2021;47(2):381–395. doi: 10.1007/s00068-020-01437-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 3.Yahuaca BI, Simon P, Christmas KN, et al Acute surgical management of proximal humerus fractures: ORIF vs. hemiarthroplasty vs. reverse shoulder arthroplasty. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2020;29(7S):S32–S40. doi: 10.1016/j.jse.2019.10.012. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 4.Robinson CM, Stirling PHC, Goudie EB, et al Complications and long-term outcomes of open reduction and plate fixation of proximal humeral fractures. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 2019;101(23):2129–2139. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.19.00595. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 5.刘国浚, 丁真奇, 汤育森, 等 锁定钢板治疗肱骨近端Neer三、四部分骨折. 临床骨科杂志. 2020;23(4):540–542. [Google Scholar]
- 6.代飞, 东靖眀, 杨金松, 等 反肩与半肩关节置换术治疗老年肱骨近端三或四部分骨折的临床疗效比较. 中华骨科杂志. 2022;42(4):204–212. [Google Scholar]
- 7.Buchbinder R, Ramiro S, Huang H, et al. Measures of adult shoulder function. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken), 2020, 72 Suppl 10: 250-293.
- 8.Petros RSB, Ribeiro FR, Tenor AC, et al Proximal humerus fracture with locking plate: Functional and radiographic results. Acta Ortop Bras. 2019;27(3):164–168. doi: 10.1590/1413-785220192703142049. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 9.Xu S, Chen JY, Hao Y, et al Threshold scores for treatment success after arthroscopic Bankart repair using Oxford Shoulder Instability Score, Constant-Murley Score, and UCLA shoulder score. J Orthop. 2020;22:242–245. doi: 10.1016/j.jor.2020.05.001. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 10.Fraser AN, Bjørdal J, Wagle TM, et al Reverse shoulder arthroplasty is superior to plate fixation at 2 years for displaced proximal humeral fractures in the elderly: A multicenter randomized controlled trial. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 2020;102(6):477–485. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.19.01071. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 11.Mata-Fink A, Meinke M, Jones C, et al Reverse shoulder arthroplasty for treatment of proximal humeral fractures in older adults: a systematic review. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2013;22(12):1737–1748. doi: 10.1016/j.jse.2013.08.021. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 12.Tian X, Xiang M, Wang G, et al Treatment of complex proximal humeral fractures in the elderly with reverse shoulder arthroplasty. Orthop Surg. 2020;12(5):1372–1379. doi: 10.1111/os.12777. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 13.Lopiz Y, Alcobía-Díaz B, Galán-Olleros M, et al Reverse shoulder arthroplasty versus nonoperative treatment for 3- or 4-part proximal humeral fractures in elderly patients: a prospective randomized controlled trial. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2019;28(12):2259–2271. doi: 10.1016/j.jse.2019.06.024. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 14.程邦君, 黄燕峰, 罗轶, 等 两种手术方法治疗NeerⅢ型肱骨近端骨折的临床研究. 中华肩肘外科电子杂志. 2021;9(4):335–340. [Google Scholar]
- 15.刘涛, 牛国旗, 王志焘, 等 锁定钢板内固定联合内侧柱支撑螺钉与缝线技术治疗NeerⅢ、Ⅳ型肱骨近端骨折. 中国骨与关节损伤杂志. 2021;36(7):753–755. [Google Scholar]
- 16.刘敬锋, 庄澄宇, 叶庭均, 等 切开复位内固定Ⅰ期肩袖修补治疗肱骨近端骨折合并肩袖撕裂的长期疗效分析. 中华创伤杂志. 2021;37(4):305–310. [Google Scholar]
- 17.Jarrett CD, Brown BT, Schmidt CC Reverse shoulder arthroplasty. Orthop Clin North Am. 2013;44(3):389–408. doi: 10.1016/j.ocl.2013.03.010. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 18.Keough N, Lorke DE The humeral head: A review of the blood supply and possible link to osteonecrosis following rotator cuff repair. J Anat. 2021;239(5):973–982. doi: 10.1111/joa.13496. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

