Abstract
目的
应用Meta分析方法评估运用脱细胞真皮基质或自体结缔组织移植物治疗多发性相邻牙龈退缩的差异性。
方法
根据纳入和排除标准在4个英文电子数据库中筛选随机对照试验,检索日期截止至2022年4月20日,主要结局指标为角化牙龈组织宽度、退缩深度、探诊深度、临床附着水平、完全根面覆盖和根面覆盖美学评分。
结果
共纳入7项随机对照试验,术后12个月后,对照组结缔组织移植物较试验组脱细胞真皮基质能增加角化牙龈组织宽度[MD=−0.28(−0.47,−0.08),P=0.006]、降低牙龈退缩深度[MD=0.23(0.12,0.35),P<0.000 1]和提高完全根面覆盖[RR=0.80,95%CI(0.69,0.93),P=0.003];探诊深度、临床附着水平和根面覆盖美学评分差异无统计学意义。
结论
多发性相邻牙龈退缩治疗后,结缔组织移植物在增加角化牙龈组织宽度、降低牙龈退缩深度和提高完全根面覆盖方面具有优势,但脱细胞真皮基质由于手术简便并有相似的效果亦有临床应用价值。
Keywords: 多发性相邻牙龈退缩, 结缔组织移植物, 脱细胞真皮基质, Meta分析
Abstract
Objective
To evaluate the effectiveness of an acellular dermal matrix or a connective tissue autograft in the treatment of multiple adjacent gingival recessions through Meta-analysis.
Methods
Randomized controlled trials were screened in four electronic databases in English according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria until April 20, 2022. The main outcome indicators were keratinized gingival tissue width, recession depth, probing depth, clinical attachment level, complete root coverage, and root coverage esthetic score.
Results
Seven randomized controlled trials were included. After 12 months, the connective tissue graft in the control group could increase the keratinized gingival tissue width [mean difference (MD)=−0.28 (−0.47, −0.08), P=0.006], reduce the gingival recession depth [MD=0.23 (0.12, 0.35), P<0.000 1], and improve the complete root coverage [risk ratio=0.80, 95% confidence interval (0.69, 0.93), P=0.003] compared with the acellular dermal matrix in the experimental group. No significant difference was found in probing depth, clinical attachment level, and root coverage esthetic score between groups.
Conclusion
Connective tissue grafts have advantages in increasing the keratinized gingival tissue width, reducing the gingival recession depth, and improving the complete root coverage in surgeries for treating multiple adjacent gingival recessions. Acellular dermal matrices also have some clinical value in terms of operation simplicity and similar effectiveness.
Keywords: multiple adjacent gingival recessions, connective tissue graft, acellular dermal matrix, Meta-analysis
牙龈退缩为牙龈向根方退缩导致牙根暴露,轻度牙龈退缩无明显不适,但严重的会导致牙本质敏感[1]–[2]、牙颈部非龋性缺损(non-carious cervical lesion,NCCL)[3]以及微笑时美学缺陷[4]等。Mythri等[5]研究发现,牙龈退缩发生率为40.98%,其发生率随着年龄的增大而增大(15~25岁:26.9%;45~60岁:70.27%),而在临床中多发性相邻牙龈退缩(multiple adjacent gingival recession,MAGR)亦较常见。对于MAGR而言,因其牙龈退缩的高度不同、牙齿形态位置不一、局部血供不同以及行牙周塑形术时术区黏膜瓣张力过大而造成的皮瓣局部缺血等[6]–[7]都使得其治疗较单个牙龈退缩的治疗复杂。
冠向复位瓣(coronally advanced flap,CAF)联合上皮下结缔组织移植简称为结缔组织移植(connective tissue graft,CTG)是治疗牙龈退缩的MillerⅠ级和MillerⅡ级的金标准[8]–[9]。但CTG需有供体术区,且可用的供体组织数量有限[9]–[10],遂引入了同种异体或异种移植物作为CTG的替代物,脱细胞真皮基质(acellular dermal matrix,ADM)[11]是使用最多的,该术式也已被证明不仅覆盖退缩的牙龈区域而且有效增加了术后角化牙龈组织宽度(width of keratinized tissue,KTW)[10]。
本研究旨在评估运用ADM或者CTG治疗MAGR的差异性,比较的结局指标主要为KTW、退缩深度(recession depth,RD)、探诊深度(probing depth,PD)、临床附着水平(clinical attachment level,CAL)、完全根面覆盖(complete root coverage,CRC)和根面覆盖美学评分(root coverage esthetic score,RES)。
1. 材料和方法
1.1. 纳入标准
年龄≥18岁;存在至少2个相邻牙齿上的牙龈退缩,RD>2 mm,全口菌斑(full mouth plaque score,FMPS)和出血(full mouth bleeding score,FMBS)评分<20%;自我陈述吸烟量≤10支·d−1;患者能够充分了解相关术式,并自愿签署知情同意书。
1.2. 检索策略
对4个数据库中相关文献进行检索,包括PubMed、EMBASE、Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials(CENTRAL)和Web of Science,检索日期截止至2022年4月20日。检索策略以PubMed数据库为例:(xenogeneic acellular dermal matrix OR acellular dermal matrix OR xenogeneic dermal matrix)AND multiple gingival recessions AND (randomized controlled trial[Publication Type]OR randomized OR randomly OR controlled clinical trial OR trial)。
1.3. 筛选和数据提取
由2位评价员按照纳入与排除标准独立筛选文献,如遇分歧讨论解决或咨询第3位评价者,并最后达成共识。通过初步纳入的文献获得全文后,仔细阅读全文按照纳入排除标准进行最终筛查。提取内容包括以下信息:作者、出版年份、研究设计、患者数量、临床牙周检查参数,对于缺乏结果数据的文献联系相关研究作者,以获取丢失的信息及尚未发表的数据。
1.4. 纳入研究偏倚风险评价
采用Cochrane协作网推荐的“评价偏倚风险工具”对纳入研究进行偏倚风险评价。评价内容包括:1)随机方法;2)分配隐藏;3)患者、研究者和评估者盲法实施情况;4)结果数据的完整性;5)选择性报告研究结果;6)有无其他偏倚来源。每个条目对“低”,“不清楚”或“高”的判断是通过两位作者之间的协议来完成的。
1.5. 统计分析
本研究使用RevMan 5.3和Stata 13.0软件进行Meta分析,用Q检验及I2异质性检验,若P>0.1,I2<50%应用固定效应模型分析否则应用随机效应模型,计数资料采用相对危险度(risk ratio,RR)以及95%的置信区间(confidence interval,CI)表示,计量资料采用均数差(mean difference,MD)及95%CI表示,以α=0.05为检验水准。若存在异质性行敏感性分析,应用Egger's检验检查有无发表偏倚。
2. 结果
2.1. 文献筛选流程
初检出相关文章112篇,最终纳入7篇研究,文献筛选流程见图1。
图 1. 文献的筛选流程图.
Fig 1 Flow chart of literature screening
2.2. 纳入研究的基本特征及质量评价
纳入研究的基本特征见表1,质量评价见图2。因术者需知术式,故无法采用盲法导致高风险偏倚,检查评估者未交代是否盲法和患者失访造成的结果数据不完整,亦是主要的偏倚风险。
表 1. 纳入研究的基本特征.
Tab 1 Characteristic of included studies
| 纳入研究 | 研究设计 | 总人数/总牙数 | 年龄/岁 | 联合术式 | ADM |
CTG |
随访时间 /月 | 结局指标 | ||
| 牙数 | 退出 人数 | 牙数 | 退出 人数 | |||||||
| Koudale 2012[12] | 平行对照 | 10/20 | 22.5±8.23 | CAF | 10 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 6 | KTW、RD、PD、CAL、CRC |
| Thakare 2015[13] | 平行对照 | 20/44 | 29.7±4.35 | CAF | 21 | 0 | 23 | 0 | 6 | KTW、RD、PD、CAL、CRC |
| Rakasevic 2020[14] | 半口对照 | 20/114 | 30.5±7.9 | MCAT | 62 | 0 | 52 | 0 | 12 | KTW、RD、PD、CAL、CRC、RES |
| Gürlek 2020[15] | 半口对照 | 15/>82 | 31.41±13.32 | MCAF | 41 | 3 | 41 | 3 | 18 | KTW、RD、PD、CAL、CRC |
| Meza-Mauricio 2021[16] | 平行对照 | 42/132 | 37.2 | CAF | 66 | 2 | 66 | 0 | 12 | KTW、RD、PD、CAL、CRC、RES |
| Maluta 2021[17] | 半口对照 | 15/94 | 37.47±9.01 | CAF | 48 | 0 | 46 | 0 | 6 | KTW、RD、PD、CAL、CRC |
| Vincent-Bugnas 2021[18] | 半口对照 | 12/74 | 41.2±10.9 | MCAT | 37 | 0 | 37 | 0 | 12 | KTW、RD、PD、CAL、CRC |
注:MCAF,modified coronally advanced flap,改良冠向复位瓣;MCAT,modified coronally advanced tunnel,改良隧道技术。
图 2. 纳入研究的偏倚风险.
Fig 2 Risk of biases in the included studies
Random sequence generation (selection bias):随机序列生成(选择偏差);Allocation concealment (selection bias):分配隐藏(选择偏差);Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias):参与者和人员的盲目性(绩效偏差);Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias):结果评估盲法(检测偏差);Incomplete outcome data(attrition bias):结果数据不完整(消耗偏差);Selective reporting (reporting bias):选择性报告(报告偏差);Other bias:其他偏差;Low risk of bias:低偏倚风险;Unclear risk of bias:不确定的偏倚风险;High risk of bias:高偏倚风险。
2.3. 多发性相邻牙龈退缩术后的Meta分析结果
2.3.1. 术后KTW
7项研究[12]–[18]报道了术后KTW,结果显示,对照组CTG较试验组ADM更能够提高术后的KTW,差异有统计学意义[MD=−0.30(−0.45,−0.15),P=0.000 1];同时根据随访时间分析二者之间在提高KTW上是否存在差异,Meta分析结果显示在6个月和12个月以后,均是对照组CTG增加术后KTW的能力优于试验组ADM,差异均有统计学意义[MD=−0.34(−0.59,−0.09),P=0.007]和[MD=−0.28(−0.47,−0.08),P=0.006](图3)。
图 3. KTW的Meta分析结果.
Fig 3 Meta analysis results of KTW
2.3.2. 术后RD
7项研究[12]–[18]报道了术后RD,对照组CTG较试验组ADM更易降低术后RD,差异有统计学意义[MD=0.14(0.06,0.23),P=0.000 6];同时根据随访时间分析二者之间在降低RD上是否存在差异,Meta分析结果显示术后6个月ADM和CTG二者在RD水平上差异无统计学意义[MD=0.05(−0.07,0.17),P=0.41];而在术后12个月后的随访发现对照组CTG较试验组更易降低术后的RD,差异有统计学意义[MD=0.23(0.12,0.35),P<0.000 1](图4)。
图 4. RD的Meta分析结果.
Fig 4 Meta analysis results of RD
2.3.3. 术后PD
7项研究[12]–[18]分析了术后PD,结果显示,试验组ADM能够降低术后的PD优于对照组CTG,差异有统计学意义[MD=−0.05(−0.09,−0.00),P=0.03];在以随访时间为亚组分析时发现,在术后6个月时试验组ADM能够降低术后的PD,差异有统计学意义[MD=−0.07(−0.13,−0.01),P=0.02],而在术后12个月以后的随访中发现二者差异无统计学意义[MD=−0.02(−0.09,0.05),P=0.58](图5)。
图 5. PD的Meta分析结果.
Fig 5 Meta analysis results of PD
2.3.4. 术后CAL
7项研究[12]–[18]评估了术后CAL,试验组ADM同对照组CTG在CAL上差异无统计学意义[MD=0.04(−0.06,0.13),P=0.43];同时以随访时间行亚组分析,发现试验组ADM和对照组CTG在术后6个月和12个月以后的CAL差异亦无统计学意义,分别为[MD=0.00(−0.11,0.12),P=0.94]、[MD=0.12(−0.05,0.30),P=0.18](图6)。
图 6. CAL的Meta分析结果.
Fig 6 Meta analysis results of CAL
2.3.5. 术后CRC
7项研究[12]–[18]分析了术后CRC的能力,结果显示:对照组CTG较试验组ADM能够提高术后的CRC能力,两者差异有统计学意义[RR=0.81,95%CI(0.72,0.91),P=0.000 3];在术后6个月及12个月以后的随访发现,均是对照组CTG更易实现术后的CRC,差异均有统计学意义,分别为[RR=0.82,95%CI(0.69,0.98),P=0.03]和[RR=0.80,95%CI(0.69,0.93),P=0.003](图7)。
图 7. CRC的Meta分析结果.
Fig 7 Meta analysis results of CRC
2.3.6. 术后疼痛及RES
2项研究[12],[16]分析了术后疼痛,数据无法统计分析,但是Meza-Mauricio等[16]和Vincent-Bugnas等[18]研究均显示,试验组ADM较对照组CTG能降低术后1周的疼痛且二者差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。2项研究分析了术后RES,结果显示,术后12个月时,ADM和CTG二者在RES水平上差异无统计学意义[MD=−0.27(−0.79,0.25),P=0.31](图8)。
图 8. RES的Meta分析结果.
Fig 8 Meta analysis results of RES
3. 讨论
目前关于MAGR系统评价已报道1篇[7],但发表于10年前,研究材料不够丰富。
ADM是一种从同种异体或异种皮肤中获得的移植材料,经过化学处理可去除所有表皮和真皮细胞,同时保留细胞外真皮基质[19]。本文发现替代物ADM在术后6个月时能够降低术后的PD,优于CTG,但是术后12个月后的随访未见差异;ADM和CTG两者在术后6个月和12个月后在提高CAL水平上未见差异;生物材料ADM和CTG均能提高术后的KTW,但在术后6个月及12个月后的随访CTG导致牙龈KTW显著增加强于ADM材料。可能因ADM生物材料没有血管和细胞,相对结合速度缓慢,其完全依靠来自骨膜和覆盖其上的牙龈真皮细胞和血管浸润[11],已有学者接种培养的成纤维细胞,发现其具有早期的血运重建、较少的收缩、伤口愈合时间缩短、更少的炎症及早期融入组织等优点[20]–[21]。
在术后12个月的随访时发现,CTG较ADM在降低术后RD上具有一定程度的长期稳定性。CRC是根面覆盖最理想的结果,Meta分析结果显示,CTG在这方面优于替代物ADM,实现更高比例的CRC。这可能是因为CTG较ADM生物材料在KTW方面提高更大有关,研究[22]发现,KTW与长期维持根面覆盖正相关,对牙龈边缘的稳定性维持起到重要作用。但是,术前退缩深度越大的位点随着术后随访时间的延长,牙龈退缩越易复发,这可能是一些作者发现平均根面覆盖率较低的原因[16],[18]。研究[23]–[24]发现,牙龈厚度与牙龈退缩程度呈负相关,厚龈型的龈缘相对耐磨,若薄龈型患者术后不纠正横刷牙习惯,会提高牙龈退缩的概率,因此定期给予患者术后口腔卫生指导,可能会降低术后退缩的程度。
因仅纳入2篇研究分析了术后RES,ADM和CTG二者在术后12个月时的美学评估上无差异,但是亦有研究[25]发现,使用ADM材料时移植区组织颜色和相邻组织更为接近。就术后疼痛而言,可能因ADM无需同CTG那样从患者腭部切取结缔组织,从而降低了患者的术后疼痛反应,但后期需更多的研究评价术后的疼痛和RES。
本研究涉及的对象主要是MillerⅠ类和Ⅱ类,均没有邻面附着丧失和邻面龈乳头高度缺失,纳入研究的对象在术前都完善了龈下刮治及根面平整并同时进行了口腔健康宣教,待牙周状况稳定后才行手术治疗,尽可能地保证了研究对象在术前的一致性,以上的因素都有效地控制了选择性偏倚;但是仍存在一些局限性,如纳入分析的研究的随访期大部分集中于术后6个月或12个月,缺少更长时间的随访研究。
CTG能够增加术后牙龈的KTW、降低RD及提高CRC的成功率,虽然ADM在上述研究指标中相对弱于CTG,但是,其在避免另辟术区切取自体结缔组织、降低术后的疼痛和简易快捷的临床操作等方面具有出彩的优势,使其具有一定的临床应用前景。
Footnotes
利益冲突声明:作者声明本文无利益冲突。
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