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Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery logoLink to Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery
. 2022 Dec;36(12):1534–1541. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.7507/1002-1892.202208113

关于跨区穿支皮瓣远端血流动力学的再探究

Further study of hemodynamics in the distal end of multi-territory perforator flap

Zilong CAO 1, Liqiang LIU 1,*
PMCID: PMC9763075  PMID: 36545863

Abstract

Objective

To summarize and discuss the key factors affecting the hemodynamics in the distal end of the multi-territory perforator flap, so as to provide a theoretical basis for the follow-up research and clinical application in this field.

Methods

The related recent literature about multi-territory perforator flaps was extensively reviewed, and the concepts and researches of perforasome, choke vessel zone, arterial super-charge, and venous super-drainage were summarized.

Results

The multi-territory perforator flap is composed of multiple perforasomes, and there are different types of vascular anastomosis in the choke vessel zones, which have important impacts on the hemodynamics of the flap. In order to ensure the survival of the multi-territory perforator flap, arterial super-charge and venous super-drainage are mainly used in clinical practice. However, no consensus has been reached on the choice of the two techniques. The different distribution of blood vessels in the flap, the number of perforasomes, and the type of vascular anastomosis may be the main reasons for the different results.

Conclusion

The location, diameter, and axial characteristics of perforators, the number of perforasomes, and the type of vascular anastomosis are the key factors affecting the hemodynamics of the multi-territory perforator flaps, which should be paid attention to in preoperative design and surgical procedure.

Keywords: Multi-territory perforator flap, perforasome, choke vessel zone, arterial super-charge, venous super-drainage


1987年,Taylor和Palmer根据体表内血管由深向浅呈三维立体分布的特点与规律,首先提出了“血管体”的概念[1]。在此基础上,1989年Koshima和Soeda提出“穿支皮瓣”定义,即以管径细小的直接皮肤穿支供血的轴型皮瓣[2]。也有学者提出只有以穿行于肌肉内的穿支供血皮瓣才能称为“穿支皮瓣”[3]。为规范“穿支皮瓣”的定义,2003年“Gent共识”将其定义为由穿行于深层组织(通常是肌肉)内/间的单一穿支供血的皮肤和/或皮下组织块[4]。2009年,Saint-Cyr等[5]进一步提出了“穿支体”理论,即单一穿支供应的血管区域。而包含多个穿支体的穿支皮瓣则被称为“跨区穿支皮瓣”[6]。由于穿支皮瓣具有分布范围广、损伤小、设计灵活等特点,目前已广泛应用于修复重建领域。

在实际临床工作中,当以单一穿支血管滋养整个跨区穿支皮瓣时,往往会出现远端组织成活不良,甚至坏死的问题。为了提高皮瓣远端成活率,可以对皮瓣远端行动脉间吻合“超灌注”以及静脉间吻合“超引流”[7-8]。目前,上述两种技术已广泛应用于多种跨区穿支皮瓣修复大范围创面中,例如腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣[9-11]、额部皮瓣[12-13]、枕颈背皮瓣[14]、腓肠皮瓣[15]等,并取得较好效果。但对于皮瓣远端超灌注和超引流技术的选择仍存在争议,两种技术改变血流动力学后对组织微循环灌注的影响也未明确。现对既往相关研究进行梳理总结,寻找影响跨区穿支皮瓣远端血循环的关键因素,为该领域后续研究和临床应用提供理论依据。

1. choke血管的分类与特点

McGregor等[16]认为相邻的血管区域不是简单的解剖分区,它们之间存在一个动态变化的血流动力学平衡区,称之为“分水岭”,即“choke区”[1]。当切取以单血管蒂供血的跨区穿支皮瓣时,这种平衡将被打破。此时,血流会从高压区流向低压区,使皮瓣获得新的血流分布,以达到新的平衡[17-18]。Cormack等[19]发现在临床获取皮瓣过程中,皮瓣远端成活范围往往比动态的“分水岭”区更大,因此他们将皮瓣这一超过分水岭的区域称为“潜在区”,而皮瓣坏死常发生在此区。

Taylor等[20]发现相邻的两个穿支体间的choke区存在2种吻合类型,包括真性吻合和处于“闭塞”状态的choke吻合。真性吻合的血管管径并未发生明显改变,可认为是两穿支体的直接通路,保障穿支体间血供;而choke吻合的血管管径则向远端逐渐变小[1821],并通过管径舒张和痉挛调节相邻穿支体间的血流[22]。正常情况下,这些choke吻合处于“备用”状态;切取以单血管蒂供血的跨区穿支皮瓣时会使穿支体间choke吻合开放,以增加皮瓣内有效血管数量;并有部分choke吻合转变为真性吻合,以提高跨区皮瓣远端的动脉供血和静脉回流[523-24]。这一过程包括血管内膜、中膜和外膜的细胞增生和转化,通常发生在术后48~72 h内,并在7 d内完成[20]。由于相邻穿支体间的吻合通常具有双向流动性,在一定程度上保障了皮瓣远端的血液循环,这为设计以不同血管为蒂的跨区穿支皮瓣提供了理论支持[35]

穿支体间的血管吻合在空间排列上具有一定规律。Taylor发现真性吻合常出现在与皮神经平行的穿支之间。例如,同侧的颞浅动脉和枕动脉之间存在真性吻合,它们与耳颞神经和枕大神经相伴;而眶上血管在中线处的连接则多为choke吻合[2025]。该空间排列规律有助于初步确定血管吻合类型,判断跨区穿支皮瓣切取范围。Saint-Cyr等[5]发现真性吻合和choke吻合之间存在丰富交通支,其中前者走行于筋膜和脂肪层,而后者在真皮下形成丰富血管网。我们认为这种分布规律对于皮瓣正常生理状态的维持作用值得深入研究,因为真性吻合可保证各穿支体间充分联系,而choke吻合则在皮瓣局部,可能对维持皮肤浅层血供具有重要意义。

2. 跨区穿支皮瓣的血流动力学分析

许多学者认为穿支及choke吻合数量、管径、灌注压力和轴向性都是决定皮瓣远端供血的关键因素[26-27]。Nakamura等[28]分析了皮瓣中血流与组织体积、微血管密度的关系,认为皮瓣内微血管密度增加将提高皮瓣传导性,随皮瓣组织量的增加,皮瓣血流量也增加。Dusseldorp等[29]对腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣的血管蒂进行了实时超声观察,发现皮瓣血流量与血管蒂管径成正相关。Tao等[30]进一步研究发现穿支管径增加将增大其营养的皮瓣面积;他们同时利用数学模型对穿支皮瓣内部阻力进行分析,发现随着穿支体数量增加,皮瓣内的血流阻力呈几何级数增加[31]。针对choke吻合,Taylor等[20]认为choke血管管径对皮瓣远端血供具有重要影响;根据Hagen-Poiseuille公式(R=8ηLr4F=π∆Pr4/8ηL)可知,流速(F)与血管半径(r)成正比,与血管阻力(R)和血管长度(L)成反比[2031-33]。故当血管管径减小1/2时,血管阻力将增加16倍。当拥有同样流速的血液经过choke吻合时,动能会大量消耗,导致血流明显变缓。因此,choke吻合可能是影响皮瓣远端血运的重要阻力部分。此外,Saint-Cyr等[5]提出穿支在进行跨区灌注时,首先会灌注来自同源动脉的相邻穿支体,其次才是其他动脉供应的穿支体,这可能与不同穿支体间血管吻合类型不同有关。根据上述研究结果,可以得出choke吻合是跨区穿支皮瓣远端供血的主要阻力区,血液流经该区后流速明显减慢,灌注压将同时下降。

静脉是外周血向心脏回流的通路,也是血液储存器。各种原因导致静脉血流停滞时,淤积的静脉血会对静脉管壁产生静水压。影响静脉回流的主要因素有虹吸作用(吸气与心脏舒张)、周围组织挤压(肌肉)、动脉压推动(心脏收缩和体循环充盈压)。在单血管蒂供血的跨区穿支皮瓣远端,静脉血回流的唯一途径是反向突破choke血管进入蒂部穿支静脉,在此过程中动脉压的推动是静脉血回流唯一动力。血管蒂部动脉灌注突破一系列choke血管过程中会损耗较多动能,灌注压随跨区穿支皮瓣长度(即流动距离)增加而逐步下降[20];跨区穿支皮瓣远端的静脉血回流要突破逐渐变细的静脉choke吻合和静脉瓣阻碍,在没有足够动脉灌注压前提下,静脉血回流速度会放缓,进而导致淤积。故皮瓣远端动脉灌注压与淤积静脉静水压之间的差值是决定静脉血能否顺利回流的主要因素,前者大于后者则推动远端静脉血液通过各吻合区回流入蒂部静脉。因此,动脉灌注压作为动力驱动者始终处于主导地位,我们认为在皮瓣成活机制中只有在确认跨区穿支皮瓣远端足够动脉灌注的前提下,再判断静脉回流是否通畅(图1),才能确定跨区穿支皮瓣最终补救方案(动脉超灌注和/或静脉超引流)并制定相应策略(图2)。

图 1.

Schematic diagram of the possible mechanism of the outcome of the distal end of the multi-territory perforator flap supplied by a single vascular pedicle under different hemodynamic effects

在不同血流动力学作用下,单血管蒂供血的跨区穿支皮瓣远端转归的可能机制示意图

a. 远端动脉灌注压大于静脉静水压,静脉回流通畅,皮瓣成活良好;b. 远端动脉灌注压大于静脉静水压,静脉回流不畅,皮瓣充血;c. 远端动脉灌注压等于或低于静脉静水压,皮瓣瘀血;d. 远端动脉灌注压缺失,皮瓣缺血

a. When the distal arterial perfusion pressure was greater than the venous hydrostatic pressure, the draining vein was intact, then the flap survived well; b. When the distal arterial perfusion pressure was greater than the venous hydrostatic pressure, the draining vein was not intact, then the flap was hyperemia; c. When the distal arterial perfusion pressure was equal to or lower than the venous hydrostatic pressure, the flap was congested; d. When the distal arterial perfusion pressure lost, the flap was ischemic

图 1

图 2.

图 2

Flow chart of the survival rescue plan of the multi-territory perforator flap according to the different hemodynamic characteristics

针对不同血流动力学特点确定跨区穿支皮瓣补救方案流程图

3. 跨区远端皮瓣危象治疗选择:动脉超灌注和静脉超引流

为解决皮瓣远端成活不良和坏死问题,目前常用皮瓣远端动脉超灌注和静脉超引流两种方法。因为单血管蒂供血的跨区穿支皮瓣在术后往往表现为毛细血管充盈缓慢、皮肤暗紫等,所以常被认为是静脉回流不畅引起皮瓣远端坏死。故而初始研究仅针对静脉,并得出静脉超引流有利于皮瓣成活的结论[34-36]。但随着对跨区穿支皮瓣研究的不断深入,有学者提出皮瓣远端瘀血也可能是由于动脉灌注压不足,致使部分动脉血流缓慢,淤积于毛细血管,导致皮瓣颜色变深[29];因此,动脉供血不足也可能引起此类现象,动脉超灌注模型又成为研究重点。

为进一步证实两种处理方式对跨区穿支皮瓣远端成活的影响,学者们进行了大量动物实验研究,其中大鼠腹部或背部跨区皮瓣是最常用动物模型,分别应用骶尾、旋髂、髂腰、肋间(后)、胸背等血管作为穿支血管蒂和吻合支,通过不同远端吻合形式,观察皮瓣远端成活状态(表1)。

表 1.

Summary of annimal experiments on arterial super-charge and/or venous super-drainage of multi-territory perforator flap

跨区穿支皮瓣动脉超灌注和/或静脉超引流动物实验汇总

作者
Author
年份
Year
种属
Species
吻合类型
Anastomotic form
例数
n
蒂部血管
Pedicled vessel
超灌注/超引流血管
Super-charge/super-
drainage vessel
皮瓣成活率(%)
Flap survival rate (%)
动脉吻合
Arterial anastomosis
静脉吻合
Venous anastomosis
动脉+静脉吻合
Arterial+
venous
anastomosis
对照
Control
Zhang等[37] 2022 大鼠 动脉吻合/静脉吻合/动脉+静脉吻合 72 旋髂深血管 胸背血管 98.69±0.65 80.25±4.47 99.14±0.55 66.00±3.89
Huang等[38] 2021 大鼠 动脉+静脉吻合 14 腹壁浅下血管 腹壁下浅血管 81.34±8.12 46.27±10.01
Wang等[39] 2020 大鼠 动脉吻合/静脉吻合/动脉+静脉吻合 18 剑突下血管 耻骨上血管 98.85±1.25 81.21±4.75 98.42±2.00 77.03±7.39
Fang等[21] 2020 大鼠 动脉吻合/静脉吻合 32 骶尾部血管 髂腰血管 89.5±3.1 68.4±6.6
肋间血管 94.4±1.7 69.6±5.6
胸背血管 99.3±1.1 73.9±4.7
Wang等[40] 2020 大鼠 动脉吻合/静脉吻合 60 旋髂深血管 胸背血管 98.9±0.8 81.5±3.5 73.5±4.5
Xu等[41] 2019 大鼠 动脉吻合/静脉吻合 30 股血管 同侧腹壁下浅血管 82.92±2.96 81.68±8.03 51.82±4.80
对侧腹壁下浅血管 75.16±5.30 82.98±4.52 51.82±4.80
Fang等[42] 2019 大鼠 动脉吻合/静脉吻合/动脉+静脉吻合 40 骶尾部血管 髂腰血管 88±4 71±10 89±3 74±10
Zhang等[43] 2017 大鼠 动脉吻合/静脉吻合/动脉+静脉吻合 48 腹壁下深血管 腹壁下深血管 94.2±6.2 81.9±5.7 97.2±3.0 78.4±6.5
Xu等[44] 2017 大鼠 动脉吻合/静脉吻合/动脉+静脉吻合 40 股血管 腹壁下浅血管 76.12±5.91 77.73±6.19 93.48±5.03 47.79±5.20
Zheng等[45] 2016 大鼠 动脉吻合/静脉吻合 60 髂腰血管 肋间血管 78.8±8.5 98.2±1.6 60.3±7.8
Xin等[46] 2013 静脉吻合 24 腹壁上深血管 同侧腹壁上浅静脉 96.33±3.16 84.00±7.55
对侧腹壁上浅静脉 100
对侧腹壁上深静脉 100
Gümüş等[47] 2012 大鼠 动脉吻合/静脉吻合/动脉+静脉吻合 40 腹壁下深血管 腹壁下浅血管 87.2±13.4 90.3±8.7 88.3±9.8 65.6±20.3
Fukushima等[48] 2012 大鼠 静脉吻合 20 腹壁下浅血管 对侧腹壁上浅静脉 90.1±3.7 74.8±8.4
(临时)对侧腹壁上浅静脉 89.9±3.5
Yamamoto等[49] 2009 大鼠 动脉吻合/静脉吻合 30 腹壁下深血管 腹壁下浅血管 93.3±10.6 86.9±8.8 77.0±11.3
Chang等[50] 2007 大鼠 静脉吻合 40 旋髂深血管 同侧腹壁下浅静脉 57.4±6.5 37.8±5.0
对侧腹壁下浅静脉 72.4±21.3
对侧旋髂深静脉 89.2±18.8
Groth等[51] 2007 大鼠 静脉吻合 20 腹壁下深血管 对侧腹壁下浅静脉 97.38±1.32 44.13±4.83
Hallock等[52] 2005 大鼠 静脉吻合 10 腹壁下深血管 对侧腹壁下浅静脉 99.8±0.4 80.8±16.3
Chang等[53] 2004 大鼠 动脉吻合 40 旋髂深血管 同侧腹壁下浅动脉 45.9±4.1 37.8±5.0
对侧腹壁下浅动脉 91.2±5.2
对侧旋髂深动脉 90.5±10.6
Sano等[54] 2003 大鼠 静脉吻合 44 腹壁下深血管 腹壁静脉(无延迟) 80±8 65±21
腹壁静脉(延迟) 96±6 89±7
Chiu等[36] 2002 大鼠 动脉吻合/静脉吻合 100 耳部轴型血管 肩胛和骨盆侧血管 51.60 87 49.90
Ueda等[55] 1994 大鼠 动脉吻合/静脉吻合/动脉+静脉吻合 32 腹壁下浅血管 腹壁下浅血管 100 27.0±6.5 100 21.3±7.0

Zheng等[45]以大鼠一侧髂腰血管为蒂,同侧肋间血管为吻合支,得出静脉超引流优于动脉超灌注;该实验是基于同侧相邻两穿支体间血流灌注得出的结论。Zhang等[37]和Wang等[40]以大鼠一侧旋髂深血管为蒂,同侧胸背血管为吻合支,结果证实动脉超灌注优于静脉超引流;由于该皮瓣中间跨越肋间血管供应的穿支体,因此该实验是基于同侧三穿支体间血流灌注得出的结论。Gümüş等[47]和Yamamoto等[49]以大鼠一侧腹壁下动脉穿支为蒂,对侧腹壁下浅血管为吻合支,得出动脉超灌注和静脉超引流均可提高皮瓣远端成活率;该实验是基于跨中线的两穿支体间血流灌注得出的结论。Fang等[21]使用大鼠背部跨区皮瓣,以骶尾动静脉为蒂,髂腰动/静脉、肋间动/静脉、胸背动/静脉分别作为吻合支,对同侧多穿支体的皮瓣远端进行研究。他们发现与吻合静脉相比,吻合同名动脉更能提高皮瓣成活率,而且吻合的动脉距离血管蒂越远,皮瓣成活率越高,而且吻合支位置比血管管径更重要;另外,在choke吻合开放过程中,各级动静脉血管管径均有不同程度扩张,但小静脉扩张最突出,增加为原来的4倍,提高了静脉的引流效率[21]。Chang等[53]使用大鼠腹部跨区皮瓣,以一侧旋髂深动静脉为蒂,同侧腹壁下浅动脉、对侧腹壁下浅动脉、对侧旋髂深动脉分别为吻合支,研究跨中线不同部位的动脉超灌注对皮瓣成活的影响。研究发现当动脉吻合支跨中线、远离近端血管蒂(即靠近皮瓣远端)时,更利于皮瓣成活。

上述研究中实验对象虽均为大鼠,但结果迥异,这可能与涉及的穿支体数量、皮瓣供血距离、跨中线与否以及位置不同有关。支持吻合动脉者认为,动脉超灌注能提高皮瓣内血流灌注压,增加微血管密度和管径,提高皮瓣成活率[37]。支持静脉吻合者则认为,单一动脉满足整个皮瓣的血供是超引流技术的前提[45]。以上实验结果存在差异,分析主要是没有判断跨区皮瓣远端坏死是因动脉供应不足,还是引流不畅引起。当皮瓣动脉供血充足时,需要充分静脉回流以减轻皮瓣充血;相反,当皮瓣动脉供血不足时,增加静脉回流并不会改善皮瓣缺血状态[28]。当使用不同穿支作为血管蒂及吻合支时,蒂部血流轴向、跨越穿支体数量、吻合支/血管蒂和皮瓣远端之间的位置关系、静脉瓣膜的数量和引流方向,以及穿支体间吻合类型的差异,都可能导致结果差异(图3)。

图 3.

When the number of perforasomes, the position of vascular pedicle, and anastomotic vessel in the multi-territory perforator flap were different, the number of the crossed choke vessel zones was different

当跨区穿支皮瓣内部穿支体数量不同、血管蒂和吻合支位置不同时,所跨越的choke区数量不同

a. 跨区穿支皮瓣存在3个穿支体,在穿支1作为血管蒂、穿支2作为吻合支时,两者之间途经1个choke区;b. 跨区穿支皮瓣存在3个穿支体,在穿支1作为血管蒂、穿支3作为吻合支时,两者之间途经2个choke区;c. 跨区穿支皮瓣存在4个穿支体,在穿支1作为血管蒂、穿支3作为吻合支时,两者之间途经2个choke区

a. There were three perforasomes in the flap. When perforator 1 was used as the vascular pedicle and perforator 2 as the anastomotic vessel, they passed through a choke vessel zone; b. There were three perforasomes in the flap. When perforator 1 was used as the vascular pedicle and perforator 3 as the anastomotic vessel, they passed through two choke vessel zones; c. There were four perforasomes in the flap. When perforator 1 was used as the vascular pedicle and perforator 3 as the anastomotic vessel, they passed through two choke vessel zones

图 3

为了更深刻理解不同位置穿支血管与跨区穿支皮瓣的关系,我们以大鼠背部跨区穿支皮瓣为例进行分析(图4)。供应此皮瓣的穿支血管包括两侧髂腰、肋间、胸背血管共6组,分属6个穿支体。首先,由于各穿支体间距离不同,故血管吻合数量不同,导致皮瓣远端动脉灌注压不同。例如髂腰血管与胸背血管穿支体之间存在2个choke区,与肋间血管穿支体之间存在1个choke区;假设在各choke区阻力相同、不同穿支动脉灌注压相同的理想情况下,髂腰血管至同侧肋间血管穿支体的血流动能要明显大于至对侧胸背血管穿支体。当使用位于中间的肋间穿支作为血管蒂时,它与不同穿支体间只需通过1个choke区,在动脉灌注压充足时可能最有利于皮瓣的成活。其次,不同位置的静脉超引流会导致血液回流阻力不同。例如当以髂腰血管作为血管蒂,而皮瓣远端胸背静脉作为吻合支时,可促进远端血液尽快回流,降低远端静水压,保证血液循环通畅;相反当以皮瓣近端髂腰静脉作为吻合支时,皮瓣远端血液在返回近端静脉蒂途中,必须再次突破各choke区,延长血液循环的距离,这些都将增加静脉回流阻力。除此以外,切取皮瓣方向与choke区数量、位置密切相关。当切取皮瓣与血管轴向一致时,可增加穿支主干及分支数量,降低皮瓣阻力,保证更好的血流动力和血液回流;相反当切取的皮瓣与血管轴向不一致时,穿支主干及其分支数量都将减少,皮瓣阻力增加,不利于血液灌注和回流。以上可能是上述不同超灌注和超引流模型实验结果存在差异的根本原因。

图 4.

Analysis of multi-territory perforator flap in rats

大鼠背部跨区穿支皮瓣分析

a. 相邻穿支体间血管吻合类型可能存在差异,包括真性吻合或choke吻合;b、c. 皮瓣切取方向与血管轴向性密切相关

a. The types of vascular anastomosis between adjacent perforasomes might be different, including true or choke anastomosis; b, c. The direction of flap harvesting was closely related to the axial direction of blood vessels

图 4

目前将皮瓣远端动脉超灌注和静脉超引流称为“传统灌注引流技术”,将皮瓣远端静脉与受体动脉吻合的“静脉动脉化”模式称为“非传统技术”。通过动物实验和临床应用均证实了上述技术的可行性[23,56-58]。从皮瓣血液动力学分析此类吻合模式属于超灌注。如何利用药物促进皮瓣血管生成,改善局部微循环和血供,也是目前研究热点,例如二甲基乙二酰基甘氨酸[59]、天然水蛭素[60]、脂联素[61]、硝酸甘油[62]等均证明有利于皮瓣成活,但仍需要更多的基础研究及临床试验,对其作用机制和安全性、有效性进行综合评估。

4. 临床意义

穿支血管位置、管径、轴向性,穿支体数量及之间的吻合类型,都是影响跨区穿支皮瓣血液动力学的关键因素,对皮瓣最终成活至关重要。随着血流动力学检测设备的发展和应用,如红外热成像技术[16]、多普勒血流测量仪[37]、吲哚菁绿血管造影和SPY荧光成像[39],皮瓣血液灌注和回流均可直观量化,使术前精准设计皮瓣成为可能,并据此决定在切取跨区皮瓣时是采用超灌注还是超引流技术。

综合目前跨区穿支皮瓣的研究,我们认为:① 对于多穿支供应的跨区皮瓣,尽可能选择血管管径粗、轴向流经距离长的穿支作为血管蒂;② 根据穿支体间吻合类型,尽量选择真性吻合或血管丰富的choke吻合设计皮瓣;③ 尽量避免跨越多穿支区切取皮瓣;④ 在切取超长跨区穿支皮瓣时,应考虑术中携带远端穿支动脉或静脉进行超灌注和超引流,首选超灌注技术;⑤ 皮瓣远端没有可用穿支时可使用延迟或预构技术进行预处理,以改善皮瓣远端血运;⑥ 术中可采用远端穿支夹闭试验协助诊断远端血液循环状况,远端瘀血需要超引流处理,真皮出血差或无则需要超灌注;⑦ 由于种属结构差异,动物实验很难完全再现人体血液动力学原貌,需要进行人体皮肤微血管构筑结合微循环血液动力学方面研究。

利益冲突 在课题研究和文章撰写过程中不存在利益冲突;经费支持没有影响文章观点及报道

作者贡献声明 刘立强:综述构思及设计,观点形成;曹子龙:资料收集,文章撰写

Funding Statement

中国医学科学院医学与健康科技创新工程项目(2021-I2M-1-052,2021-I2M-C&T-B-078)

Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Innovation Funds for Medical Sciences (2021-I2M-1-052, 2021-I2M-C&T-B-078)

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Articles from Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery are provided here courtesy of Sichuan University

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