Abstract
目的
采用前瞻性研究,探讨颈后路椎板切除减压联合侧块螺钉内固定植骨融合术中,应用不同剂量氨甲环酸(tranexamic acid,TXA)的安全性和有效性。
方法
以2020年1月—2022年1月,因脊髓型颈椎病拟行颈后路椎板切除减压联合侧块螺钉内固定植骨融合术的中老年患者为研究对象,其中165例符合选择标准纳入研究。采用随机双盲抽签法分为3组(n=55),A、B组分别按照15、30 mg/kg标准于术前30 min静脉滴注TXA,C组同法给予生理盐水。3组患者性别、年龄、身体质量指数以及术前D-二聚体、血红蛋白(hemoglobin,Hb)、红细胞压积(hematocrit,HCT)比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。比较3组术中出血量、术中输血量、术后引流量、引流时间(术毕至引流管拔除时间)及术后住院时间,术前及术后3 d Hb、HCT、D-二聚体。术后行下肢静脉彩色超声检查评估血栓形成情况,观察术后血肿及癫痫发生情况。
结果
3组手术均顺利完成,术后切口Ⅰ期愈合。3组术中出血量以及术后引流量、引流时间、术后住院时间比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),B组均明显少于A、C组。术中A组14例、C组23例输血,B组无患者输血;B组输血量少于A、C组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),A、C组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。3组D-二聚体、Hb及HCT手术前后差值比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。术后5 d下肢静脉彩色超声检查示,3组各2例出现肌间静脉血栓。3组术后均无血肿及癫痫发生。
结论
在颈后路椎板切除减压联合侧块螺钉内固定植骨融合术中,应用15、30 mg/kg TXA均可达到减少术中出血量、术后引流量及引流时间、术后住院时间的效果,其中30 mg/kg TXA可以有效减少术中输血量,且不增加下肢静脉血栓形成、术后血肿及癫痫等并发症发生风险。
Keywords: 氨甲环酸, 椎板切除术, 颈后路手术, 安全性, 有效性
Abstract
Objective
To investigate the safety and efficacy of different doses of tranexamic acid (TXA) in posterior cervical laminectomy with lateral mass screw fixation and bone graft fusion by a prospective clinical study.
Methods
The middle-aged and elderly patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy, who were admitted between January 2020 and January 2022 and scheduled to undergo posterior cervical laminectomy with lateral mass screw fixation and bone graft fusion, were studied as the research subjects. Among them, 165 patients met the selection criteria and were included in the study. The patients were allocated into 3 groups (n=55) by random double-blind lottery. Groups A and B were given intravenous infusion of TXA at 30 minutes before operation according to the standards of 15 and 30 mg/kg, respectively; and group C was given normal saline in the same way. There was no significant difference in gender, age, body mass index, and preoperative D-dimer, hemoglobin (Hb), and hematocrit (HCT) between groups (P>0.05). The intraoperative bleeding, intraoperative blood transfusion, postoperative drainage volume, drainage days, and postoperative hospital stay were recorded. The Hb, HCT, and D-dimer were compared before operation and at 3 days after operation. Venous ultrasonography of the lower extremities was taken after operation to assess thrombosis; and the postoperative hematoma and epilepsy were also observed.
Results
All operations were successfully completed, and the incisions healed by first intention. The differences in intraoperative bleeding volume, postoperative drainage volume, drainage days, and postoperative hospital stay between groups were significant (P<0.05). The above indexes were significantly less in group B than in groups A and C. During operation, 14 patients in group A and 23 patients in group C were transfused, and no patient in group B had blood transfusions. Compared with groups A and C, the blood transfusion volume in group B significantly decreased (P<0.05), and the difference between groups A and C was not significant (P>0.05). There was no significant difference in the differences of D-dimer, Hb, and HCT before and after operation between groups (P>0.05). At 5 days after operation, the venous ultrasonography of the lower extremities showed that the 2 cases of intermuscular venous thrombosis occurred in groups A, B, and C, respectively. No hematoma or epilepsy occurred after operation.
Conclusion
The application of 15 and 30 mg/kg TXA in posterior cervical laminectomy with lateral mass screw fixation and bone graft fusion can reduce intraoperative bleeding and postoperative drainage volume, postoperative drainage days, and postoperative hospital stay. And application of 30 mg/kg TXA can reduce intraoperative blood transfusion, without increasing the risk of lower extremity venous thrombosis, hematoma, and epilepsy.
Keywords: Tranexamic acid, laminectomy, posterior cervical surgery, safety, efficacy
随着我国人口老龄化,中老年颈椎病患者与日俱增,对于保守治疗无效或者脊髓型颈椎病患者,最终解决办法多为手术。颈后路椎板切除减压、侧块螺钉内固定植骨融合术常用于治疗高龄以及存在多节段椎管狭窄、颈椎后纵韧带骨化症、颈椎不稳、黄韧带骨化等问题的颈椎病患者[1-3]。虽然,目前通过采取后正中切口、骨膜下剥离等措施,减少颈后路手术静脉出血,但由于切口较长,需要剥离较多椎旁肌,显露侧块时存在损伤小关节侧缘节段动脉等因素,术中出血仍较多,中老年患者手术风险增高,不利于术后康复。因此,如何减少术中出血量、输血量、引流量,缩短术后住院时间,是脊柱外科医师关注的问题。
氨甲环酸(tranexamic acid,TXA)是一种人工合成的抗纤维蛋白溶解剂,具有抗纤溶和止血的作用。目前,临床已将其用于关节手术及腰椎手术,结果显示可以减少围术期出血量,且不增加血栓形成风险[4-5]。Johnson等[6]研究显示脊柱侧弯手术中高剂量TXA(25~50 mg/kg)减少出血作用较低剂量TXA(10~20 mg/kg)更明显。但目前对于中老年患者颈后路手术中TXA使用的研究较少,为此我们采用前瞻性随机对照研究,评估不同剂量TXA在颈后路椎板切除减压联合侧块螺钉内固定植骨融合术中使用的安全性和有效性。报告如下。
1. 临床资料
1.1. 一般资料
纳入标准:① 结合患者症状、体征以及影像学检查确诊为脊髓型颈椎病;② 拟行颈后路椎板切除减压联合侧块螺钉内固定植骨融合术;③ 手术节段C3~7;④ 年龄≥50岁;⑤ 身体质量指数(body mass index,BMI)≤30 kg/m2 [7];⑥ 患者知情同意并自愿参加试验。
排除标准:① 需行颈椎前后路联合手术;② 存在出血性疾病;③ 长期服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷、替格瑞洛等影响出血及凝血的药物;④ 存在动、静脉血栓病史;⑤ 瘫痪卧床无法测量BMI;⑥ 肾功能不全甚至衰竭;⑦ 恶性肿瘤病史;⑧ 术中出现脑脊液漏。
2020年1月—2022年1月,天津市人民医院脊柱外科收治236例因脊髓型颈椎病需手术患者,其中165例符合选择标准纳入研究。采用随机双盲抽签法,将患者分为TXA 15 mg/kg组(A组,n=55)、TXA 30 mg/kg组(B组,n=55)和对照组(C组,n=55)。3组患者性别、年龄、BMI以及术前D-二聚体、血红蛋白(hemoglobin,Hb)、红细胞压积(hematocrit,HCT)比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表1、2。
表 1.
Comparison of general data of patients between groups (n=55)
3组患者一般资料比较(n=55)
| 项目 Item |
A组 Group A |
B组 Group B |
C组 Group C |
统计值 Statistic |
| 年龄(岁) | 62.76±5.83 | 62.34±7.02 | 63.65±7.45 |
F=0.531 P=0.589 |
| 性别 | χ2=0.054 | |||
| 男 | 36 | 36 | 37 | P=0.973 |
| 女 | 19 | 19 | 18 | |
| BMI (kg/m2) |
25.39 (22.58,27.39) |
25.95 (22.98,27.85) |
26.21 (23.05,28.08) |
H=1.624 P=0.444 |
表 2.
Comparison of efficacy evaluation indexes between groups (n=55)
3组疗效评价指标比较(n=55)
| 项目 Item |
A组 Group A |
B组 Group B |
C组 Group C |
统计值 Statistic |
| 术中出血量(mL) | 300(200,400) | 200(200,200) | 300(300,400) |
H=62.068 P<0.001 |
| 术中输血量(mL) | 0(0,200) | 0(0,0) | 0(0,200) |
H=27.605 P<0.001 |
| 术后引流量(mL) | 380.0(310.0,460.0) | 295.0(225.0,360.0) | 525.0(420.0,665.0) |
H=75.721 P<0.001 |
| 术后引流时间(d) | 4(4,5) | 4(3,5) | 5(5,6) |
H=38.367 P<0.001 |
| 术后住院时间(d) | 8(7,10) | 7(6,8) | 9(8,10) |
H=47.672 P<0.001 |
| D-二聚体 | ||||
| 术前 | 0.46(0.32,0.80) | 0.44(0.30,0.64) | 0.41(0.32,0.58) |
H=1.413 P=0.493 |
| 术后3 d | 1.00(0.70,1.68) | 1.03(0.78,2.46) | 1.04(0.81,2.47) | — |
| 差值 | 0.50(0.23,0.77) | 0.64(0.29,1.54) | 0.65(0.32,1.92) |
H=4.852 P=0.088 |
| Hb(g/L) | ||||
| 术前 | 141.00(126.00,148.00) | 140.00(127.00,151.00) | 139.00(129.00,150.00) |
H=0.487 P=0.784 |
| 术后3 d | 127.00(113.00,146.00) | 122.00(105.00,145.00) | 121.00(116.00,149.00) | — |
| 差值 | 16.00(9.00,23.00) | 16.00(8.00,23.00) | 18.00(14.00,25.00) |
H=3.126 P=0.209 |
| HCT(%) | ||||
| 术前 | 40.90(37.50,43.50) | 41.80(37.80,44.90) | 41.60(38.50,43.20) |
H=1.181 P=0.554 |
| 术后3 d | 35.90(33.40,38.70) | 36.70(33.20,40.10) | 35.20(33.50,37.10) | — |
| 差值 | 4.90(2.60,6.40) | 4.80(2.10,7.10) | 5.60(3.70,7.40) |
H=3.495 P=0.174 |
1.2. 手术方法
3组手术均由同一组医生完成,手术方法一致。A、B组术前30 min将相应剂量TXA(扬子江药业集团南京海陵药业有限公司)稀释至500 mL生理盐水中,静脉滴注,每分钟40~60滴;C组同法静脉滴注500 mL生理盐水。
全身麻醉下,患者取俯卧位,头部以三钉头部固定器固定,身下垫枕,颈部轻度后伸位固定。C2~7后正中画线标记切口长度。颈背部皮肤常规消毒、铺巾,沿预计切口依次切开皮肤、皮下组织和深筋膜,电凝止血,电刀继续切开项韧带,于双侧头夹肌之间切至棘上。电刀紧贴棘突切断双侧软组织附着点,并作骨膜下钝性剥离,显露C3~7椎板至双侧小关节突外侧,填塞纱布止血,上深部撑开器。手术节段定位满意后,于C2~3、C7~T1水平切断棘上韧带、棘间韧带及黄韧带,磨钻标记侧块螺钉入口位置,丝椎套扣,于C3~7双侧植入侧块螺钉。用尖嘴咬骨钳及磨钻,沿C3~7双侧关节突复合体内侧椎板-关节突交界部位各开1个骨槽,一侧保留内侧骨皮质,对侧小心咬透椎板或使用磨钻磨透椎板,椎板向保留骨皮质侧掀开去除,在掀开过程中分离硬膜与椎板内壁之间的粘连。进一步行相应椎间孔减压,覆盖凝胶海绵,取长度合适的钛棒弯曲至合适弧度后置于螺钉尾端,拧紧尾帽。使用磨钻将关节突关节和侧块去皮质化,采用术中切取的棘突及椎板进行自体骨植骨,覆盖凝胶海绵。切口内置2根负压引流管后逐层缝合。
1.3. 围术期处理
3组术前、术中及术后均未使用其他影响出血、凝血的药物。术中出血量≥400 mL时进行适量输血。术后常规护理,给予地塞米松、甘露醇脱水剂,待引流液性质正常且24 h引流量<50 mL后拔除引流管。术后第1天开始使用抗血栓弹力袜以及下肢间歇充气加压腿泵,嘱患者在床上活动下肢,以预防血栓形成。第1天即开始抬腿训练,第3天在颈部支具保护下可下床活动。患者一般术后1周内可出院。
1.4. 疗效评价指标
① 术中出血量、术中输血量以及术后引流量、引流时间(术毕至引流管拔除时间)、术后住院时间。② 术前及术后3 d Hb、HCT、D-二聚体。③ 术后5 d或患者术后出现下肢水肿、D-二聚体较高等情况时,行下肢静脉彩色超声检查,评估血栓形成情况;期间观察有无术后血肿、癫痫等情况发生。
1.5. 统计学方法
采用SPSS25.0统计软件进行分析。计量资料采用Kolmogorov-Smirnov检验行正态性检验,如服从正态分布,数据以均数±标准差表示,组间比较采用单因素方差分析,两两比较采用Bonferroni检验;如不服从正态分布,数据以M(Q1,Q3)表示,组间比较采用Kruskal-Wallis秩和检验;计数资料组间比较采用χ2检验。检验水准α=0.05。
2. 结果
3组手术均顺利完成,术后切口Ⅰ期愈合。3组术中出血量以及术后引流量、引流时间、术后住院时间比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);B组均明显少于A、C组。术中A组14例、C组23例输血,B组无患者输血;B组输血量少于A、C组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),A、C组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。3组D-二聚体、Hb及HCT手术前后差值比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表2。
术后5 d下肢静脉彩色多普勒超声检查示,3组各2例出现血栓形成,均为肌间静脉血栓;均经口服利伐沙班3个月后治愈。3组术后均未发现血肿及癫痫发生。
3. 讨论
TXA是通过竞争赖氨酸结合位点,抑制纤溶酶原、纤维蛋白溶解酶和组织型纤溶酶原激活物与纤溶蛋白结合,使纤溶蛋白不被纤溶酶降解,从而达到抗纤溶和止血的目的[8]。通过复习脊柱手术中使用TXA的相关文献[6, 9-11],我们总结TXA用量主要分为3个范围,小剂量10~20 mg/kg、中剂量25~50 mg/kg、大剂量50~100 mg/kg。因缺乏颈后路手术中使用大剂量TXA的报道,故本研究选择15 、30 mg/kg 两种剂量TXA进行安全性及有效性评估。
3.1. 安全性分析
2021年TXA被世界卫生组织(WHO)列为基本止血药物[9],建议使用TXA减少体外循环手术患者失血。下肢静脉血栓形成是TXA应用时临床关注的重点,Çavuşoğlu等[12]一项60例膝关节手术研究、Wong等[13]一项151例成人脊柱融合手术研究以及Shapiro等[14]的脊柱侧凸手术研究,结果均显示应用TXA不会增加下肢静脉血栓形成风险。本研究中, 3组术后均有2例患者出现下肢静脉血栓形成,均为肌间静脉血栓,发生率组间差异无统计学意义,经口服利伐沙班3个月后治愈。
有文献报道心脏手术中应用TXA后可能提高患者惊厥发生风险[15],TXA剂量50 mg/kg增加至100 mg/kg,惊厥发生率从0.5%~1.0%增加至6.4%~7.3%[16]。但目前大多数惊厥出现在开胸手术患者中,脊柱手术患者尚无相关报道,本研究也无相关并发症发生。Wong等[13]报道1例腰椎融合术患者使用TXA后出现心肌梗死;顾力军等[17]报道1例患者腰椎手术中在出现脑脊液漏情况下局部使用TXA后出现癫痫症状。Plaster等[18]报道1例患者脊柱融合术中使用TXA后出现过敏性休克。此外,TXA主要为肾脏代谢,Hui等[19]报道了肾功能不全患者使用TXA后癫痫发作。因此,我们认为脊柱手术中若出现硬膜破裂情况,尽量不再使用TXA;肾功能不全甚至衰竭患者不宜使用TXA。
本研究3组术后下肢静脉血栓形成以及术后血肿、癫痫发生情况差异均无统计学意义,提示在颈后路手术中使用15、30 mg/kg TXA 均安全。
3.2. 有效性分析
关于TXA在手术中的止血作用,学者们进行了大量研究。例如,Prieto等[20]指出术中使用TXA可有效减少人工膝关节置换术出血量及输血量;Goobie等[10]进行了一项包含111例青少年特发性脊柱侧弯患者的研究,结果显示应用TXA可以有效降低失血率及输血率;Ng等[21]的研究显示在成人脊柱侧弯手术中应用TXA能明显减少出血量;Zhang等[11]指出在脊柱转移瘤手术中应用TXA可以减少出血量及输血量。Grant等[22]研究提示脊柱手术中应用大剂量TXA可以减少输血量。Colomina等[5]研究发现脊柱手术中使用TXA不能减少输血量,但可能与使用剂量有关。本研究3组术中出血量差异有统计学意义,A、B组明显少于C组,B组明显少于A组,说明使用TXA可以明显减少术中出血,且30 mg/kg TXA止血作用更明显。术中A组14例、C组23例输血,而B组无患者输血,输血量明显低于A、C组,说明应用 30 mg/kg TXA有减少输血的作用。此外,上述研究对于输血量的结论不同,我们分析可能与输血处理标准不同有关。本组对术中出血量≥400 mL时均给予适量输血,主要基于术后引流期间存在出血考虑,贫血对患者术后康复有一定影响。3组术后引流量、引流时间及术后住院时间差异均有统计学意义,A、B组少于C组,B组少于A组,表明应用TXA可以减少术后引流量、引流时间和术后住院时间,而且 30 mg/kg TXA较15 mg/kg TXA作用更明显。
虽然3组出血量有差异,但Hb、HCT、D-二聚体手术前后差值差异均无统计学意义,考虑与本次研究中对于术中出血量≥400 mL患者均给予适量输血治疗有关。
综上述,颈后路椎板切除减压联合侧块螺钉内固定植骨融合术中应用15、30 mg/kg TXA均可减少术中出血量、术后引流量、缩短术后引流时间及住院时间,其中TXA 30 mg/kg 作用更明显,可以减少术中输血量,且不增加下肢静脉血栓形成、术后血肿及癫痫等风险,是安全、有效的方法。本研究样本量较小,未使用大剂量TXA且仅使用静脉注射给药方式,其临床应用价值有待进一步明确。
利益冲突 在课题研究和文章撰写过程中不存在利益冲突
伦理声明 研究方案经天津市人民医院医学伦理委员会批准(2022-B25)
作者贡献声明 马诗博:研究实施、文章撰写;孙雪飞、李凌博:统计学分析;谭昱波:数据收集整理;夏英鹏:研究设计、行政支持
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