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Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery logoLink to Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery
. 2022 Dec;36(12):1479–1484. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.7507/1002-1892.202208025

初次人工全膝关节置换术中不同髌骨处理方式的远期疗效

Long-term effectiveness of different patellar treatments in primary total knee arthroplasty

Junce JIA 1, Xisheng WENG 1,*
PMCID: PMC9763073  PMID: 36545855

Abstract

Objective

To compare the long-term effectiveness of patellar denervation by electrotomy combined with patellar replacement and patellar denervation by electrotomy alone in primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA).

Methods

A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of 30 patients treated with primary TKA of both knees between July 2013 and March 2015 who met the selection criteria. There were 11 males and 19 females, aged 56-79 years, with an average age of 67.6 years. One knee was randomly selected for patellar denervation by electrotomy combined with patellar replacement during TKA (combined group), while the other knee was treated with patellar denervation by electrotomy alone (control group). All patients adopted the same type of total knee prosthesis. After surgery, the patients were followed up regularly, and the occurrence of complications was recorded. The functions of the knee and patella were evaluated using the Knee Society Score (KSS) and Feller score, respectively. The position of the prosthesis, patella trajectory, and prosthesis loosening and wear were observed by imaging examination.

Results

All 30 patients were followed up 81.4-103.5 months, with an average of 90.4 months. The patellar thickness of the combined group ranged from 21 to 26 mm, with an average of 23.0 mm. The position of the prosthesis and patella trajectory in the combined group and the control group were good, without obvious loosening or wear. After operation, 2 sides (6.7%) in the combined group and 3 sides (10.0%) in the control group presented joint adhesion and poor activities. No complication such as lower limb deep vein thrombosis, aseptic fractures, and infections around the prosthesis occurred in both groups. At last follow-up, the KSS clinical score, KSS function score, and Feller score showed no significant difference between the two groups (P>0.05). According to the KSS score, 24 patients (80.0%) had no obvious preference for patellar denervation combined with patellar replacement, 3 patients (10.0%) preferred patellar replacement combined with patellar denervation, and 3 patients (10.0%) preferred no patellar replacement. Anterior knee pain occurred in 6 sides (20.0%) of both groups.

Conclusion

There is no significant difference in the long-term effectiveness between patellar denervation combined with patellar replacement and patellar denervation alone conducted in patients with knee osteoarthritis undergoing primary TKA.

Keywords: Total knee arthroplasty, complication, patellar denervation, patellar replacement


人工全膝关节置换术(total knee arthroplasty,TKA)是一种可有效缓解膝关节疼痛、纠正畸形、改善功能,进而提高膝关节骨关节炎、类风湿性关节炎等疾病患者生存质量的有效方法[1]。但TKA术后最常见并发症——膝前痛往往会严重影响患者生存质量。虽然因假体设计不断改进,膝前痛发生率逐年下降,但仍有5%~10%患者在TKA术后会出现膝前痛[2]

在20世纪70年代,纽约特种外科医院(HSS)最早在TKA术中行髌骨置换术,旨在通过改善髌股关节症状,降低术后膝前痛发生率,并取得了一定疗效[3]。但髌骨置换术后并发症也随之而来,如髌骨假体的磨损和松动、髌骨缺血性坏死、股四头肌肌腱和髌腱断裂、髌骨骨折等[4]。因为收益和风险之间具有不确定性且无法取得平衡,学术界对于在TKA术中是否行髌骨置换术仍有争议[5-8]。目前研究表明[9],TKA术中行髌骨去神经电切术能有效降低术后早、中期膝前痛发生率;但同时研究髌骨去神经电切术联合髌骨置换术对膝前痛影响的报道较少。现回顾分析2013年7月—2015年3月于我院行一期双膝初次TKA患者的临床资料,旨在对比初次TKA术中行髌骨去神经电切术联合髌骨置换术与单纯行髌骨去神经电切术的临床疗效。报告如下。

1. 临床资料

1.1. 一般资料

纳入标准:① 双膝晚期骨关节炎;② 行初次TKA;③ 一般髌骨截骨厚度为9 mm,要求截骨后髌骨厚度≥13 mm[10],因此双膝髌骨厚度均≥22 mm;④ TKA术中一侧行髌骨去神经电切术联合髌骨置换术,对侧单纯行髌骨去神经电切术。排除标准:① 胫骨高位截骨或股骨远端截骨手术史;② 既往有伸膝装置损伤;③ 膝关节感染或骨髓炎病史;④ 任何严重限制行走能力及不适合随访的医疗残疾;⑤ 合并下肢其他关节的炎症性关节病;⑥ 膝关节严重内外翻畸形;⑦ 无法耐受同期双侧TKA;⑧ 有严重呼吸或循环系统疾病。

2013年7月—2015年3月共48例患者符合选择标准,其中2例因死亡排除,2例分别因股骨颈骨折、腰椎管狭窄影响下肢行走,14例失访;最终研究纳入30例患者。本组男11例,女19例;年龄56~79岁,平均67.6岁。

1.2. 手术方法

所有手术均由同一位主任医师完成。患者采用全身麻醉,术中髌下脂肪垫均切除2/3以较好暴露胫骨近端。行胫骨和股骨截骨后,使用游标卡尺测量双膝髌骨厚度为22~27 mm,平均23.2 mm。随机选取一侧膝关节于TKA术中行髌骨去神经电切术联合髌骨置换术(联合组),对侧膝关节则仅行髌骨去神经电切术(对照组)。本研究均使用Genesis Ⅱ Hi-flexion假体系统(Smith & Nephew公司,美国);髌骨假体为高分子聚乙烯圆顶状内植物,带有3个固定钉。采用无拇指试验评估假体植入后髌股关节轨迹,当髌骨轨迹不佳时酌情修整髌骨或行外侧支持带松解。术后放置引流管。

1.3. 围术期处理及疗效评价指标

患者均采用相同围术期治疗方案,包括抗感染、预防下肢深静脉血栓形成和物理治疗。术后24 h后拔除引流管。患者术后均使用吗啡镇痛泵镇痛48 h,并口服非甾体抗炎药。康复方案包括股四头肌力量训练、膝关节主动与被动屈曲以及拄拐或助行器行走。

术前,术后3、6、12、24个月及3、7年定期随访,记录并发症发生情况,采用美国膝关节协会评分(KSS)和Feller评分[11]分别评估膝关节功能和髌骨功能。分别于术前,术后6、12、24个月及末次随访时摄双膝关节正、侧位及轴位X线片,观察假体位置、髌骨轨迹以及假体有无松动、磨损等情况。

1.4. 统计学方法

采用SPSS20.0统计软件进行分析。计量资料经正态性检验均符合正态分布,数据以均数±标准差表示,组间比较采用配对t检验;检验水准α=0.05。

2. 结果

术后30例患者均获随访,随访时间81.4~103.5个月,平均90.4个月。联合组患者置换后髌骨厚度为21~26 mm,平均23.0 mm。联合组和对照组假体位置及髌骨轨迹均良好,假体无明显松动、磨损表现。术后联合组2侧(6.7%)、对照组3侧(10.0%)出现关节粘连活动不佳,两组均无下肢深静脉血栓形成、假体周围无菌性骨折、感染等并发症发生。末次随访时,两组KSS临床评分、KSS功能评分以及Feller评分比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表1图1。根据术后KSS评分分析显示,24例(80.0%)对髌骨去神经电切术是否联合行髌骨置换术无明显偏好,3例(10.0%)倾向于联合行髌骨置换术治疗,3例(10.0%)倾向于不联合行髌骨置换术治疗。两组均有6侧(20.0%)发生膝前痛。

表 1.

Comparison of effectiveness scores between the two groups at last follow-up (n=30, Inline graphic)

末次随访时两组各疗效评分比较(n=30,Inline graphic

组别
Group
KSS临床评分
KSS clinical score
KSS功能评分
KSS function score
Feller评分
Feller score
联合组
Combination group
92.3±10.0 81.2±18.8 25.6±5.7
对照组
Control group
89.7±18.1 81.5±17.2 25.8±5.3
统计值
Statistic
t=0.688
P=0.495
t=−0.072
P=0.943
t=−0.187
P=0.852

图 1.

Anteroposterior, lateral, and axial X-ray films of a 76-year-old female patient with severe osteoarthritis in both knees underwent denervation of patella combined with patellar replacement in the right knee and denervation of patella alone in the left knee

患者,女,76岁,双膝晚期骨关节炎正侧位及轴位X线片,右膝行髌骨去神经电切术联合髌骨置换术,左膝仅行髌骨去神经电切术

a~c. 术前双膝关节骨质完整,骨皮质光滑、连续,骨小梁清晰,关节间隙明显狭窄,可见明显骨赘生成;d~f. 术后6 d假体和髌骨位置排列良好;g~i. 术后7年假体位置可

a-c. Preoperative views showed that the bone of both knee joints was intact, the bone cortex was smooth and continuous, the bone trabeculae was clear, the joint space was obviously narrow, and obvious osteophyte formation could be seen; d-f. The position of prosthesis and patella was well arranged at 6 days after operation; g-i. The position of prosthesis was acceptable at 7 years after operation

图 1

3. 讨论

膝前痛是TKA术后常见并发症之一,严重影响患者生活质量,但针对膝前痛的外科干预仍有许多亟待解决的问题。髌骨置换术是一种解决膝前痛的治疗方法,但存在髌骨假体松动磨损、髌骨骨折等并发症,困扰临床决策。尽管外科技术和材料设计的进步在一定程度上可以解决这些问题[12],但目前对于初次TKA术中是否行髌骨置换术仍存在争议。一部分研究认为TKA联合髌骨置换术可使患者获益,Ha等[13]的研究发现髌骨表面置换组患者术后KSS评分和Feller评分较非表面置换组显著改善;Migliorini等[14]通过对23个随机对照试验和8个非随机对照试验共4 132例数据进行Meta分析,结果表明在髌骨表面置换术后膝前痛和二次手术治疗发生率较低。然而另一部分研究则持不同观点,Raaij等[15]的40例随机对照临床试验表明,髌骨关节置换组与非置换组KSS评分无明显差异,这一观点得到了Grassi等[16]的支持;Roberts等[17]开展的一项前瞻随机双盲调查中,随访时间>10年的患者在膝关节活动度、KSS评分方面,髌骨置换组与非置换组差异均无统计学意义;同时有研究者[18-20]提出初次TKA术中行髌骨置换术与否,患者术后膝前痛差异无统计学意义;术后5年的功能结果、再手术率和总医疗费用均未因增加髌骨置换术而受到显著影响[21]

本研究结果显示,与单纯髌骨去神经电切术相比,联合髌骨置换术组在KSS临床评分、KSS功能评分和髌骨Feller评分方面差异均无统计学意义,提示不同的髌骨处理方式可能对患者关节活动度、稳定性以及功能等多方面影响并不显著。与单纯髌骨去神经电切术相比,髌骨去神经电切术联合髌骨置换术对于患者远期预后的影响更多体现在以下三方面。首先是髌骨置换术的适应证,选择术中是否行髌骨置换术不仅需要考虑髌骨厚度,还需要评估髌骨软骨磨损程度。目前大多数研究者[22]认为髌骨轨迹异常、严重髌骨软骨磨损等应行髌骨置换术;相反,如果髌骨过小则不适宜行髌骨置换术[22],对髌骨软骨轻、中度损伤的年轻膝关节骨关节炎患者或运动量较大的膝关节骨关节炎患者,均不建议行髌骨表面置换。此外,Feng等[23]的回顾性研究表明,在膝关节疼痛、功能、患者术后满意度等方面髌骨置换组优于未置换组,但两组美国特种外科医院(HSS)评分和髌骨评价差异则无统计学意义;但未置换组较容易出现髌骨半脱位。其次,需要考虑不同疾病对于患者远期预后的影响,如类风湿性膝关节炎患者髌骨相关并发症是膝关节骨关节炎患者的5.5倍以上[23]。因此,类风湿性膝关节炎患者TKA中应行髌骨置换术[24]。第三,术中评估对患者的远期预后也有一定影响。术中我们采用无拇指试验[25]评估髌股关节轨迹、有无髌骨弹响。既往研究[25]表明无拇指试验结果与髌股关节轨迹对膝前痛的改善有统计学意义,髌骨与股骨滑车完全贴合可有效减少膝前痛的发生。术中可依据无拇指试验髌骨轨迹情况酌情确定是否行髌骨置换术,但同样也要注意依据髌骨软骨损坏程度、髌骨大小厚薄等具体情况选用最适合的处理方法。因髌骨周围去神经电切术及髌骨成形术手术操作时间短,术后效果明显,均可改善术后膝前痛情况,因此目前我们于TKA术中常规行髌骨成形术和髌骨周围去神经电切术。最后,术者本身也是值得关注的原因之一。本研究所有手术均由同一位主任医师使用相同假体和手术器械,减小了因手术人员不同、假体不统一造成的影响;筛选的患者均确诊为双膝晚期骨关节炎,术后进行相同功能锻炼指导,减少了因患者个体差异引起的误差。

除了髌骨置换术外,一些非髌骨置换术也可有效减少术后膝前痛的发生。髌骨去神经电切术是通过使用电刀烧灼髌骨周围软组织,减少滑膜组织中的疼痛感受器,来降低TKA术后膝前痛发生和提高膝关节功能[26]。有研究发现髌骨周围去神经支配术后功能评分和疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)均明显优于未行髌骨周围去神经支配患者,这也说明髌骨周围去神经支配可提高术后膝关节功能,并减少膝前痛的发生[27]。一项包含了5项研究共计657例膝前痛患者的Meta分析结果[28]表明,与未行髌骨去神经支配相比,髌骨去神经支配可有效减少膝前痛发生、提高髌骨Feller评分、降低VAS评分。虽然有研究者[9]认为髌骨去神经支配术后能够短期内高效降低初次TKA术后膝前痛发生率,但术后12个月后髌骨去神经支配与否差异并无统计学意义。而Xie等[29]的研究指出即便如此,髌骨去神经支配是相对安全的,并未增加患者术后并发症[30],并且能获得良好的早期临床效果,因此应该提倡在TKA中使用髌骨去神经支配。2019年,Aït-Si-Selmi等[31]完成了一项包括167例(176膝)患者随访12个月的回顾性研究,结果表明在未行髌骨置换术情形下,如患者髌骨内侧关节面较大,TKA术后膝关节损伤与骨关节炎(KOOS)评分中疼痛、上台阶、下台阶评分较好,患者疼痛症状也得以改善。一项前瞻性研究[32]调查了30例行TKA的患者,采用术后关节镜检查髌骨与假体滑车的接触面积来评估髌股关节一致程度,并提出髌骨形态与髌骨匹配程度和髌股关节压力等密切相关。本研究中,排除的1例患者仅行髌骨去神经电切术和髌骨修整侧术后出现严重膝前痛及髌骨半脱位,行膝关节翻修术置换该侧髌骨,该患者虽未纳入本次研究,但术后7年随访时其膝前痛症状缓解,双膝功能良好,双膝KSS临床评分均达94分。有研究得出结论,与传统髌骨非表面置换术相比,髌骨成形术通过修整髌骨周围骨赘改善髌骨位置,可减轻疼痛、改善关节功能、提高患者满意度[33-34]。对于TKA术中不行髌骨置换术而采用髌骨成形术来减轻术后膝前痛、改善髌骨轨迹的手术方法,目前已基本形成共识[33]

综上述,本研究结果显示在初次TKA术中行髌骨去神经电切术联合髌骨置换术和仅行髌骨去神经电切术,在术后改善膝关节疼痛、提高关节功能、影像学及并发症方面无明显差异,为临床实践提供了可靠的数据支持。但本研究样本量相对较小,受限于高龄、治疗依从性差等问题,患者随访难度较大。因此,本研究结论仍待进一步扩大样本的长期随访研究明确。

利益冲突 在课题研究和文章撰写过程中不存在利益冲突

伦理声明 研究方案经中国医学科学院北京协和医院伦理审查委员会批准(K22C1854);患者均签署知情同意书

作者贡献声明 贾钧策:研究设计与实施,数据收集及分析,文章撰写;翁习生:指导研究,对文章的知识性内容作批评性审阅,研究经费、行政、技术支持等

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Articles from Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery are provided here courtesy of Sichuan University

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